Virginia Garrard

Biographic Data

ID699360
NAMEVirginia Garrard
GIVEN NAMESVirginia
FAMILY NAMEGarrard
SIGNATUREGARRARD V
AFFILIATIONSThe University of Texas at Austin
ORCID0000-0003-3985-4508
VERIFIEDYes
TOTAL WORKS37
TOTAL CITATIONS5
AUTHOR COUNT9
EDITOR COUNT28
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR2017
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2025
H-INDEX1

  • Missionaries and Resistance in Guatemala

    Virginia GarrardARTICLEHispanic American Historical Review2025

  • From Popular Insurgents to Insurgent Intellectuals

    Open AccessVirginia GarrardARTICLEJournal of Church and State2024

    Popular Insurgents to Insurgent Intellectuals: Peasant Catechists in the Salvadoran Revolution, is the second in a trilogy about northern Moraz an department, El Salvador, during the years of the civil war (officially 1979-1992, though violence started somewhat earlier). The first work is about El Mozote, the location of the largest single massacre of citizens by their own government in the Americas in modern times (1981). The subject of this sec…

  • Pentecostalism and Power in Guatemala

    Virginia GarrardARTICLECurrent History2023

    Guatemala is the most Protestant country in Latin America, with a rising population of Pentecostals. Although evangelicals have had substantial social and political influence for decades—one of them was a military dictator at the height of the country’s civil war in the early 1980s, and was later tried for genocide—many remain ambivalent about direct engagement with secular power. Instead, evangelical groups have been active in addressing gaps le…

  • Adiós al estado laico

    Open AccessVirginia GarrardARTICLECiencias Sociales y Religión2023Cited by: 1References: 5

    Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX se ha producido un aumento bien documentado del número de personas que se identifican como protestantes evangélicos. La Iglesia Católica, marginada durante mucho tiempo por los ideales ilustrados del liberalismo, las políticas anticlericales y los hostiles proyectos de formación del Estado en toda la región, ha visto cómo se erosionaba su poder secular, político y social desde el siglo XIX, una tendencia en cur…

  • Religious Transformation in Maya Guatemala

    Virginia GarrardARTICLEHispanic American Historical Review2023

    Religious Transformation in Maya Guatemala is the final volume of the quadrilogy that grew out of the anthropological field school for Brigham Young University undergraduates that John Hawkins and the anthropologist Walter Randolph Adams conducted in two predominantly K'iche’ Maya communities in Guatemala from 1995 through 2003. It is a massive and comprehensive study, divided into three parts, of religious change in Guatemala.The first section c…

  • New Faces of God in Latin America

    Virginia GarrardBOOKNew Faces of God in Latin America2021

    This is a historically infused study of the intersection of local encounters with global religion (Christianity) in Latin America. Using a mixture of deep archival research and ethnographic methods, this book discusses how everyday people inscribe supernormal spirit power (in a variety of guises) with the ability to provide alternative sources of authority and validate “otros saberes” (other knowledges or epistemologies) in the context of specifi…

  • Bishops, Priests, and Celam

    Erika Helgen, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    This chapter examines the evolution of the role and image of Latin American priests and bishops during the second half of the twentieth century. This period saw the emergence of new forms of clerical and episcopal organization, such as CELAM (the Latin American Episcopal Conference, or Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano ), as well as new ideas regarding clerical training, pastoral care, and hierarchical obedience. Such developments not only shaped…

  • Time and Christianity in Early Latin America

    Matthew D O’hara, Matthew O'Hara et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    The arrival of Christianity in the Americas and its long-term development throughout the colonial era were closely connected to questions of time—whether the human experience and manipulation of time, the crafting of historical memory, or the imagining of potential futures. Exploring classic and recent scholarship on the colonial era, this chapter considers some of the ways that the history of Christianity in early Latin America is also a history…

  • Scholastic Theology, Justice, and the Conquest of the Americas

    David M Lantigua, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    This chapter examines the scholastic idea of justice presented in the lectures, writings, and advocacy of key Spanish theologians during the early conquests of Amerindian peoples in the sixteenth century. Indebted to the medieval tradition and associated with the University of Salamanca, these Spanish theologians espoused a scholastic method of inquiry grounded in fundamental principles of justice and natural law. Their brand of early modern scho…

  • Mary, Mother of Jesus

    Jeanette Rodriguez, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    Throughout the history of Christianity in Latin America, Mary has been portrayed in multiple manifestations (e.g. Our Lady of Charity in Cuba, Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia in the Dominican Republic, and Nossa Senhora Aparecida in Brazil). She is the official patron of countries, cities, and neighborhoods, known by many names in devotional practices, and central to the region’s religio-social history. Given Latin America’s rich, varied, and com…

  • Protestant Innovative Evangelizing to Oral Cultures in Guatemala

    Rachel M Mccleary, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    Protestant missions to Guatemala, in varying degrees, incorporated innovative oral, visual, and audio evangelizing strategies in their proselytizing. The traditional mainline Protestant bias favoring the “triumph of literacy” over oral/audible forms of learning sidetracked those missions engaged in vernacular translations of the Bible away from direct evangelization and toward investment of significant financial and human resources into literacy …

  • Activist Christians, the Human Rights Movement, and Democratization in Latin America

    Nick Rowell, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    This chapter is a critical literature review of recent social science research describing and analyzing the participation of Christian churches in various phases of the human rights movement in Latin America. Spanning the period from 1964 to the present, such human rights activism took place in the contexts of authoritarian rule, civil war, democratic transitions, and the consolidation of democracy. The chapter focuses on the influence of Christi…

  • MainLine Protestantism in Latin America

    JOEL MORALES CRUZ, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    Far from being a newcomer, mainline Protestantism has played a number of roles in the Latin American religious drama. In the colonial era, it represented the dangerous Other vis-à-vis the political, social, and religious structures. In the late eighteenth century, Protestantism was identified with Enlightenment ideas that were perceived as dangerous to the colonial order. During the independence period of the early nineteenth century, Protestant …

  • Prophetic Martyrdom in Modern Latin America

    Edward T Brett, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    Following the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), over a thousand priests and religious sisters and brothers were exiled, imprisoned, tortured, or murdered in Latin America by authoritarian governments. A much larger number of lay Church workers were also incarcerated, brutalized, or killed. Most suffered or died because, following the ideals of Vatican II and the Second Latin American Bishops Conference at Medellín, Colombia (1968), they committ…

  • Marshaling the Faithful

    Edward Wright-Ríos, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    It often is assumed that Catholicism in Mexico prior to independence was a corporate matter, whereas afterward it became an increasingly individual affair. When scholars have explored collective expressions of modern religious culture, they typically have focused on indigenous brotherhoods in rural communities. The present chapter, in contrast, offers a comprehensive picture of the full spectrum of associations, devotional organizations, and soda…

  • Catholic Laity in the Latin American Church

    Robert S Pelton, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    Before Vatican II, pastoral theology reflected a clear distinction between the ordained and non-ordained members of the Church, but a gradual nuancing of this issue was taking place in Latin America as early as the 1950s. In those areas, there had been rather intensive study of “modern” European theologians. Through their writings and pastoral visits to the region of America, these progressive European theologians began to strongly influence Lati…

  • (Un)Making Christianity

    Rachel Sarah O’toole, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    This chapter argues that although colonial authorities and church officials in the Iberian Americas limited Afro-Latin American participation in Catholic religious practices, men and women of the African Diaspora shaped colonial Latin American Catholicism. The Iberian Crowns, as well as early modern colonial clerics, profited from the transatlantic slave trade and the labor of enslaved Africans and their descendants. As a major financial and poli…

  • The Sacred Art of Counter-Conquest

    Jennifer Scheper Hughes, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    From works of monumental architecture to vernacular expressions of “folk” religion, objects of material religion secure and orient lived faith in Latin America. Sacred power in Latin America emanates from a particular web of connection between image, altar, and chapel. These material manifestations of the sacred reflect the pain and paradox of their colonial origins and thus must be contextualized and historicized in relation to the structures of…

  • Liberation Theology’s Spiritual Legacy for the Latin American Church

    Harold Segura, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    Spirituality has increasingly become an important interpretive key to understand the develop of theologies in Latin America over the last 50 years, particularly Latin America Liberation Theology. This chapter presents some of the most important background of Liberation Theology by describing its theological emphasis and its implications for the pastoral work. This theological work has been consequential not only for the Catholic Church, but also …

  • A New Pentecost

    Luis N Rivera‐pagán, Luis N Rivera-Pagán et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    This chapter deals with a classic anthropological study in Latin American religious history: the conversion, in the middle of the twentieth century, of a Puerto Rican sugarcane worker to Pentecostalism. The author expands that study to analyze the geometrical expansion of Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity in Latin America. It discusses issues like glossolalia, divine healing, charismatic worship, missionary expansion of the Pentecostal chu…

  • The Ambivalence of Catholic Politics in Latin America

    Amy E Edmonds, Amy Edmonds et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    The Catholic Church in Latin America has played far-reaching and diverse roles in the political sphere. In the 1970s and 1980s, Catholic leaders used the Church’s prestige and its considerable resources to defend human rights and promote democratic transitions in several countries; in the modern democratic context the Church has facilitated action on social justice issues such as land reform, inequality, and the rights of the indigenous. Yet it h…

  • Pentecostalism and Neo-Pentecostalism in Latin America

    Justin Michael Doran, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    Pentecostalism, a Christian renewal movement that emphasizes ecstatic bodily worship and charismatic practices, transformed Latin American Christianity over the course of the twentieth century. While they were influenced by the disruptive North American Holiness movements from which their piety originated, converts adapted Pentecostal Christianity to local economic and political realities that generated new, Latin American forms of Pentecostalism…

  • Millenarian Movements

    Carole A Myscofski, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    Latin American millenarian movements, rooted in the Christian expectation of Jesus’ thousand-year kingdom, creatively integrated Catholic folklore and apocalyptics with indigenous concepts of dualism and cyclic regeneration. Hopes for spiritual revitalization in indigenous communities, religious renewal among peasant groups, and ecclesiastical autonomy among dissident parties inspired rebellion when the colonial and post-colonial governments crea…

  • Conversion Processes and Social Networks in Latin America

    Henri Gooren, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    Different varieties of Pentecostalism are successful in Latin America, where Chile, Brazil, and the Central American countries are now 20 to 30 percent Protestant. This chapter analyzes conversion processes and social networks in Latin America by comparing the two extremes of Pentecostal growth. Paraguay is arguably the least Pentecostalized country in the region, whereas Chile is one of the most Pentecostal. Based on recent ethnographic fieldwor…

  • Catholicism, Revolution, and Counter-Revolution in Twentieth-Century Latin America

    Stephen J C Andes, David Thomas Orique et al.CHAPTEROxford Handbook of Latin American…2020

    Revolution divided Roman Catholics during the twentieth century in Latin America. Although Catholic activists formed ranks on all sides of Latin America’s social conflict, revolutionary anticlericalism, land reform, and state education became important wedge issues that kept the Catholic Church hierarchy on the side of counterrevolution. This chapter surveys Latin America’s “Big Three” social revolutions, beginning with Mexico (1910–1940), Cuba a…