Joshua N Hook
Biographic Data
| ID | 651775 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Joshua N Hook |
| GIVEN NAMES | Joshua N |
| FAMILY NAME | Hook |
| SIGNATURE | HOOK J N |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of North Texas |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2645-7060 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 109 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 106 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 109 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2007 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Integration of Psychology and Mental Health in the Work of Religious Leaders
Religious leaders are often first responders to mental health concerns in their religious communities. The current study examined the extent to which religious leaders (a) integrate information from psychology/mental health into their religious work and (b) encourage congregants who are struggling with mental illness to seek treatment. Participants were 1,600 religious leaders (primarily Christian) recruited from a nationwide sample of religious …
Tradeoffs of humility in the face of existential concerns
What is Humility Good For? A Meta-Analysis of Humility, Health, and Well-Being
Humility, the organizing virtue of multicultural frameworks in counseling psychology, has traditionally been framed to be positively associated with health and well-being and negatively associated with mental illness. Despite lauded benefits, however, scholars have cautioned that humility may not always be of benefit. To examine these associations, we conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the magnitude of the associations between humility and phys…
Exploring User Perceptions of a Mobile App for Religious Practices
The purpose of this study was to explore the usage patterns of USA subscribers of an online religious/spiritual application (i.e., app; Pray.com) and the associations of app usage with physical health, mental health, spiritual health, and well-being outcomes. A total of 1031 subscribers participated in the survey about their engagement with the Pray.com app. Most of the respondents had been using the app between one and two years, and more than h…
Burnout, racial trauma, and protective experiences of Black psychologists and counselors
Results from this study suggest that BMHPs may be more susceptible to burnout and race-based traumatic stress as a result of their work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Too much of a good thing: Differentiating intellectual humility from servility in higher education
Recent studies have suggested that intellectual humility (IH) might facilitate (a) better learning outcomes, (b) more scientific mindedness, and (c) better peer and professional relationships. However, recent philosophical work has raised concerns that too much IH might lead to intellectual servility (IS), and thus might be vicious (albeit not blameworthy) rather than virtuous. We define IS as a disposition to over-own one’s intellectual limitati…
Development and Validation of the Forbearance Scale
The character strength of forbearance contributes to peace in broader society, as well as familial harmony. Although forbearance is essential to healthy interpersonal relationships, no psychometrically sound measure has been developed to assess the multi-dimensional nature of forbearance. The present set of studies describes the development and initial validation of the Forbearance Scale (FS). In Study 1, items were generated from focus group int…
The experience of, and beliefs about, divine grace in mainline protestant Christianity: A consensual qualitative approach
The empirical study of grace, a relational virtue, is in its beginning stages. The purpose of this study was to provide rich, context-based, qualitative data to describe Mainline Protestants’ (a) experiences of, and (b) beliefs about, divine grace. Interviews were conducted with 28 community adults who were affiliated with Mainline Protestant Churches. Results indicated that Mainline Protestant Christians have varying beliefs about divine grace a…
Cultural Humility, Cultural Comfort, and Supervision Processes and Outcomes for Bipoc Supervisees
Clinical supervision is a cornerstone of clinical training, and supervision experiences are associated with important outcomes (e.g., stronger working alliances and more trainee disclosures in supervision). Psychology has made strides in understanding how cultural processes unfold in supervision, with the multicultural orientation (MCO) model garnering increasing empirical support, but less is known about the dynamics that occur based on racial d…
Resource loss and mental health during Covid ‐19: Psychosocial protective factors among U.S. older adults and those with chronic disease
Across the globe, COVID‐19 has disproportionately affected the physical and mental health of several vulnerable groups. In a series of two cross‐sectional studies conducted April to July 2020, we examined its acute mental health effects on two vulnerable U.S. community samples—home‐bound older adults who were at or below the poverty line (Study 1, N = 293, M age = 76.94, SD = 8.64; 75.1% female, 67.9% Black) and adults with chronic disease (Study…
The role of spiritual fortitude in meaning and mental health symptoms following a natural disaster
Orienting to Otherness: Intellectual Humility, Moral Foundations, and Mature Alterity Outcomes
Scholars and practitioners have increasingly called for the development of social justice commitment, intercultural competence, and appreciation of diversity among ministers and helping professionals. In religious contexts, individual factors may contribute to differences in the degree to which spiritual leaders emphasize intercultural and social justice initiatives. Personality factors, such as virtues and specific moral commitments, predict the…
Measuring humility in musical contexts: Initial development of the Musical Humility Scale
The purpose of this study was to construct and validate a psychometric measure of humility in musical contexts. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) ( N = 423), we demonstrated initial evidence for the validity of a theoretical model of musical humility. The resulting Musical Humility Scale is comprised of 30 items that may be further tested alongside other psychometric batteries for investigating predictors and correlates of humility in musi…
Measures of God representations: Theoretical framework and critical review
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Existentially threatening stimuli increase religious cognitive dissonance among the less intrinsically religious
Religion is a primary coping resource during adversity. However, at such times, people can experience dissonance in their religious attitudes and experience. For example, people of varying religiousness may differ in how they view God doctrinally and experience God relationally (i.e., head–heart discrepancy), especially when navigating existentially threatening situations. An experiment (N = 149) examined whether the centrality of religious belie…
Including Multiculturalism, Social Justice, and Peace within the Integration of Psychology and Theology: Barriers and a Call to Action
Multiculturalism, social justice, and peace are important aspects of the Christian faith. However, scholars in the literature seeking to integrate psychology and Christian theology have underrepresented them. In this present article, we review barriers to including them in our psychology–theology integration literature. Thereafter, we provide a trinitarian theology of multiculturalism, social justice, and peace with a hope that theological knowle…
Trust in God: An evaluative review of the literature and research proposal
Until recently, psychologists have conceptualised and studied trust in God (TIG) largely in isolation from contemporary work in theology, philosophy, history, and biblical studies that has examined the topic with increasing clarity. In this article, we first review the primary ways that psychologists have conceptualised and measured TIG. Then, we draw on conceptualizations of TIG outside the psychology of religion to provide a conceptual map for …
Perceived and actual posttraumatic growth in religiousness and spirituality following disasters
OBJECTIVE: Religious/spiritual (R/S) growth is a core domain of posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, research on R/S growth following disasters has over-relied on retrospective self-reports of growth. We therefore examined longitudinal change in religiousness/spirituality following two disasters. METHOD: Religious survivors of Hurricanes Harvey (Study 1) and Irma (Study 2) completed measures of perceived R/S PTG, general religiousness/spiritualit…
Spiritually Oriented Expressive Writing and Promoting Positive Outcomes After a Natural Disaster
Natural disasters can disrupt and challenge survivors’ core belief systems, leading to negative health consequences. People often rely on religion/spirituality to help them cope and make meaning, but to date very few studies have specifically focused on exploring spiritually oriented expressive writing interventions with natural disaster survivors. Therefore, the current longitudinal, mixed-methods study utilized an experimental design with rando…
Political Humility and Forgiveness of a Political Hurt or Offense
The political climate in the United States is turbulent. The current study examined how (a) one’s own political humility and (b) one’s perceptions of the political humility of another person affect one’s willingness to forgive another person for a political hurt or offense. Participants ( N = 494) reported a recent political conflict and reported their forgiveness of the transgressor of this political hurt. Both the participant’s political humili…
Exploring the intersections of religious attachment, meaning, and culture
Religious Beliefs, Evolutionary Psychiatry, and Mental Health in America (2017) broadly explains the philosophical underpinnings, development, and current literature regarding the theory of the Evo
Uncovering Alternate Ethnic Identity Trajectories: A Cluster Analysis of the Meim and Psychological Well-Being
The psychological study of religion and spirituality in a disaster context: A systematic review.
Religious and spiritual struggles alter God representations
Development and validation of the five-factor Lambi measure of God representations
God representations are complex and there is no standard, relatively short, and easy to administer measure reflecting both anthropomorphic and abstract representations of God. We developed a new measure with five dimensions: Limitless, Authoritarian, Mystical, Benevolent, and Ineffable (the LAMBI scale). In Study 1, we used exploratory factor analysis to examine the factor structure of a preliminary list of 41 common adjectives that people might …
Transgression as Addiction: Religiosity and Moral Disapproval as Predictors of Perceived Addiction to Pornography
Collectivism, Forgiveness, and Social Harmony
Existing models of forgiveness and the strategies to promote forgiveness that draw from them are predominantly individualistic. As the United States becomes more diverse and counseling psychology becomes a more global field, counseling psychologists are increasingly likely to encounter clients who have a collectivistic worldview. The authors propose a theoretical model that clarifies the relationship between collectivism and forgiveness. The impo…
Heart rate variability as a physiological moderator of the relationship between race-related stress and psychological distress in African Americans
This study examined the moderator effects of heart rate variability, a physiological marker of stress vulnerability, on the relationship between race-related stress and psychological distress in African Americans (N = 215). Participants were administered the Index of Race-Related Stress-Brief and the Brief Symptom Inventory-18. Resting heart rate was recorded using the Polar 810s heart rate monitor. Findings indicated that heart rate variability …
The moral foundations hypothesis does not replicate well in Black samples
The current study examined the generalizability of the moral foundations hypothesis (Graham, Haidt, & Nosek, 2009), which predicts that conservatism will be positively related to the binding foundations (i.e., virtues of ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity). Religiosity has been consistently linked with the binding foundations in predominately White samples, but Black people in the United States are both more religious and mor…
We Welcome Refugees? Understanding the Relationship between Religious Orientation, Religious Commitment, Personality, and Prejudicial Attitudes toward Syrian Refugees
Approximately 5 million refugees have been displaced since the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011. In 2016, the refugee crisis reached deadly proportions, causing many Syrians to flee their homes in search of asylum. Individual responses to refugees differed as Syrians attempted to resettle throughout the world. Research has shown that religious orientation (intrinsic, extrinsic, quest), religious commitment, and personality traits can help ex…
Racial/Ethnic Identity, Religious Commitment, and Well-Being in African Americans
Although the study of positive psychology has flourished in recent years, most research has focused on White samples. There is, however, a growing body of research examining cultural factors that may contribute to the psychological health and well-being of African Americans. The present study examined the associations between racial/ethnic identity, religious commitment, satisfaction with life, and meaning in a sample of African Americans ( N = 1…
Cultural Humility, Cultural Comfort, and Supervision Processes and Outcomes for Bipoc Supervisees
Clinical supervision is a cornerstone of clinical training, and supervision experiences are associated with important outcomes (e.g., stronger working alliances and more trainee disclosures in supervision). Psychology has made strides in understanding how cultural processes unfold in supervision, with the multicultural orientation (MCO) model garnering increasing empirical support, but less is known about the dynamics that occur based on racial d…
Can Religion Promote Virtue: A More Stringent Test of the Model of Relational Spirituality and Forgiveness
Rather than simply studying whether religious individuals are more forgiving than nonreligious individuals, recent research has focused on how religion may promote a more fluid and efficient forgiveness process. The present studies sought to strengthen evidence for a model of relational spirituality and forgiveness (Davis, Hook, & Worthington, 2008), given the reliance of prior studies on cross-sectional designs that did not control for hurtfulne…
Science, God, and the cosmos: Science both erodes (via logic) and promotes (via awe) belief in God
Toward an Understanding of Religious Tolerance: Quest Religiousness and Positive Attitudes Toward Religiously Dissimilar Others
We interact frequently with individuals with religious beliefs that vary from our own. Although we may naturally prefer interacting with religiously similar others, individuals vary in their attitudes toward religiously dissimilar others. In the present set of studies, we examined how variability in quest religiousness affects religious tolerance. In Study 1 (N = 159), we found that quest religiousness in Christian undergraduates was associated w…
Predictor and Moderator Effects of Ego Resilience and Mindfulness on the Relationship Between Academic Stress and Psychological Well-Being in a Sample of Ghanaian College Students
This study examined the predictor and moderator effects of ego resilience and mindfulness on the relationship between academic stress and psychological well-being in a sample of Ghanaian college students ( N = 431). The results indicated that academic stress was positively associated with both anxiety and depression and that mindfulness and ego resilience were both negatively associated with anxiety and depression. Mindfulness buffered the positi…
Trait Sources of Spirituality Scale: Assessing Trait Spirituality More Inclusively
We develop the Trait Sources of Spirituality Scale (TSSS), which assesses experiences of closeness to the sacred, within and outside a religious tradition. After using factor analysis to finalize the scale, we examine evidence of construct validity, including latent profile analysis that reveals 5 patterns of how spirituality is experienced
Negative internal causal attributions of a specific offense and forgiveness
Causal attributions are important social‐cognitive predictors of forgiveness. This article presents the Transgression Attribution Questionnaire ( TAQ ), a measure of one's negative internal causal attributions of a specific offense. In 4 studies, scores on the TAQ showed initial evidence of estimated internal consistency, temporal stability, and construct validity. Negative internal attributions for the cause of a transgression predicted lower le…
Relational Spirituality and Forgiveness of Offenses Committed by Religious Leaders
In the present article, we extend a model of relational spirituality and forgiveness to the context of major offenses by clergy. In Study 1, undergraduate students (N = 208) described a major offense that they had experienced by a religious leader and then completed several questionnaires in relation to the offense and the religious leader. Appraisals of relational spirituality were significantly associated with forgiveness, after controlling for…
A Re-Examination of Cultural Factors that Mitigate Risk and Promote Resilience in Relation to African American Suicide: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Future Research
Suicide among African Americans has been acknowledged by the U.S. Surgeon General as a growing crisis. However, suicide remains understudied in this population. In this article, the authors examine the literature related to cultural protective factors that buffer African Americans from suicide risk. They present an overview of suicide among African Americans, review the culture and world-view of African Americans, and examine the degree to which …
Heart rate variability as a physiological moderator of the relationship between race-related stress and psychological distress in African Americans
This study examined the moderator effects of heart rate variability, a physiological marker of stress vulnerability, on the relationship between race-related stress and psychological distress in African Americans (N = 215). Participants were administered the Index of Race-Related Stress-Brief and the Brief Symptom Inventory-18. Resting heart rate was recorded using the Polar 810s heart rate monitor. Findings indicated that heart rate variability …
Cultural, sociofamilial, and psychological resources that inhibit psychological distress in African Americans exposed to stressful life events and race-related stress.
Empirical evidence suggests that African Americans (herein, all nonimmigrant persons of African heritage living in the United States) are at increased risk for exposure to stressful life events (e.g., Karlsen & Nazroo, 2002; McCord & Freeman, 1990; Thoits, 1991; Williams, Neighbors, & Jackson, 2003). Moreover, the health consequences associated with this increased risk are exacerbated by daily encounters with individual, institutional, and cultur…
Collectivism, Forgiveness, and Social Harmony
Existing models of forgiveness and the strategies to promote forgiveness that draw from them are predominantly individualistic. As the United States becomes more diverse and counseling psychology becomes a more global field, counseling psychologists are increasingly likely to encounter clients who have a collectivistic worldview. The authors propose a theoretical model that clarifies the relationship between collectivism and forgiveness. The impo…
Relational spirituality and the development of the Similarity of the Offender’s Spirituality Scale
We present a model of relational spirituality and forgiveness that considers how a victim’s spirituality affects his or her experience of and response to a transgression. In 2 studies, we investigate the psychometric properties of the Similarity of the Offender’s Spirituality Scale (SOS), which assesses the extent to which the victim sees the offender as spiritually similar. Results suggest the SOS has 2 factors that assess the offender’s spiritu…
The Dedication to the Sacred (DS) Scale: Adapting a Marriage Measure to Study Relational Spirituality
We describe the development of the Dedication to the Sacred Scale (DS). The measure was created to test a model of relational spirituality and forgiveness. Items from a measure of commitment in couples (Stanley & Markman, 1992) were adapted to assess a victim's dedication to a relationship with the Sacred. In Study 1 (N = 171), confirmatory factor analysis revealed good fit to a single-factor model. We removed poor items and replicated the factor…
Humility: Review of measurement strategies and conceptualization as personality judgment
Humility is an understudied virtue in positive psychology. Both conceptual and methodological challenges have retarded its study. In this article, we discuss how humility has been defined. Specifically, researchers disagree whether humility refers to the accuracy of an individual's view of self, or whether humility primarily describes someone's interpersonal stance toward others. We critique four approaches that researchers have used to measure h…
Relational Spirituality and Forgiveness: Development of the Spiritual Humility Scale (Shs)
Research on spirituality and forgiveness has begun to examine the types of dynamic, spiritual experiences that can promote forgiveness. Specifically, we explore how victims may see an offender’s humility in relationship with the Sacred, and how this appraisal affects forgiveness. We also describe the development of the Spiritual Humility Scale (SHS). In Study 1 ( N = 300; F = 166, M = 134), the SHS had a single-factor structure using exploratory …
Relational Spirituality and Dealing With Transgressions: Development of the Relational Engagement of the Sacred for a Transgression (Rest) Scale
In the study of spirituality and forgiveness, researchers have begun to look at how dynamic spiritual experiences influence forgiveness. In three studies, we develop the Relational Engagement of the Sacred for a Transgression (REST) Scale, which assesses the extent to which victims actively engage a relationship with the Sacred to deal with a specific transgression. In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the factor structur…
Religion and spirituality
Many clients highly value religious and spiritual (R/S) commitments, and many psychotherapists have accommodated secular treatments to R/S perspectives. We meta‐analyzed 51 samples from 46 studies ( N = 3,290) that examined the outcomes of religious accommodative therapies and nonreligious spirituality therapies. Comparisons on psychological and spiritual outcomes were made to a control condition, an alternate treatment, or a subset of those stud…
Relational Humility: Conceptualizing and Measuring Humility as a Personality Judgment
The study of humility has progressed slowly due to measurement problems. We describe a model of relational humility that conceptualizes humility as a personality judgment. In this set of 5 studies, we developed the 16-item Relational Humility Scale (RHS) and offered initial evidence for the theoretical model. In Study 1 (N = 300), we developed the RHS and its subscales--Global Humility, Superiority, and Accurate View of Self. In Study 2, we confi…
Marriage Matters: A Description and Initial Examination of a Church-Based Marital Education Program
Report of Findings in a DSM-5 Field Trial for Hypersexual Disorder
Predictors of God concept and God control after Hurricane Katrina
Sanctification of forgiveness
Integration, Multicultural Counseling, and Social Justice
In this article, we explore the integration of psychology and Christianity in the areas of multicultural counseling and social justice. First, we give a brief overview of the multicultural counseling and social justice movements. Second, we explore two aspects of Christianity that we believe make integration in this area difficult. Third, we critically evaluate the multicultural counseling and social justice movements from a Christian perspective…
Humility and the Development and Repair of Social Bonds: Two Longitudinal Studies
A theory of relational humility asserts that humility can promote strengthening social bonds. To complement prior, cross-sectional research on this topic, two longitudinal studies were conducted. In Study 1, college students in romantic relationships (N = 123), all of whom had been hurt or offended by their partners within the last two months, completed measures of humility and unforgiveness for six consecutive weeks. Relational humility predicte…
Can Religion Promote Virtue: A More Stringent Test of the Model of Relational Spirituality and Forgiveness
Rather than simply studying whether religious individuals are more forgiving than nonreligious individuals, recent research has focused on how religion may promote a more fluid and efficient forgiveness process. The present studies sought to strengthen evidence for a model of relational spirituality and forgiveness (Davis, Hook, & Worthington, 2008), given the reliance of prior studies on cross-sectional designs that did not control for hurtfulne…
Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients.
Building on recent theory stressing multicultural orientation, as well as the development of virtues and dispositions associated with multicultural values, we introduce the construct of cultural humility, defined as having an interpersonal stance that is other-oriented rather than self-focused, characterized by respect and lack of superiority toward an individual's cultural background and experience. In 4 studies, we provide evidence for the esti…
Research on religion/spirituality and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review
In the present article, we review the literature on religion/spirituality (R/S) and forgiveness using meta-analysis. R/S was positively related to trait forgivingness (i.e., across relationships and situations; r .29), state forgiveness (i.e., of a specific offense; r .15), and self-forgiveness (r .12). Contextual measures of R/S more proximal to the forgiveness process were more strongly related to state forgiveness than were dispositional measu…
Defensive religion as a source of meaning in life: A dual mediational model
Religion is a prominent source of meaning in life. However, the content of religious belief systems varies considerably. Previous research suggests that defensive religion serves an existential function but has yet to empirically substantiate its relation to existential outcomes. The present research extends previous work by (a) examining whether defensive religion serves as a source of meaning in life, and (b) identifying mediators of that relat…
Resource loss, religiousness, health, and posttraumatic growth following Hurricane Katrina
This study examined associations among resource loss, religiousness (including general religiousness, religious comfort, and religious strain), posttraumatic growth (PTG), and physical and mental health among a sample of Mississippi university students soon after Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf coast in 2005. Resource loss was negatively associated with health, but positively associated with PTG. Religious comfort was associated with positive outc…
Relational spirituality and forgiveness: Appraisals that may hinder forgiveness
In three studies, we focused on negative spiritual appraisals theorized to hinder forgiveness: being angry toward God, viewing the transgression as a desecration, or viewing the offender as evil. Because the latter construct did not have an existing measure, the first two studies describe exploratory (Study 1; N = 200) and confirmatory (Study 2; N = 300) factor analyses of the Viewing the Offender as Evil (VOE) scale. Then, in Study 3 (N = 425), …
Religion and couple therapy: Description and preliminary outcome data
Therapists’ Multicultural Orientation: Client Perceptions of Cultural Humility, Spiritual/Religious Commitment, and Therapy Outcomes
Client perceptions of their therapists’ cultural humility have been associated with positive therapy outcomes; however, it is unclear whether these positive effects are consistent across clients. In particular, this study examines the extent to which clients’ religious commitment moderates the association between their perceptions of their therapists’ cultural humility and therapy outcomes. The sample included 45 clients, all of whom identified t…
Psychology (101 works) · Social Psychology (87 works) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (59 works) · Forgiveness and Related Behaviors (35 works) · Humility (32 works) · Psychotherapist (32 works) · Spirituality (32 works) · Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health (31 works) · Sociology (28 works) · Clinical Psychology (22 works)