Alida S Westman
Biographic Data
| ID | 7114802 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Alida S Westman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Alida S |
| FAMILY NAME | Westman |
| SIGNATURE | WESTMAN A S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Eastern Michigan University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 38 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 0 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 38 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1977 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2011 |
| H-INDEX | 0 |
Refining Christian Religious Orientations through Cluster Analyses
To explore religious orientations, 163 Christians answered the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religious Orientation and Quest Scales. Cluster analysis showed that Extrinsic Item 2 (“It doesn't matter so much what I believe so long as I lead a moral life”) did not fit in the two- or three-cluster model. One cluster of the two-cluster and one of the three-cluster models were exactly the same and reflected intrinsic, personal religion. The remaining cluste…
Relationships between Religious Orientations and Flow Experiences
A convenience sample of 171 students ( M = 23.9 yrs., SD = 6.91) answered a questionnaire indicating their religious orientations (Intrinsic, Extrinsic) and the frequency and intensity of their flow experiences (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975, 1982, 2000; Fave & Massimini, 1988). Flow experiences are similar to athletes’ experiences of “being in the zone.” Intrinsics live by their religion, and Intrinsic religiosity was associated with fewer flow experie…
Epistemological Exploration
Among 139 students (mean age 21.8, SD=3.5), use of Schmeck's Deep Processing learning style (looking for conceptual understanding) on academic materials correlated modestly with its use on religious materials. The same was true for Elaborative Processing (looking for associations and applications). Both Deep and Elaborative Processing of academic materials correlated with better Analytical Skills. Only Elaborative Processing of religious material…
Students' Use of Mass Media for Ideas About Romantic Relationships Was Influenced by Perceived Realism of Presentations and Parental Happiness
Students' Use of Mass Media for Ideas About Romantic Relationships Was Influenced by Perceived Realism of Presentations and Parental Happiness
Women Report Being More Likely Than Men to Model Their Relationships after What They have Seen on TV
Students (21 men and 50 women) anonymously answered questions about imitating relationships seen on TV. The women were more likely than men to report trying to model family life after what they saw on TV situational comedies and to expect their significant other to act as those seen on TV. They also more frequently reported experiencing a significant other acting as those on TV. There was no difference by sex in current age, parents' marital stat…
On Perceived Conflicts between Religion and Science
Volunteers from fundamentalist churches and a Psychology of Religion class (N = 77) completed Altemeyer and Hunsberger's 1992 Fundamentalism Scale, Altemeyer's 1988 Right-wing Authoritarianism Scale, and answered questions about science, religion, and their relationship. Scores on the scales were highly positively correlated. Neither orientation correlated with seeing science as improving life, and both correlated with being troubled by newer dev…
Relationships Among Assisted Suicide and Religiousness, Resources Available, Denial of Dying, and Autonomy
God-Mediated Control, Religiousness, Attributes of God and of the Ideal Religious Life
Among 79 students the ones who scored higher on Berrenberg's (1987) God-mediated Control Scale rated themselves as more religious ( r = .85). They also endorsed “knowing my God” as more important for the ideal religious life than “believing the right things.” “Doing the right things” was even less important to them. God-mediated control and “knowing my God” correlated with rating God as understanding, forgiving, and helpful, whereas “believing th…
God-Mediated Control, Religiousness, Attributes of God and of the Ideal Religious Life
Among 79 students the ones who scored higher on Berrenberg's (1987) God-mediated Control Scale rated themselves as more religious (r = .85). They also endorsed "knowing my God" as more important for the ideal religious life than "believing the right things." "Doing the right things" was even less important to them. God-mediated control and "knowing my God" correlated with rating God as understanding, forgiving, and helpful, whereas "believing the…
Relationships among Assisted Suicide and Religiousness, Resources Available, Denial of Dying, and Autonomy
A nonrandom sample of eligible voters in Michigan (N = 218; mean age 35.7 yr.) anonymously completed a questionnaire during the two weeks prior to voting on a ballot proposal endorsing physician-assisted suicide. Favoring assisted suicide correlated negatively with scores on religiousness, believing that only a troubled mind would favor assisted suicide and that vulnerable individuals would suffer were assisted suicide legal, with denial of dying…
Religiosity Correlates with Failure to Understand Scientific Methods and Findings
Among 71 students those who indicated being more religious also were more ignorant about scientific methods and findings. Which religious individuals are more ignorant and the aspects of science to which they find it hard to relate need further investigation
Social Support Desired vs Received by High School Students in or not in a Delinquency Prevention Program
A comparison between 34 adolescents in a court-referred program for prevention of delinquency and 89 students not in the program but from the same high school showed that the students in the program were more likely to receive the social support they desired. Given the program's low rate of recidivism, the role of social support needs to be replicated and explored further
First Memories Seem Quite Complete but When the Event Happened is Recalled Least Frequently
A first memory of 88 students appeared quite complete, containing information about what happened and where, with reference to self and others. Least frequently mentioned was when the recalled event happened, either in terms of calendar time or context-setting event, whereas the latter was least frequently added upon request for further information, including about when the event happened. Conceivably, when something was learned may not be releva…
Relationships between Learning Styles and Solutions Based on Analogies or Background Knowledge
100 students completed Schmeck's Inventory of Learning Processes and tried to solve a medical problem after reading one or two analogies, first before and again after a hint to consider the stories just read. Two analogies made it more likely that those emphasizing Deep Processing (concept formation) would apply the analogies, but two analogies were usually not enough for those emphasizing Elaborative Processing (association) or Fact Retention. T…
Early Memories are Only Fragments but Make Life More Comprehensible or Enhance Social Solidarity and are Frequently Verbalizable
Recollections of a very first memory by 58 students indicated that for 53% the memory helped understand later events, as Winograd suggested, and 52% of memory sharing increased social solidarity, as Nelson suggested. First memories reflected basic orientations as described by Erikson and not yet complex aspects of lifestyle as Adler believed. Students reported that 86% of memories were nonverbal but 62% could be verbalized well. Only 12% believed…
Early Autobiographical Memories are Mostly Nonverbal and Their Development is More Likely Continuous Than Discrete
Nelson in 1993 hypothesized that autobiographical memories have a discrete onset sometime during the third year of life as memories become verbally shared as narratives, whereas Pillemer and White suggested in 1989 that autobiographical memory develops continuously and language enables communication. Analysis of first memories recalled by 40 students showed 92.5% were nonverbal and 90% involved knowledge about oneself, which is consistent with de…
Learning Styles are Content Specific and Probably Influenced by Content Areas Studied
To investigate whether use of a learning style depends on content area, 67 seniors in college were given Schmeck's Deep and Elaborative Processing scales, the Repression-Sensitization Scale, and the Flexibility scale of the California Psychological Inventory. Scores on both the Deep and Elaborative Processing scales correlated with those on the Repression-Sensitization Scale and not with those on the Flexibility scale. Learning style depends on c…
First Memories are Nonverbal and Emotional, Not Necessarily Talked about or Part of a Recurring Pattern
Nelson (1993) hypothesized that children must learn to verbalize their memories to retrieve them. Their parents talk with them about the experiences thereby influencing what is recalled. Further, recurrence of events indicate their importance and aids recall. To test these hypotheses, 83 students were asked to recall their first memory and indicate whether they recalled it verbally or nonverbally, had talked or been told about it, and whether it …
A Preliminary List to Identify Attitudes toward Different Conditions for Discussing Possible Termination or Refusal of Medical Treatment except for Pain Relief
Effective communication about decisions concerning termination or refusal of medical treatment except for pain relief necessitates clarifying the attitudes of those in the decision-making process. Effective communication increases the likelihood that a patient's advance directives are implemented and decreases the likelihood of litigation. Psychotherapists, counselors, chaplains, etc. can be facilitators of effective communication. This study gen…
Religious Beliefs are Socialized in the Same Way as are other Beliefs
50 college students and their mothers answered questions about their relationships with each other and about their religiosity. On the assumption that religious beliefs are socialized like other beliefs, the hypothesis that greater closeness between mother and child would be associated with more agreement, including agreement on religion, was tested and supported. Similarly, less closeness was associated with less agreement, including on religion…
Existential Anxiety as Related to Conceptualization of Self and of Death, Denial of Death, and Religiosity
82 students completed a questionnaire which measured their existential anxiety as described by Yalom, conceptualization of self and of death, denial of death, and religiosity. For these students, scores on existential anxiety correlated with identity confusion, feeling responsible toward others but fearing emotional closeness with them, seeing people as fundamentally different and not seeing oneself as living on in one's tasks or projects. Their …
Relationships among Hope, Psychosocial Development, and Locus of Control
29 male and 79 female undergraduate and graduate students took the 1986 Miller Hope Scale, Beck's 1988 Hopelessness Scale, Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory, Levenson's 1972 Locus of Control Scale and rated their present state of hopefulness on a 10-point scale. As expected, scores on both the Miller Hope Scale and the self-rated hope scale were negatively correlated with scores on Beck's Hopelessness Scale, but positively with scores on Eri…
Existential Anxiety as Related to Conceptualization of Self and of Death, Denial of Death, and Religiosity
Religious Beliefs Are Socialized in the Same Way as Are Other Beliefs
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Relationship between Internal-External Control Score and Trait-Situational Attribution
According to attribution theory (2) a person believes that others behave as they do because they have certain traits, whereas one's own behavior results from the situation. However, there may be individual differences in such attributions (1, 3). We hypothesized that inner controllers (4) would more frequently than controllers reject situational, external control of their own behavior and think of themselves as trait-dominated. Three classes of c…
Relationship between Certain Circadian Behavior Patterns and Jungian Personality Types
24 adults rated themselves on specific behavioral dimensions every 2 hr. during their waking day for at least five consecutive days. Differences in their Jungian response modes (as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) correlated with differences in dimensions on which daily variations were experienced or in time of day during which correlations were significant. Therefore, understanding and prediction of behavior would improve if, in addi…
Diurnal Changes on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
11 people took the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator on two consecutive workdays. They took it in the morning upon awakening, in the afternoon while at work, and in the evening after finishing the day's work, with the instruction to take it each time as though they had never seen it before. Analysis indicated that the data were not free of diurnal changes. Individuals differed in amount and on dimensions of significant change. Diurnal changes were most…
Denial of Fear of Dying or of Death in Young and Elderly Populations
255 college students and 71 elderly persons answered 12 items about either death or dying which pertained either to the general case and people in general, or to themselves. If it is assumed that expressing less fear when the item concerns oneself constitutes denial, evidence for denial was found only with fear of dying and only in the younger group. Further, experience with dying by itself did not account for the age difference; 116 nurses' aide…
Fear of Death and the Concept of Extended Self
287 participants, including 50 nuns, 25 schizophrenics and 42 alcoholics, answered a questionnaire with indices on fear of death and self-concept. Three hypotheses were confirmed. First, people indicating less fear were more likely to describe self as extending to include any other person. Second, people indicating fear more frequently described death as final, unnatural, providing no meaning to life, and cold. Third, people reported less fear an…
Diurnal Changes on the California Personality Inventory on Work and Leisure Days
15 adults took the Socialization, Responsibility, Well Being, and Good Impression scales from the California Personality Inventory three times each day on two workdays and two leisure days. They took it in the morning upon awakening, in the afternoon, and in the evening while relaxing before going to bed. They were instructed to answer the questions each time as though they had never seen them before. Analysis showed that, as previously on the My…
Effects of Dependents and Own Sex on Planning for and Thinking about One's Death
We investigated whether an extended sense of self based on having dependents or being socialized into an emotional caretaker (woman's) role would lead to planning for and thinking about one's dying and death more frequently and with less denial. 169 young adult men and women anonymously answered the denial questionnaire of Westman, Canter, and Boitos, reported whether they had dependents, wills, arranged for disposition of their bodies, and indic…
Relationship between Using Conceptual Comprehension of Academic Material and Thinking Abstractly about Global Life Issues
The study explored whether more frequent use of conceptual comprehension of academic material generalized to greater use of abstract thinking about global life issues, such as death, goal in life, marriage, AIDS, etc. Undergraduate and graduate students (28 men and 61 women) voluntarily completed a questionnaire which assessed their conceptualizations using three indices. These were an intelligence scale and two learning style indices, namely, De…
Relationships Between Indices of Neuroticism, Attitudes Toward and Concepts of Death, and Religiosity
Young and middle-aged adults (79 men and 132 women) filled out a questionnaire which measured their fear of death, neuroticism (guilt-proneness, ego strength, impulsivity, and free-floating anxiety scales from the 16 PF), religiosity, and frequency of thinking about, denial of, and concept of death. Fear of death was associated with denial of death and denial of dying but not with free-floating anxiety, suggesting that fear of death is not a neur…
Relationships among Defense Style, Existential Anxiety, and Religiosity
63 participants whose mean age was 26.8 yr. answered a questionnaire which measured defense style, existential anxiety, and religiosity. Defense style was generalized to existential concerns; repressors, who tend to avoid threatening stimuli, were likely to have less existential anxiety than sensitizers, who tend to approach threatening stimuli. Religiosity was related to neither defense style nor existential anxiety. It was suggested that religi…
How Empathy, Egocentrism, Kohlberg's Moral Development, Anderikson's Psychosocial Development Are Related to Attitudes Toward War
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Drug Use and Its Relation to High School Students' Activities
In a high school in a suburb of Detroit, students' attitudes toward, use of, and money spent on drugs, as well as possible alternative activities, were investigated. The sample included 42 enrolled in alternative education designed for students at risk for drug abuse, pregnancy, etc., who might attend college if guided carefully, and 65 regular students who were a mix of college and noncollege bound. The two groups did not differ in actual drug u…
How Empathy, Egocentrism, Kohlberg's Moral Development, and Erikson's Psychosocial Development are Related to Attitudes toward War
In this exploratory study 91 students took a questionnaire which measured their feelings of oneness with all humanity, their egocentrism, level of moral development according to Kohlberg, psychosocial development according to Erikson, and their attitude toward war, diplomacy, the Gulf war, civilians and soldiers in the Gulf area, etc. The hypothesis that empathy with humankind leads to concern about those involved and opposition to war was suppor…
Religious Beliefs are Socialized in the Same Way as are other Beliefs
50 college students and their mothers answered questions about their relationships with each other and about their religiosity. On the assumption that religious beliefs are socialized like other beliefs, the hypothesis that greater closeness between mother and child would be associated with more agreement, including agreement on religion, was tested and supported. Similarly, less closeness was associated with less agreement, including on religion…
Existential Anxiety as Related to Conceptualization of Self and of Death, Denial of Death, and Religiosity
82 students completed a questionnaire which measured their existential anxiety as described by Yalom, conceptualization of self and of death, denial of death, and religiosity. For these students, scores on existential anxiety correlated with identity confusion, feeling responsible toward others but fearing emotional closeness with them, seeing people as fundamentally different and not seeing oneself as living on in one's tasks or projects. Their …
Relationships among Hope, Psychosocial Development, and Locus of Control
29 male and 79 female undergraduate and graduate students took the 1986 Miller Hope Scale, Beck's 1988 Hopelessness Scale, Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory, Levenson's 1972 Locus of Control Scale and rated their present state of hopefulness on a 10-point scale. As expected, scores on both the Miller Hope Scale and the self-rated hope scale were negatively correlated with scores on Beck's Hopelessness Scale, but positively with scores on Eri…
Existential Anxiety as Related to Conceptualization of Self and of Death, Denial of Death, and Religiosity
Religious Beliefs Are Socialized in the Same Way as Are Other Beliefs
Learning Styles are Content Specific and Probably Influenced by Content Areas Studied
To investigate whether use of a learning style depends on content area, 67 seniors in college were given Schmeck's Deep and Elaborative Processing scales, the Repression-Sensitization Scale, and the Flexibility scale of the California Psychological Inventory. Scores on both the Deep and Elaborative Processing scales correlated with those on the Repression-Sensitization Scale and not with those on the Flexibility scale. Learning style depends on c…
First Memories are Nonverbal and Emotional, Not Necessarily Talked about or Part of a Recurring Pattern
Nelson (1993) hypothesized that children must learn to verbalize their memories to retrieve them. Their parents talk with them about the experiences thereby influencing what is recalled. Further, recurrence of events indicate their importance and aids recall. To test these hypotheses, 83 students were asked to recall their first memory and indicate whether they recalled it verbally or nonverbally, had talked or been told about it, and whether it …
A Preliminary List to Identify Attitudes toward Different Conditions for Discussing Possible Termination or Refusal of Medical Treatment except for Pain Relief
Effective communication about decisions concerning termination or refusal of medical treatment except for pain relief necessitates clarifying the attitudes of those in the decision-making process. Effective communication increases the likelihood that a patient's advance directives are implemented and decreases the likelihood of litigation. Psychotherapists, counselors, chaplains, etc. can be facilitators of effective communication. This study gen…
Early Memories are Only Fragments but Make Life More Comprehensible or Enhance Social Solidarity and are Frequently Verbalizable
Recollections of a very first memory by 58 students indicated that for 53% the memory helped understand later events, as Winograd suggested, and 52% of memory sharing increased social solidarity, as Nelson suggested. First memories reflected basic orientations as described by Erikson and not yet complex aspects of lifestyle as Adler believed. Students reported that 86% of memories were nonverbal but 62% could be verbalized well. Only 12% believed…
Early Autobiographical Memories are Mostly Nonverbal and Their Development is More Likely Continuous Than Discrete
Nelson in 1993 hypothesized that autobiographical memories have a discrete onset sometime during the third year of life as memories become verbally shared as narratives, whereas Pillemer and White suggested in 1989 that autobiographical memory develops continuously and language enables communication. Analysis of first memories recalled by 40 students showed 92.5% were nonverbal and 90% involved knowledge about oneself, which is consistent with de…
First Memories Seem Quite Complete but When the Event Happened is Recalled Least Frequently
A first memory of 88 students appeared quite complete, containing information about what happened and where, with reference to self and others. Least frequently mentioned was when the recalled event happened, either in terms of calendar time or context-setting event, whereas the latter was least frequently added upon request for further information, including about when the event happened. Conceivably, when something was learned may not be releva…
Relationships between Learning Styles and Solutions Based on Analogies or Background Knowledge
100 students completed Schmeck's Inventory of Learning Processes and tried to solve a medical problem after reading one or two analogies, first before and again after a hint to consider the stories just read. Two analogies made it more likely that those emphasizing Deep Processing (concept formation) would apply the analogies, but two analogies were usually not enough for those emphasizing Elaborative Processing (association) or Fact Retention. T…
Psychology (38 works) · Social Psychology (32 works) · Social Psychology (32 works) · Developmental psychology (21 works) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (13 works) · Clinical Psychology (12 works) · Clinical Psychology (12 works) · Psychiatry (10 works) · Psychotherapist (10 works) · Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion (9 works)