J L Austin
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 65995 |
|---|---|
| NOME | J L Austin |
| PRENOMES | J L |
| SOBRENOME | Austin |
| ASSINATURA | AUSTIN J L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Copenhagen |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8045-2143 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 53 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 300 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 53 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1950 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Is it happening? Inverting situational awareness
Is social science situationally aware? This essay suggests not. It begins from the proposition that academic reflection on life, and the world, most-often plays catch-up. We are surprised. Too often. By events in the world, by discombobulations of our theoretical presuppositions, and by radical shifts in political realities. To explore that status quo, this article first suggests that the notion of situational awareness as it is deployed by milit…
Encounter, Critique, and Postcritique
What’s at stake in debates over critique and postcritique in International Relations (IR)? To subvert that question, this article is written in the format of a theatre play that stages a repeated encounter between scholars who are invested, or not, in that debate. At the centre of the conversations that take place are questions linked to academic responsibility, the nature of reflexivity, and the possibility of different political futures. The pl…
Visual (data) observation in International Relations
Has Visual International Relations (IR) become too distant from the content of visual artefacts? This is a paradoxical question. Visual IR is a vibrant and pluralist field exploring visuals in innumerable ways. Nonetheless, the field tends to focus on ‘deep’ readings of the socio-political implications of visual artefacts at the expense of a close and attentive observation and description of the events, situations, or phenomena they may depict. S…
Forum
This discussion forum brings together some of the leading voices in the debate on climate change and security to reflect on the possibilities and limits of critical research in the face of global ecological crises. If we – as critical geography, IR, and security scholars – take the ongoing ecological crisis seriously, how must our questions, concepts, and methodologies change? How, if at all, can security be provided in a climate-changed world, f…
The Active Form of Security
How are socially and politically controversial security practices materially-technologically scripted into our lives in ever-deeper ways? This essay proposes that acts of aesthetic design are at the heart of that process and are being deployed by technology corporations to "smooth" the diffusion of security practices, discourses, and politics across global space. To substantiate that claim, we make three moves. First, we propose an understanding …
Escape, Erase, Entangle
The plasma of violence
How do people know how – very practically speaking – to be violent? This article explores that question through a Science and Technology Studies perspective. It does so in order to go beyond the usual location of global political violence at a structural level that attributes its emergence principally to hierarchical orders, formal training, or deep cultural, political, or ideological factors. The alternative explanation offered here draws on Bru…
What If We Were There? A Counter-Factual Call for IR to Engage with Material-Technological Making
International relations (IR) shows growing interest in expanding its practical engagements into different domains: the visual, the artistic, the aesthetic, the diagrammatic, and so forth. But a gap remains. We rarely make digital, architectural, computational, or other seemingly technical things within IR. This article suggests we should start doing so, in direct collaboration with practitioners, applied scientists, and technical experts. Specifi…
Making International Things
Can we make international things—maps, algorithms, museums, visualizations, computer games, virtual reality tools? Objects that criss-cross global space, exert political influence, and produce novel forms of knowledge? This article, and the special issue it introduces, suggests that scholars of international relations can and should engage in the task of making concrete material, aesthetic, and technological objects that exceed the epistemic, log…
Sensing Collectives
Are aesthetics and politics really two different things? The book takes a new look at how they intertwine, by turning from theory to practice. Case studies trace how sensory experiences are created and how collective interests are shaped. They investigate how aesthetics and politics are entangled, both in building and disrupting collective orders, in governance and innovation. This ranges from populist rallies and artistic activism over alternati…
Transversal Politics of Big Tech
Our everyday life is entangled with products and services of so-called Big Tech companies, such as Amazon, Google, and Facebook. International relations (IR) scholars increasingly seek to reflect on the relationships between Big Tech, capitalism, and institutionalized politics, and they engage with the practices of algorithmic governance and platformization that shape and are shaped by Big Tech. This collective discussion advances these emerging …
The public, its problems, and post-critique
The State of the Sublime
Security politics is everywhere, its tendrils entangled with every aspect of life. Nonetheless, this hyper-securitised status quo has not interrupted the flow of everyday life, nor the circulation of people, goods, or ideas. For the privileged of the world, a paradox has emerged: war, terrorism, ecological disaster, pandemics, and many other ‘monstrous’ forms of insecurity are now experienced as mundane and manageable phenomena in spite of the ex…
Seeing All Evil
Cruelty is a historical constant across world politics. Nonetheless, something has changed. Today, it is possible to observe death, massacre, torture, police brutality, terrorist attacks, drone strikes, and more, in high-definition video. Sometimes, we can watch live. In this article, I ask what it means when the historical sanitization of cruelty, injustice, and violence is stripped away. I do so in three ways. First, I explore how digital media…
Affects, emotions and interaction
Methodologically, Peace Research has long been dominated by words, numbers, and sometimes images. This article suggests also integrating Video Data Analysis (VDA) into the analytical toolbox of Peace Research so as to explore the potential of the millions of videos of relevance for the study of peace and conflict that can be found online and beyond. The article introduces VDA and shows how the method can be applied to analyse micro-dynamics of ph…
Designing-With/In World Politics
Why is the praxis of the International Social Sciences (iss) so limited? Why are word counts and abstracts so much more integral to our quotidian workday than datasheets or color palettes? Why do we do little more than write texts and give lectures with - perhaps - the odd foray into photography or film-making? Why are we so reluctant to practically (and so not simply conceptually) engage with the full gamut of material, aesthetic, and technologi…
The departed militant
This is an essay about the personhood of militant violence, the phenomenological underpinnings of political evil and the friendship between two men. It begins by recounting the author’s street-side meeting with several Islamist militants in Tripoli, Lebanon, one of whom later described his preparations to become a ‘martyr’ in Syria. The essay takes my conversations with this man and his friends as a means of exploring the becoming of violent mili…
Security compositions
This article argues that security politics is constituted through the ways in which its contours are ‘made sensible’ (perceivable to our senses) through material, aesthetic, or affective mechanisms. To make this argument, the article introduces the theoretical scaffolding for what it terms a compositional ontology. A compositional approach to security identifies, theorises, and studies the perceptual base of security politics in order to ask how …
Doing and mediating critique
What does it mean to study security from a critical perspective? This question continues to haunt critical security studies. Conversations about normative stances, political engagement, and the role of critique are mainstays of the discipline. This article argues that these conversations tend to revolve around a too disembodied image of research, where the everyday practice of researchers is sidelined. But researchers do do research: they work ma…
Horizon Scan
What is changing?This: the contradictions and predations of patriarchal imperialist capitalism, and of the deeply racist and gendered material and symbolic order it produces, have enabled an accelerating, unrelenting, unfettered extractive stance toward the planet, its ecosystems and natural resources, and the plant and animal species and human beings that inhabit it.That stance has not only resulted in increasingly outrageous inequalities and co…
Towards an International Political Ergonomics
This article introduces International Political Ergonomics. International Political Ergonomics is a novel research programme focused on achieving political change through the ergonomic (re)design of world politics. The approach is grounded on a shift across International Relations which recognizes that its epistemic (i.e. knowledge-producing) core is often inadequate to achieve change. Insights from the practice turn and behaviouralist Internatio…
A Parasitic Critique for International Relations
This paper introduces the concept of a “parasitic critique.” It begins by theorizing the ethico-political positionality of “critical” researchers by speaking with Michel Serres to introduce the figure of the parasitic-researcher. That device explores a tension in critical research between hearing “thick” descriptions of our interlocutors’ lifeworlds before channeling them into “thin” metatheoretical accounts. The paper argues that this dilemma re…
(De)securitisation dilemmas
This article theorises the simultaneous enaction of securitising and desecuritising moves. It argues that the frequent simultaneity of these two processes, which are normally considered mutually exclusive within Securitisation Theory (ST), has previously gone unnoticed given a set of methodological, temporal, and ontological biases that have developed within ST. Demonstrating how these biases can be overcome – and even reconciled with the seminal…
We have never been civilized
This article demonstrates how world political binaries (democratic–autocratic, civilized–barbarian, etc.) are materially, as well as ideationally, constructed. By drawing on the analytical sensibilities of Actor-Network Theory, it is shown that differences in the actions, practices and/or behaviours of states usually situated at one or another extreme of socio-political dichotomies are sometimes dependent only on the availability of, and/or globa…
Business engagement in violence prevention and peace-building
Kenyan business was important in mitigating episodes of election violence in 2007–2008 and 2013. This article finds that this role was motivated by the ethical and moral commitments of key business leaders to further peace in times of violence; and by interests in preventing future economic loss. However, by adopting a lens that situates business roles in violence prevention and peace-building within Kenya’s conflict systems and political economy…
How To Do Things With Words
This work sets out the author's conclusions in the field to which he directed his main efforts for at least the last ten years of his life. Starting from an examination of his already well-known distinction between performative utterances and statements, he finally abandons that distinction, replacing it with a more general theory of ‘illocutionary forces’ of utterances, which has important bearings on a wide variety of philosophical problems.
Doing and mediating critique
What does it mean to study security from a critical perspective? This question continues to haunt critical security studies. Conversations about normative stances, political engagement, and the role of critique are mainstays of the discipline. This article argues that these conversations tend to revolve around a too disembodied image of research, where the everyday practice of researchers is sidelined. But researchers do do research: they work ma…
Designing-With/In World Politics
Why is the praxis of the International Social Sciences (iss) so limited? Why are word counts and abstracts so much more integral to our quotidian workday than datasheets or color palettes? Why do we do little more than write texts and give lectures with - perhaps - the odd foray into photography or film-making? Why are we so reluctant to practically (and so not simply conceptually) engage with the full gamut of material, aesthetic, and technologi…
Three Ways of Spilling Ink
Parts I, II, and III of the following paper are taken, almost verbatim, from J. L. Austin's longhand draft, found among his papers after his death, of a lecture he gave to the American Society of Political and Legal Philosophy, which met in Chicago in I958. Authenticity of expression can be claimed for these sections, though no doubt Austin would have changed much had he himself completed his revisions for publication in the yearbook of the Socie…
Torture and the Material-Semiotic Networks of Violence Across Borders
The intimately local violence of torture is, simultaneously and increasingly, a global phenomenon. This paper explores a transnational convergence in the local morphologies of torture practices across time, space, and state-type through an inquiry into its global ontologies. Drawing on the insights of Actor-Network Theory, the papers introduces a materialsemiotic mode of inquiry into violence in order to locate the (re)emergence and (re)convergen…
We have never been civilized
This article demonstrates how world political binaries (democratic–autocratic, civilized–barbarian, etc.) are materially, as well as ideationally, constructed. By drawing on the analytical sensibilities of Actor-Network Theory, it is shown that differences in the actions, practices and/or behaviours of states usually situated at one or another extreme of socio-political dichotomies are sometimes dependent only on the availability of, and/or globa…
Security compositions
This article argues that security politics is constituted through the ways in which its contours are ‘made sensible’ (perceivable to our senses) through material, aesthetic, or affective mechanisms. To make this argument, the article introduces the theoretical scaffolding for what it terms a compositional ontology. A compositional approach to security identifies, theorises, and studies the perceptual base of security politics in order to ask how …
A Parasitic Critique for International Relations
This paper introduces the concept of a “parasitic critique.” It begins by theorizing the ethico-political positionality of “critical” researchers by speaking with Michel Serres to introduce the figure of the parasitic-researcher. That device explores a tension in critical research between hearing “thick” descriptions of our interlocutors’ lifeworlds before channeling them into “thin” metatheoretical accounts. The paper argues that this dilemma re…
Horizon Scan
What is changing?This: the contradictions and predations of patriarchal imperialist capitalism, and of the deeply racist and gendered material and symbolic order it produces, have enabled an accelerating, unrelenting, unfettered extractive stance toward the planet, its ecosystems and natural resources, and the plant and animal species and human beings that inhabit it.That stance has not only resulted in increasingly outrageous inequalities and co…
Making International Things
Can we make international things—maps, algorithms, museums, visualizations, computer games, virtual reality tools? Objects that criss-cross global space, exert political influence, and produce novel forms of knowledge? This article, and the special issue it introduces, suggests that scholars of international relations can and should engage in the task of making concrete material, aesthetic, and technological objects that exceed the epistemic, log…
(De)securitisation dilemmas
This article theorises the simultaneous enaction of securitising and desecuritising moves. It argues that the frequent simultaneity of these two processes, which are normally considered mutually exclusive within Securitisation Theory (ST), has previously gone unnoticed given a set of methodological, temporal, and ontological biases that have developed within ST. Demonstrating how these biases can be overcome – and even reconciled with the seminal…
Transversal Politics of Big Tech
Our everyday life is entangled with products and services of so-called Big Tech companies, such as Amazon, Google, and Facebook. International relations (IR) scholars increasingly seek to reflect on the relationships between Big Tech, capitalism, and institutionalized politics, and they engage with the practices of algorithmic governance and platformization that shape and are shaped by Big Tech. This collective discussion advances these emerging …
Business engagement in violence prevention and peace-building
Kenyan business was important in mitigating episodes of election violence in 2007–2008 and 2013. This article finds that this role was motivated by the ethical and moral commitments of key business leaders to further peace in times of violence; and by interests in preventing future economic loss. However, by adopting a lens that situates business roles in violence prevention and peace-building within Kenya’s conflict systems and political economy…
The State of the Sublime
Security politics is everywhere, its tendrils entangled with every aspect of life. Nonetheless, this hyper-securitised status quo has not interrupted the flow of everyday life, nor the circulation of people, goods, or ideas. For the privileged of the world, a paradox has emerged: war, terrorism, ecological disaster, pandemics, and many other ‘monstrous’ forms of insecurity are now experienced as mundane and manageable phenomena in spite of the ex…
Seeing All Evil
Cruelty is a historical constant across world politics. Nonetheless, something has changed. Today, it is possible to observe death, massacre, torture, police brutality, terrorist attacks, drone strikes, and more, in high-definition video. Sometimes, we can watch live. In this article, I ask what it means when the historical sanitization of cruelty, injustice, and violence is stripped away. I do so in three ways. First, I explore how digital media…
Becoming a torturer
How do people become torturers? And how do we stop that transformation? This article addresses these questions by calling on academics and practitioners to consider caring for – expressing sympathy, understanding, and working with – the figure of the “not-quite-yet” torturer. We begin by noting the globality of torture across space and regime type, and suggest that this globality indicates how torture is – very frequently – not the result of any …
Visual (data) observation in International Relations
Has Visual International Relations (IR) become too distant from the content of visual artefacts? This is a paradoxical question. Visual IR is a vibrant and pluralist field exploring visuals in innumerable ways. Nonetheless, the field tends to focus on ‘deep’ readings of the socio-political implications of visual artefacts at the expense of a close and attentive observation and description of the events, situations, or phenomena they may depict. S…
Forum
This discussion forum brings together some of the leading voices in the debate on climate change and security to reflect on the possibilities and limits of critical research in the face of global ecological crises. If we – as critical geography, IR, and security scholars – take the ongoing ecological crisis seriously, how must our questions, concepts, and methodologies change? How, if at all, can security be provided in a climate-changed world, f…
Towards an International Political Ergonomics
This article introduces International Political Ergonomics. International Political Ergonomics is a novel research programme focused on achieving political change through the ergonomic (re)design of world politics. The approach is grounded on a shift across International Relations which recognizes that its epistemic (i.e. knowledge-producing) core is often inadequate to achieve change. Insights from the practice turn and behaviouralist Internatio…
The plasma of violence
How do people know how – very practically speaking – to be violent? This article explores that question through a Science and Technology Studies perspective. It does so in order to go beyond the usual location of global political violence at a structural level that attributes its emergence principally to hierarchical orders, formal training, or deep cultural, political, or ideological factors. The alternative explanation offered here draws on Bru…
What If We Were There? A Counter-Factual Call for IR to Engage with Material-Technological Making
International relations (IR) shows growing interest in expanding its practical engagements into different domains: the visual, the artistic, the aesthetic, the diagrammatic, and so forth. But a gap remains. We rarely make digital, architectural, computational, or other seemingly technical things within IR. This article suggests we should start doing so, in direct collaboration with practitioners, applied scientists, and technical experts. Specifi…
Affects, emotions and interaction
Methodologically, Peace Research has long been dominated by words, numbers, and sometimes images. This article suggests also integrating Video Data Analysis (VDA) into the analytical toolbox of Peace Research so as to explore the potential of the millions of videos of relevance for the study of peace and conflict that can be found online and beyond. The article introduces VDA and shows how the method can be applied to analyse micro-dynamics of ph…
Problems in General Linguistics. Problemes de linguistique generale
Encounter, Critique, and Postcritique
What’s at stake in debates over critique and postcritique in International Relations (IR)? To subvert that question, this article is written in the format of a theatre play that stages a repeated encounter between scholars who are invested, or not, in that debate. At the centre of the conversations that take place are questions linked to academic responsibility, the nature of reflexivity, and the possibility of different political futures. The pl…
The Active Form of Security
How are socially and politically controversial security practices materially-technologically scripted into our lives in ever-deeper ways? This essay proposes that acts of aesthetic design are at the heart of that process and are being deployed by technology corporations to "smooth" the diffusion of security practices, discourses, and politics across global space. To substantiate that claim, we make three moves. First, we propose an understanding …
Truth
J. L. Austin, P. F. Strawson, D. R. Cousin; Truth, Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, Volume 24, Issue 1, 9 July 1950, Pages 111–172, https://doi.o
Ix.—critical Notice
IX.—CRITICAL NOTICE Aristotle's Syllogistic, from the standpoint of modern formal logic. By Jan Łukasiewicz. Pp. xi + 141. Oxford University Press. 15s. J. L. AUSTIN J. L. AUSTIN Oxford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mind, Volume LXI, Issue 243, July 1952, Pages 395–404, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LXI.243.395 Published: 01 July 1952
I.—A Plea for Excuses
Sense and Sensibilia
Journal Article Critical Study Get access Sense and Sensibilia. By J. L. Austin. Reconstructed from the manuscript notes by G. J. Warnock. (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1962. Pp. xii + 144. Price 18s). R. J. Hirst R. J. Hirst University of Glasgow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 13, Issue 51, April 1963, Pages 162–170, https://doi.org/10.2307/2217192 Published: 01 April 1963
Sense and Sensibilia
Three Ways of Spilling Ink
Parts I, II, and III of the following paper are taken, almost verbatim, from J. L. Austin's longhand draft, found among his papers after his death, of a lecture he gave to the American Society of Political and Legal Philosophy, which met in Chicago in I958. Authenticity of expression can be claimed for these sections, though no doubt Austin would have changed much had he himself completed his revisions for publication in the yearbook of the Socie…
AΓaөon and EyΔaimonia in the Ethics of Aristotle
This article takes its start from an article by Professor H. A. Prichard (Philosophy, X [1935], 27–39 [241-60 above] ) on "The Meaning of in the Ethics of Aristotle." It will be seen that I disagree with him, but I think his article has the great merit of raising serious questions.
Lecture IV
This chapter considers another case of infelicity: insincerities and infractions or breaches. Here, the performance is not void, although it is still unhappy. The chapter considers one's feelings, thoughts, and intentions. An example of not having the requisite feeling is: ‘I congratulate you’, said when one did not feel at all pleased, or perhaps was even annoyed. An example of not having the requisite thought is: ‘I advise you to’, said when on…
Lecture XI
With the constative utterance, one abstracts from the illocutionary aspects of the speech act and concentrates on the locutionary. One uses an over-simplified notion of correspondence with the facts because it essentially brings in the illocutionary aspect. With the performative utterance, one attends as much as possible to the illocutionary force of the utterance and abstracts from the dimension of correspondence with facts. In general, the locu…
Lecture VIII
This chapter describes the distinctions between the phonetic act, the phatic act, and the rhetic act. The phonetic act is merely the act of uttering certain noises. The phatic act is the uttering of certain vocables or words, i.e. noises of certain types, belonging to and as belonging to, a certain vocabulary, conforming to and as conforming to a certain grammar. The rhetic act is the performance of an act of using those vocables with definite se…
Lecture VII
Another important class of words in which there is a shift from descriptive to performative utterance and wavering between them, as with behabitives, is the class called expositives, or expositional performatives. Here, the main body of the utterance has generally or often the straightforward form of a ‘statement’, but there is an explicit performative verb at its head that shows how the ‘statement’ is to be fitted into the context of conversatio…
Lecture II
Besides the uttering of the words of the so-called performative, a good many other things have as a general rule to be right and to go right if one is to be said to have happily brought off the action. This chapter looks at types of case in which something goes wrong and the act – marrying, betting, bequeathing, christening – is therefore at least to some extent a failure: the utterance is true but in general unhappy. And for this reason, the dis…
Lecture V
This chapter asks: is there some precise way in which one can definitely distinguish the performative from the constative utterance? One should naturally ask first whether there is some grammatical (or lexicographical) criterion for distinguishing the performative utterance. The discussion holds that the idea of a performative utterance is that it is to be (or to be included as a part of) the performance of an action. Actions can only be performe…
Lecture I
Many ‘statements’ were shown to be, as Kant perhaps first argued systematically, strictly nonsense, despite an unexceptionable grammatical form. The continual discovery of fresh types of nonsense has done on the whole nothing but good. It has come to be commonly held that many utterances that look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts: for example,…
Lecture III
If somebody issues a performative utterance, and the utterance is classed as a misfire because the procedure invoked is not accepted, it is presumably persons other than the speaker who do not accept it. This chapter deals with cases where there was no procedure or no accepted procedure; where the procedure was invoked in inappropriate circumstances; and where the procedure was faultily executed or incompletely executed. In particular cases, thes…
Lecture IX
This chapter distinguishes between illocutions and perlocutions, taking in the distinction between illocutions and locutions by the way. There are three ways – securing uptake, taking effect, and inviting a response – in which illocutionary acts are bound up with effects; and these are all distinct from the producing of effects that is characteristic of the perlocutionary act. Strictly speaking, there cannot be an illocutionary act unless the mea…
Lecture XII
How did the ‘constatives’–‘performatives’ distinction look in the light of theory? In general, and for all utterances considered here, the following were found: happiness/unhappiness dimension; an illocutionary force, truth/falsehood dimension; and a locutionary meaning (sense and reference). This chapter discusses different classes of utterance, classified according to their illocutionary force, by the following more-or-less rebarbative names: v…
Lecture VI
This chapter considers the explicit in contrast with the primary performative, claiming that the former would be naturally evolved from the latter as language and society develop. However, this does not remove all the troubles in the search for a list of explicit performative verbs. The discussion considers some of these other more primitive devices in speech; some of the roles that can be taken over by the device of the explicit performative: mo…
Lecture X
This chapter comments on the formulas: ‘In saying x, I was doing y’ or ‘I did y’; and ‘By saying x, I did y’ or ‘I was doing y’. It was because of the availability of these formulas which seem specially suitable, the former (in) for picking out verbs which are names for illocutionary acts, and the latter (by) for picking out verbs which are names for perlocutionary acts, that the names illocutionary and perlocutionary were chosen. To use the ‘by …
How To Do Things With Words
This work sets out the author's conclusions in the field to which he directed his main efforts for at least the last ten years of his life. Starting from an examination of his already well-known distinction between performative utterances and statements, he finally abandons that distinction, replacing it with a more general theory of ‘illocutionary forces’ of utterances, which has important bearings on a wide variety of philosophical problems.
Problems in General Linguistics. Problemes de linguistique generale
Philosophical Papers
This text collects all Austin’s published articles plus a new one, ch. 13, hitherto unpublished. The analysis of the ordinary language to clarify philosophical questions is the common element of the 13 papers. Chapters 2 and 4 discuss the nature of knowledge, focusing on ‘performative utterances’. The doctrine of ‘speech acts’, i.e. a statement may be the pragmatic use of language, is discussed in Chs 6 and 10. Chapters 8, 9, and 12 reflect on th…
A Plea for Excuses
On the meta-level, ‘A Plea for Excuses’, sometimes regarded as the manifesto of ordinary language philosophy, illustrates Austin’s method of approaching philosophical issues, by patiently analysing the subtleties of ordinary language, by example. On the object level, the key distinction with regard to human actions that appear to be worthy of blame, Austin holds to be between a justification, which denies that the performed action was wrong, and …
Performative Utterances
Austin attacks the view that language is referential, based on the simplistic division of utterances into the ‘descriptive’ and ‘evaluative’, using his notion of performative utterances. Such utterances, in the appropriate circumstances, are neither descriptive nor evaluative, but count as actions, i.e., create the situation rather than describing or reporting on it. In saying ‘I promise to go’ one is making a promise, not stating that one is mak…
Philosophical papers
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