G Pavlenok
Biographic Data
| ID | 67125 |
|---|---|
| NAME | G Pavlenok |
| GIVEN NAMES | G |
| FAMILY NAME | Pavlenok |
| SIGNATURE | PAVLENOK G |
| AFFILIATIONS | Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3727-776X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 49 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 82 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 49 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2017 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Filling the Gap
This paper presents the results of a techno-typological and statistical analysis of assemblages from key Middle Palaeolithic layers (12.1, 12.3, 17) at the Kulbulak site. The study aims to determine their position within the Obi-Rakhmatian and to elucidate the nature of its long-term developmental trajectory. Based on the study of 8,790 artifacts and the application of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), a detailed comparison was conducte…
Virtual Reconstruction of Flakes Based on 3D Modeling of Negative Surfaces on Cores and Scrapers
This article discusses the development and testing of a new approach to the virtual reconstruction of lithic artifacts, aimed at filling gaps in archaeological collections. Unlike existing approaches, which are primarily focused on objects with bilateral symmetry, the proposed methodology allows for the reconstruction of missing flakes based on their negatives remaining on matrices—cores and tool preforms, such as Quina scrapers. The method was s…
Study of Upper Paleolithic Materials from Ushbulak in 2025
During ongoing multidisciplinary study of various stages of the Stone Age at the multi-layered site of Ushbulak in the Shilikty valley (Republic of Kazakhstan) the fundamentally new data has been derived. One of the main objectives in 2025 was to generate a continuous stratigraphic column of the site. Since 2017, due to geomorphological setting, two tranches (excavation area 1 and 2) have been excavated simultaneously. These tranches are located …
Study of the Right Bank of the Ushbulak Site in 2025
This article presents the fi ndings of research conducted in 2025 at the multilayered Upper Paleolithic site of Ushbulak (Eastern Kazakhstan). One of the focus areas was continued excavation at Pit 16, located on the right bank of the Vostochniy Stream, which was studied in 2022–2023. A 3 × 1 m extension was made to the 6 sq. m pit, oriented across the slope toward the stream. Soft deposits were uncovered to the depth of 3.0 m. The article provid…
Small Blade and Bladelet Production in Central Asia at the Turn of MIS 7 and 6
В статье рассматриваются нуклеусы для получения мелких пластин и пластинок методами параллельного, торцового и резцового расщепления из слоя 23 стоянки Кульбулак в Западном Тянь-Шане (раскопки 2016-2017 гг.). Среди ядрищ (27 экз.) типологическим методом выделены плоскостные (продольные и поперечные), объемные (кареноидное, подконусовидные и подцилиндрическое), торцовые (в т.ч. нуклеусы-резцы). Анализ последовательности сколов (scar-pattern analys…
Carinated technology in the upper palaeolithic of west Central Asia
The article presents a study on the genesis of the Upper Paleolithic carinated technology in the Kulbulakian from western Central Asia. The initial manifestations of carinated technology in Central Asia are documented in the Middle Paleolithic Obirahmatian period. The formation of the Kulbulakian on the basis of the gradual development of Middle Paleolithic local complexes has previously been proposed (Kolobova et al., 2013). The studies conducte…
Spatial Analysis of Evidence from Layer 5 at the Ushbulak Site (East Kazakhstan)
This article discusses assemblage from layer 5 at the Ushbulak multilayered site in East Kazakhstan. Lithological layer 5 containing cultural remains was studied in 2018, 2019, and 2023 over the area of 16 sq. m. Preliminary examination of a scarce complex from cultural horizon 5.2 with asymmetrical core and retouched blades has revealed its greater resemblance to the evidence of the Initial Upper Paleolithic from layers 6–7 compared to the Upper…
Study of the Upper Paleolithic Site Sabanikha-3
The article provides new materials from the Early Upper Paleolithic site Sabanikha-3 (Middle Yenisei), obtained during the 2024 fieldwork, which is intended to continue the site research begun in 2020, 2023–2023. The research is aimed to expand the evidence base for the Early Upper Paleolithic of the region. Main pit 3 (2024), covering an area of 9.5 sq. m, was connected to the southwestern walls of main pits 1 and 2. The main concentration of ar…
New Data for Asymmetric Core Reduction in Western Tian Shan Piedmonts
This study describes a multi-proxy approach toward a newly discovered open-air loess site, Ertash Sai 2, located in the western piedmonts of the Tian Shan in Uzbekistan. Technological analyzes enabled the identification of an asymmetric core reduction scheme accompanied by a Levallois-like predetermined knapping scheme, along with the production of truncated-faceted pieces and burin-cores. Moreover, the results show a direct relationship between …
Small Blade and Bladelet Production in Central Asia at the Turn of MIS 7 and 6
We describe 27 parallel, narrow-faced, and burin-cores for small blades and bladelets from Kulbulak layer 23, Western Tien Shan, excavated in 2016 and 2017. In terms of typology, flat-faced (longitudinal and transverse), prismatic (carinated, subconical, and subcylindrical), and narrow-faced cores (including burin[1]cores) were identified. Scar pattern analysis suggests that regardless of the typological affiliation of cores, a uniform technologi…
Upper Palaeolithic in Eastern Kazakhstan (Based on the Materials of the Ushbulak Site)
This article focuses on the Upper Paleolithic lithic industries from layers 5.1-4 of the Ushbulak site in Eastern Kazakhstan. These assemblages, dated approximately to ~24-21 kyr BP, show the appearance of pressure flaking technique, being thus chronologically consistent with the earliest manifestations of this knapping technique known in South Korea and Northeast China. The primary reduction and toolset composition of the Late Upper Paleolithic …
The Emergence of Levallois Blade Industry in the Western Foothills of Tien Shan
В статье рассматриваются материалы слоя 24 стоянки Кульбулак (Западный Тянь-Шань), полученные в ходе полевых работ 2018-2019 гг. На основе данных о возрасте слоя 16 (соответствует МИС 5е) и геологическом строении отложений проведено стратиграфическое расчленение разреза Кульбулака с выделением основных палеогеографических этапов его формирования. Слои 25-22, вероятно, соотносятся с периодом потепления второй половины МИС 7. Установлено, что перви…
Late Pleistocene Environments of East Kazakhstan (Based on Ushbulak Site Materials)
В статье приводятся реконструкции природно-климатических обстановок на разных этапах позднего плейстоцена и в раннем голоцене для территории юга Восточного Казахстана. Основой для исследования послужили материалы многослойной верхнепалеолитической стоянки Ушбулак в Шиликтинской долине, на которой представлены археологические комплексы от ранних этапов верхнего палеолита до эпохи палеометалла. Изменения палеоклимата в районе стоянки выявлялись с и…
Primary Knapping Methods in Upper Paleolithic Industries at the Ushbulak Site Based on the Results of Refitting (Layer 5.1)
Purpose. The aim of this study is detailed reconstruction of the reduction sequences of the layer 5.1 lithic industry. Results. Through a comprehensive analysis of the material complex from the layer 5.1 we reconstructed three knapping strategies characterizing the industry. The first strategy is based on the usage of the narrow core working surface to obtain blades and lamellar flakes. The second strategy is the alternating usage of the working …
Late Pleistocene Environments of East Kazakhstan (Based on Ushbulak Site Materials)
We reconstruct environmental conditions at various stages of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene of East Kazakhstan. The reconstructions are based on materials from the stratified Ushbulak site in the Shilikta Valley, spanning a period from the Early Upper Paleolithic to the Bronze Age. Climatic changes were evaluated using natural science methods-mineralogical, ZooArchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS), OSL- and AMS-dating, etc. Sevaral st…
The Emergence of Levallois Blade Industry in the Western Foothills of Tien Shan
We describe fi nds from layer 24 of Kulbulak, Western Tien Shan, excavated in 2018–2019. On the basis of the age of layer 16 (MIS 5e) and the geological context of the deposits, the profi le of the site was subdivided into paleogeographic stages. Layers 25–22 likely correlate with the warming period in the second half of MIS 7. Primary reduction in layer 24 industry was based on parallel uni- and bidirectional techniques, with wide and narrow-fac…
Technological Lithic Production Variability of the Teshik-Tash Grotto Industry
Purpose. For the Central Asian territories, only the discovery of a burial from Teshik-Tash has an indisputable connection with the Neanderthal population confirmed by genetic studies. In this situation, it is important to fully characterize the technological repertoire of this hominin species through a detailed study of the lithic industry of TeshikTash. One of the parts of the Teshik-Tash collection, kept in the collections of the Kunstkamera (…
Technological Repertoire of the Teshik-Tash Neanderthals
The article presents the results of the technological analysis of the Teshik-Tash grotto lithic collection from the Kunstkamera funds (Saint Petersburg). Because the Teshik-Tash industry has an indisputable anthropological link to the Neanderthal population, which is unique for the western part of Central Asia, it is important to fully characterize the technological repertoire of this hominin species by studying the Teshik-Tash collection. Using …
Ten millennia without the Levallois technique
Is there Initial Upper Palaeolithic in Western Tian Shan? Example of an open-air site Katta Sai 2 (Uzbekistan)
The paper presents the results of multidisciplinary studies on the open-air loess site Katta Sai 2 located in the western piedmonts of Tian Shan in Uzbekistan. Two archaeological horizons contain features associated with the Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP) - both Levallois and blade/bladelet volumetric technology, together with an Upper Palaeolithic toolkit. The cultural traits observed in Katta Sai 2 might have local roots dating back to MIS 5a…
New Stratifi ed Paleolithic Sites in Akhangaran Valley (Uzbekistan)
The paper deals with survey data recorded in 2021 in Uzbekistan by joint team of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Warsaw University, and National Center of Archaeology Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Based on 2018-2019 data, we carried out local excavations, and the Paleolithic artifacts were recorded in the cross-sections of two sites—Ertashsai-12 and Kuksarai-2 located on the right side of the Akhangaran va…
The non-utilitarian objects from the initial Upper Paleolithic Ushbulak site in eastern Kazakhstan
The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition shows numerous indications for a manifestation of abstract thinking and symbolic behavior. In northern Central Asia this process is illustrated by the appearance and distribution of personal ornaments (pendants, beads, patterned items), as well as by evidence for the use of natural pigments and ritual activities. However, not only articles with distinctive functional features, but also finds of unknown …
Raw Material Selection Strategies in the Kulbulak Middle Paleolithic Complexes
The paper addresses analyses of the raw material of the Middle Paleolithic lithic complexes of the Kulbulak site (layers 12.1, 12.3, 14, 16, and 17.1). The lithic industries described in the paper are characterized by the nearest provenance of raw materials (within 1.5 km) including flint outcrops and alluvial effusive pebbles. Flint predominated; it was used for both Levallois and bladelet production, the bladelet share increases up the profile.…
The Mesolithic of the Eastern Kazakhstan (Based on the Karasai Site Materials)
In 2019, the Russian-Kazakhstani archaeological expedition discovered the first stratified Mesolithic site in Eastern Kazakhstan — the Karasai site. The site is located in the mid-mountain part of the Shilikta Valley, about 1500 m asl. In the course of excavations a rich cultural layer (layer 2) with numerous artifacts of the Early Holocene age was recorded. The industry includes elements of all stages of lithic production, and the typological fe…
The non-utilitarian objects from the initial upper Paleolithic Ushbulak site in eastern Kazakhstan
Ushbulak—A New Stratified Upper Paleolithic Site in Northeastern Kazakhstan
We present the findings of excavations at the stratified site of Ushbulak, discovered during a joint Russian-Kazakhstan research project in 20I6. The site is located in the Shilikty Valley, northeastern Kazakhstan, at the junction of routes connecting southwestern Central Asia, southern Siberia, and northern China. On the basis of stratigraphy, chronology, and technological evidence, we identify three technological complexes, relating to the Meta…
Ushbulak-1
In world archaeology, there has always been a problem regarding the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Late twentieth-century research has attempted to address this issue through the recognition of Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP) lithic industries. These assemblages were first characterised through evidence from the sites of Boker Tachtit and Ksar Akil (the Levant), and they are now identified in many regions of Eurasia, including Central …
Is there Initial Upper Palaeolithic in Western Tian Shan? Example of an open-air site Katta Sai 2 (Uzbekistan)
The paper presents the results of multidisciplinary studies on the open-air loess site Katta Sai 2 located in the western piedmonts of Tian Shan in Uzbekistan. Two archaeological horizons contain features associated with the Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP) - both Levallois and blade/bladelet volumetric technology, together with an Upper Palaeolithic toolkit. The cultural traits observed in Katta Sai 2 might have local roots dating back to MIS 5a…
Ten millennia without the Levallois technique
Ushbulak — A New Stratified Upper Paleolithic Site in Northeastern Kazakhstan
Ушбулак — новая многослойная стоянка верхнего палеолита на северо-востоке Казахстана DOI: 10.17746/1563-0102.2019.47.4.016-029 А.А. Анойкин1, Г.Д. Павленок1, В.М. Харевич1, Ж.К. Таймагамбетов2, А.В. Шалагина1, С.А. Гладышев1, В.А. Ульянов1, 3, Р.С. Дуванбеков2, М.В. Шуньков1 1Институт археологии и этнографии СО РАН пр. Академика Лаврентьева, 17, Новосибирск, 630090, Россия 2Национальный музей Республики Казахстан Казахстан Республикасы Yлтты музе…
Raw material procurement as a crucial factor determining knapping technology in the Katta Sai complex of Middle Palaeolithic sites in the western Tian Shan piedmonts of Uzbekistan
New Data for Asymmetric Core Reduction in Western Tian Shan Piedmonts
This study describes a multi-proxy approach toward a newly discovered open-air loess site, Ertash Sai 2, located in the western piedmonts of the Tian Shan in Uzbekistan. Technological analyzes enabled the identification of an asymmetric core reduction scheme accompanied by a Levallois-like predetermined knapping scheme, along with the production of truncated-faceted pieces and burin-cores. Moreover, the results show a direct relationship between …
The Emergence of Levallois Blade Industry in the Western Foothills of Tien Shan
We describe fi nds from layer 24 of Kulbulak, Western Tien Shan, excavated in 2018–2019. On the basis of the age of layer 16 (MIS 5e) and the geological context of the deposits, the profi le of the site was subdivided into paleogeographic stages. Layers 25–22 likely correlate with the warming period in the second half of MIS 7. Primary reduction in layer 24 industry was based on parallel uni- and bidirectional techniques, with wide and narrow-fac…
Middle Paleolithic technological diversity during MIS 3 in the Western Tian Shan piedmonts
This paper aims to reconstruct the general knapping scheme in the Katta Sai 1 assemblage dated to around 40 kya. The site was excavated within a large -scale fieldwork project of interdisciplinary studies on Middle Paleolithic settlements in the western Tian Shan piedmont. The technological analyses allow the identification of a new variant of human adaptation in the regional Middle Paleolithic. The locally -collected river pebbles were knapped u…
Regional Sources of the Obirakhmatian
Иркутский государственный университет, Россия 4 Институт археологических исследований АН РУз, УзбекистанАннотация.Приводятся новые данные по среднему палеолиту стоянки Кульбулак (слои 14-17).Технико-типологический анализ археологических материалов дал основания полагать, что на Кульбулаке в погребенном состоянии зафиксированы древнейшие на западе Центральной Азии проявления пластинчатого варианта среднего палеолита, который в технологическом отно…
Technological Repertoire of the Teshik-Tash Neanderthals
The article presents the results of the technological analysis of the Teshik-Tash grotto lithic collection from the Kunstkamera funds (Saint Petersburg). Because the Teshik-Tash industry has an indisputable anthropological link to the Neanderthal population, which is unique for the western part of Central Asia, it is important to fully characterize the technological repertoire of this hominin species by studying the Teshik-Tash collection. Using …
Small Blade Technology in the Early Upper Paleolithic Industries From Denisova Cave
The paper discusses the results from an analysis of five cores associated with Layer 11 in the Southern Chamber of Denisova Cave, intended to obtain small elongated blanks such as bladelets and small blades. Analysis of a lithic reduction sequence employed in the research has made it possible to clearly recognize the phases in producing flake scars on lithic artifacts through the preparation of core blanks, and in core reduction, as well as to de…
New Dental Finds Associated with the Paleolithic Selenga Culture, Western Trans-Baikal Region
We describe human teeth discovered in 2012 during the re-examination of the collection from Ust-Kyakhta-3 in the western Trans-Baikal region, excavated by A.P. Okladnikov. This is one of the key Final Paleolithic sites in this area, having a distinct twolayer stratigraphy, a non-contradictory series of radiocarbon dates, and the largest (and the most representative) collection of artifacts. Human teeth come from layer 1, whose dates range from 11…
Sedimentary Rocks Exploitation in Upper Paleolithic Knapping Technology in the Territory of Central Asia and South Siberia
Study of petrographic composition is important for understanding how humans exploited available resources. Stone raw material played a pivotal role in the subsistence life of paleopopulations, influencing knapping technology, tool typology, routes of population movements within the home area, and possibly the size of the region. Petrographic study of assemblages, related to Initial Upper Paleolithic tradition in Central Asia – South Siberia, and …
Technological Lithic Production Variability of the Teshik-Tash Grotto Industry
Purpose. For the Central Asian territories, only the discovery of a burial from Teshik-Tash has an indisputable connection with the Neanderthal population confirmed by genetic studies. In this situation, it is important to fully characterize the technological repertoire of this hominin species through a detailed study of the lithic industry of TeshikTash. One of the parts of the Teshik-Tash collection, kept in the collections of the Kunstkamera (…
The non-utilitarian objects from the initial upper Paleolithic Ushbulak site in eastern Kazakhstan
The Karasai site
Ushbulak-1
In world archaeology, there has always been a problem regarding the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition. Late twentieth-century research has attempted to address this issue through the recognition of Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP) lithic industries. These assemblages were first characterised through evidence from the sites of Boker Tachtit and Ksar Akil (the Levant), and they are now identified in many regions of Eurasia, including Central …
Methodical Approaches to Study the Terminal Upper Paleolithic in Altai
The article deals with historiographic review of publications focused on lithic industries of the Final Pleistocene of Altai discussing the methods and approaches used in the analysis of archaeological materials. Clear defined research interest to the Late Paleolithic complexes has been evident since the 1960s. Typological method affording to diagnose the specific types of artifacts of different cultural subdivisions and to make comparisons domin…
First Results of Petromagnetic Study at the Kulbulak Site
Studies of the Terminal Pleistocene Materials from the Ushbulak Site in 2018
The 2018 Archaeological Studies of Paleolithic Sites in Shilikty Basin
Studies of the Initial Upper Paleolithic Industry at the Ushbulak Site (Eastern Kazakhstan) in 2018
Regional Sources of the Obirakhmatian
Иркутский государственный университет, Россия 4 Институт археологических исследований АН РУз, УзбекистанАннотация.Приводятся новые данные по среднему палеолиту стоянки Кульбулак (слои 14-17).Технико-типологический анализ археологических материалов дал основания полагать, что на Кульбулаке в погребенном состоянии зафиксированы древнейшие на западе Центральной Азии проявления пластинчатого варианта среднего палеолита, который в технологическом отно…
Lithic Technology of the Middle Upper Paleolithic in Northern Mongolia (cultural horizon 2 of Tolbor 21 site)
Каменная технология среднего этапа верхнего палеолита Северной Монголии (культурный горизонт 2 стоянки Толбор-21
Sedimentary Rocks Exploitation in Upper Paleolithic Knapping Technology in the Territory of Central Asia and South Siberia
Study of petrographic composition is important for understanding how humans exploited available resources. Stone raw material played a pivotal role in the subsistence life of paleopopulations, influencing knapping technology, tool typology, routes of population movements within the home area, and possibly the size of the region. Petrographic study of assemblages, related to Initial Upper Paleolithic tradition in Central Asia – South Siberia, and …
Searching of the Paleolithic Sites in the Akhangaran River Valley
The article deals with the history of the study of the Paleolithic sites in the Akhangaran river valley (Eastern Uzbekistan) as well as the data obtained from the current research cycle. There are three zones of concentration of archaeological objects in the Akhangaran valley, on the basis of the materials of which it is possible to get an idea of the peculiarities of the Paleolithic development in the foothills and lowlands of the Tien Shan. The…
Artificial Construction in the Upper Palaeolithic Layer 5.1 of Ushbulak Site
The article deals with the Late Upper Paleolithic complexes of the Ushbulak site and issues of the condition of specific culture-containing (with materials of different cultures or more than one cultural layer) deposits of this multilayered site. Undisturbed consistency of the culture-containing layer 5.1 is determined based on the analysis of the lithological-stratigraphic situation of the site and the results of refitting, indicating the absenc…
Study of the Final Upper Paleolithic Evidence at the Ushbulak Site in 2019
Investigation of the Initial Upper Paleolithic Industries at the Ushbulak Site, Eastern Kazakhstan, in 2019
Archaeological Survey Works at the Ushbulak Site in 2019 (Using the Evidence from Test Pits 6–12)
First Results of Research into the Lithic Industry from Layer 24 at the Kulbulak Site (Excavations of 2019)
Nouveau site Paléolithique supérieur ancien au nord de l’Asie Centrale
Ushbulak — A New Stratified Upper Paleolithic Site in Northeastern Kazakhstan
Ушбулак — новая многослойная стоянка верхнего палеолита на северо-востоке Казахстана DOI: 10.17746/1563-0102.2019.47.4.016-029 А.А. Анойкин1, Г.Д. Павленок1, В.М. Харевич1, Ж.К. Таймагамбетов2, А.В. Шалагина1, С.А. Гладышев1, В.А. Ульянов1, 3, Р.С. Дуванбеков2, М.В. Шуньков1 1Институт археологии и этнографии СО РАН пр. Академика Лаврентьева, 17, Новосибирск, 630090, Россия 2Национальный музей Республики Казахстан Казахстан Республикасы Yлтты музе…
New Dental Finds Associated with the Paleolithic Selenga Culture, Western Trans-Baikal Region
We describe human teeth discovered in 2012 during the re-examination of the collection from Ust-Kyakhta-3 in the western Trans-Baikal region, excavated by A.P. Okladnikov. This is one of the key Final Paleolithic sites in this area, having a distinct twolayer stratigraphy, a non-contradictory series of radiocarbon dates, and the largest (and the most representative) collection of artifacts. Human teeth come from layer 1, whose dates range from 11…
Shulbinka Paleolithic Site, Eastern Kazakhstan, Revisited
В статье с учетом изменений в представлениях о ранних этапах верхнего палеолита севера Центральной Азии, базирующихся на материалах новых памятников этого времени (Толбор-21, Ушбулак и др.) и большой серии абсолютных дат, которые уточняют хронологические рамки данного этапа древней истории региона, повторно рассматривается культурно-хронологическая атрибуция комплекса стоянки Шульбинка в Восточном Казахстане. Приводятся сведения об истории исслед…
The Karasai site
Raw material procurement as a crucial factor determining knapping technology in the Katta Sai complex of Middle Palaeolithic sites in the western Tian Shan piedmonts of Uzbekistan
Ushbulak—A New Stratified Upper Paleolithic Site in Northeastern Kazakhstan
We present the findings of excavations at the stratified site of Ushbulak, discovered during a joint Russian-Kazakhstan research project in 20I6. The site is located in the Shilikty Valley, northeastern Kazakhstan, at the junction of routes connecting southwestern Central Asia, southern Siberia, and northern China. On the basis of stratigraphy, chronology, and technological evidence, we identify three technological complexes, relating to the Meta…
New Stratifi ed Paleolithic Sites in Akhangaran Valley (Uzbekistan)
The paper deals with survey data recorded in 2021 in Uzbekistan by joint team of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Warsaw University, and National Center of Archaeology Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Based on 2018-2019 data, we carried out local excavations, and the Paleolithic artifacts were recorded in the cross-sections of two sites—Ertashsai-12 and Kuksarai-2 located on the right side of the Akhangaran va…
The non-utilitarian objects from the initial Upper Paleolithic Ushbulak site in eastern Kazakhstan
The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition shows numerous indications for a manifestation of abstract thinking and symbolic behavior. In northern Central Asia this process is illustrated by the appearance and distribution of personal ornaments (pendants, beads, patterned items), as well as by evidence for the use of natural pigments and ritual activities. However, not only articles with distinctive functional features, but also finds of unknown …
Raw Material Selection Strategies in the Kulbulak Middle Paleolithic Complexes
The paper addresses analyses of the raw material of the Middle Paleolithic lithic complexes of the Kulbulak site (layers 12.1, 12.3, 14, 16, and 17.1). The lithic industries described in the paper are characterized by the nearest provenance of raw materials (within 1.5 km) including flint outcrops and alluvial effusive pebbles. Flint predominated; it was used for both Levallois and bladelet production, the bladelet share increases up the profile.…
Geography (44 works) · Archaeology (40 works) · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (38 works) · Geology (36 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (24 works) · Paleontology (22 works) · Upper Paleolithic (22 works) · Middle Paleolithic (17 works) · Pleistocene (17 works) · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies (15 works)