Karl Claxton
Biographic Data
| ID | 6891755 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Karl Claxton |
| GIVEN NAMES | Karl |
| FAMILY NAME | Claxton |
| SIGNATURE | CLAXTON K |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of York |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2002-4694 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 11 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 6 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 11 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
The opportunity cost of funding new medicines: An attempt to measure the invisible
1
Apples and oranges
The impact of different types of NHS expenditure on health: Marginal cost per Qaly estimates for England for 2016/17
English data from 2003 to 2012 suggests that it costs the NHS £10,000 to generate an additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY). This estimate relates to all NHS expenditure and no attempt was made to explore possible heterogeneity within this total. Different types of expenditure - such as secondary care, primary care and specialized commissioning - may have different productivities and estimates of these may help policymakers decide where add…
Accounting for country- and time-specific values in the economic evaluation of health-related projects relevant to low- and middle-income countries
Economic evaluation of health-related projects requires principles and methods to address the various trade-offs that need to be made between costs and benefits, across sectors and social objectives, and over time. Existing guidelines for economic evaluation in low- and middle-income countries embed implicit assumptions about expected changes in the marginal cost per unit of health produced by the healthcare sector, the consumption value of healt…
Concomitant health benefits package design and research prioritisation: Development of a new approach and an application to Malawi
Health benefits packages (HBPs) are increasingly used in many countries to guide spending priorities on the path towards universal health coverage. Their design is, however, informed by an uncertain evidence base but research funds available to address this are limited. This gives rise to the question of which piece of research relating to the cost-effectiveness of interventions would most contribute to improving resource allocation. We propose t…
Assessing the value of human papillomavirus vaccination in Gavi-eligible low-income and middle-income countries
INTRODUCTION: Estimating the value of providing effective healthcare interventions in a country requires an assessment of whether the improvement in health outcomes they offer exceeds the improvement in health that would have been possible if the resources required had, instead, been made available for other healthcare activities in that country. This potential alternative use of the same resources represents the health opportunity cost of provid…
Practical metrics for establishing the health benefits of research to support research prioritisation
INTRODUCTION: We present practical metrics for estimating the expected health benefits of specific research proposals. These can be used by research funders, researchers and healthcare decision-makers within low-income and middle-income countries to support evidence-based research prioritisation. METHODS: The methods require three key assessments: (1) the current level of uncertainty around the endpoints the proposed study will measure; (2) how u…
Accounting for Timing when Assessing Health-Related Policies
The primary focus of this paper is to offer guidance on the analysis of time streams of effects that a project may have so that they can be discounted appropriately. This requires a framework that identifies the common parameters that need to be assessed, whether conducting cost-effectiveness or benefit-cost analysis. The quantification and conversion of the time streams of different effects into their equivalent health, health care cost or consu…
Estimating health opportunity costs in low-income and middle-income countries: A novel approach and evidence from cross-country data
The economic evaluation of healthcare interventions requires an assessment of whether the improvement in health outcomes they offer exceeds the improvement in health that would have been possible if the additional resources required had, instead, been made available for other healthcare activities. Therefore, some assessment of these health opportunity costs is required if the best use is to be made of the resources available for healthcare. This…
Country-Level Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: Initial Estimates and the Need for Further Research
BACKGROUND: Cost-effectiveness analysis can guide policymakers in resource allocation decisions. It assesses whether the health gains offered by an intervention are large enough relative to any additional costs to warrant adoption. When there are constraints on the health care system's budget or ability to increase expenditures, additional costs imposed by interventions have an "opportunity cost" in terms of the health foregone because other inte…
Decision Modelling For Health Economic Evaluation
In financially constrained health systems across the world, increasing emphasis is being placed on the ability to demonstrate that health care interventions are not only effective, but also cost-effective. This book deals with decision modelling techniques that can be used to estimate the value for money of various interventions including medical devices, surgical procedures, diagnostic technologies, and pharmaceuticals. Particular emphasis is pl…
Accounting for Timing when Assessing Health-Related Policies
The primary focus of this paper is to offer guidance on the analysis of time streams of effects that a project may have so that they can be discounted appropriately. This requires a framework that identifies the common parameters that need to be assessed, whether conducting cost-effectiveness or benefit-cost analysis. The quantification and conversion of the time streams of different effects into their equivalent health, health care cost or consu…
Decision Modelling For Health Economic Evaluation
In financially constrained health systems across the world, increasing emphasis is being placed on the ability to demonstrate that health care interventions are not only effective, but also cost-effective. This book deals with decision modelling techniques that can be used to estimate the value for money of various interventions including medical devices, surgical procedures, diagnostic technologies, and pharmaceuticals. Particular emphasis is pl…
Country-Level Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds: Initial Estimates and the Need for Further Research
BACKGROUND: Cost-effectiveness analysis can guide policymakers in resource allocation decisions. It assesses whether the health gains offered by an intervention are large enough relative to any additional costs to warrant adoption. When there are constraints on the health care system's budget or ability to increase expenditures, additional costs imposed by interventions have an "opportunity cost" in terms of the health foregone because other inte…
Estimating health opportunity costs in low-income and middle-income countries: A novel approach and evidence from cross-country data
The economic evaluation of healthcare interventions requires an assessment of whether the improvement in health outcomes they offer exceeds the improvement in health that would have been possible if the additional resources required had, instead, been made available for other healthcare activities. Therefore, some assessment of these health opportunity costs is required if the best use is to be made of the resources available for healthcare. This…
Accounting for Timing when Assessing Health-Related Policies
The primary focus of this paper is to offer guidance on the analysis of time streams of effects that a project may have so that they can be discounted appropriately. This requires a framework that identifies the common parameters that need to be assessed, whether conducting cost-effectiveness or benefit-cost analysis. The quantification and conversion of the time streams of different effects into their equivalent health, health care cost or consu…
Assessing the value of human papillomavirus vaccination in Gavi-eligible low-income and middle-income countries
INTRODUCTION: Estimating the value of providing effective healthcare interventions in a country requires an assessment of whether the improvement in health outcomes they offer exceeds the improvement in health that would have been possible if the resources required had, instead, been made available for other healthcare activities in that country. This potential alternative use of the same resources represents the health opportunity cost of provid…
Practical metrics for establishing the health benefits of research to support research prioritisation
INTRODUCTION: We present practical metrics for estimating the expected health benefits of specific research proposals. These can be used by research funders, researchers and healthcare decision-makers within low-income and middle-income countries to support evidence-based research prioritisation. METHODS: The methods require three key assessments: (1) the current level of uncertainty around the endpoints the proposed study will measure; (2) how u…
Concomitant health benefits package design and research prioritisation: Development of a new approach and an application to Malawi
Health benefits packages (HBPs) are increasingly used in many countries to guide spending priorities on the path towards universal health coverage. Their design is, however, informed by an uncertain evidence base but research funds available to address this are limited. This gives rise to the question of which piece of research relating to the cost-effectiveness of interventions would most contribute to improving resource allocation. We propose t…
Accounting for country- and time-specific values in the economic evaluation of health-related projects relevant to low- and middle-income countries
Economic evaluation of health-related projects requires principles and methods to address the various trade-offs that need to be made between costs and benefits, across sectors and social objectives, and over time. Existing guidelines for economic evaluation in low- and middle-income countries embed implicit assumptions about expected changes in the marginal cost per unit of health produced by the healthcare sector, the consumption value of healt…
The impact of different types of NHS expenditure on health: Marginal cost per Qaly estimates for England for 2016/17
English data from 2003 to 2012 suggests that it costs the NHS £10,000 to generate an additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY). This estimate relates to all NHS expenditure and no attempt was made to explore possible heterogeneity within this total. Different types of expenditure - such as secondary care, primary care and specialized commissioning - may have different productivities and estimates of these may help policymakers decide where add…
Apples and oranges
The opportunity cost of funding new medicines: An attempt to measure the invisible
1
Economics (9 works) · Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life (9 works) · Medicine (9 works) · Business (8 works) · Economic growth (6 works) · Health care (6 works) · Actuarial science (5 works) · Environmental health (5 works) · Global Health Care Issues (5 works) · Population (5 works)