Fiona Brock
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 73421 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Fiona Brock |
| PRENOMES | Fiona |
| SOBRENOME | Brock |
| ASSINATURA | BROCK F |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Oxford |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0728-6091 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 59 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 791 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 59 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2007 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 12 |
Jaguars and raptorial birds
A range of scientific methods are used to explore the histories (14th-17th centuries) of a collection of wooden carvings from the Trombetas region of northeastern Brazil. • The first multidisciplinary scientific study of a rare group of Amazonian ceremonial wood carvings in 19th century museum collections. • Radiocarbon dating provides far deeper histories, with the earliest examples extending back to the 14th century. • Wood identification indic…
Radiocarbon Dating Insect Samples
Radiocarbon dating insects is difficult because insects are small, fragile, and rarely found in sufficient quantities. Interactions between the chitin in the insect body and sources of carbon contamination are less well understood than for collagen and cellulose-based organic materials such as bone and plant remains. Thus there is as yet no single radiocarbon pretreatment that reliably removes all contaminating carbon across all types of insect r…
The darker angels of our nature
Direct physical evidence for violent interpersonal conflict is seen only sporadically in the archaeological record for prehistoric Britain. Human remains from Charterhouse Warren, south-west England, therefore present a unique opportunity for the study of mass violence in the Early Bronze Age. At least 37 men, women and children were killed and butchered, their disarticulated remains thrown into a 15m-deep natural shaft in what is, most plausibly…
Investigating diagenesis of archaeological bones from Etton Causewayed enclosure, UK
Diagenesis of archaeological bones proceeds via a complex combination of chemical, physical and/or microbial processes often over several millennia. These processes are influenced by the depositional environment, including fluctuations in pH, mineral availability and water table. This study investigates diagenetic alterations to the mineral and organic (collagen) phases of bones from a Neolithic site, Etton Causewayed Enclosure (Cambridgeshire, U…
Technical examination
Using High-Resolution Digital Photography and Micro-CT Scanning to Investigate Deathwatch Beetle Damage to an Historic Timber from HMS Victory
Wood-boring insects such as the deathwatch beetle can cause significant damage to historical artefacts and timbers, but the extent of internal damage (and tunnelling activity in general) can be difficult to understand and quantify without the use of destructive sampling techniques. This study explored the potential of high-resolution photography and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to investigate beetle activity and inform on the extent of in…
Dating Thach Lac
In many locations around the world, shell radiocarbon dates underpin archaeological research. The dating of shell brings the chronological relationship between the sample and target event (e.g., hunting and food preparation) into congruence, while shells are valuable geochemical proxies for understanding past climate dynamics and environments. However, this information can be lost as the shell, composites of biopolymers and carbonate minerals (mo…
Isotopic Evidence for Long-Distance Connections of the AD Thirteenth-Century Promontory Caves Occupants
The Promontory caves (Utah) and Franktown Cave (Colorado) contain high-fidelity records of short-term occupations by groups with material culture connections to the Subarctic/Northern Plains. This research uses Promontory and Franktown bison dung, hair, hide, and bone collagen to establish local baseline carbon isotopic variability and identify leather from a distant source. The ankle wrap of one Promontory Cave 1 moccasin had a δ13C value that i…
Dark materials
LA‐ICP‐MS analysis of Late Bronze Age blue glass beads from Gurob, Egypt
Laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) analysis was undertaken on 37 blue glass beads excavated from a tomb in the southern Faiyum region of northern Egypt. The tomb was undisturbed, contained the remains of seven females and two children, and dated between the reigns of Amenhotep I (1525–1504 bce ) and Tuthmosis III (1479–1425 bce ). The glass beads were coloured by copper and the trace element concentrations wer…
Bomb-pulse Radiocarbon Dating of Modern Paintings on Canvas
Radiocarbon ( 14 C) dating has previously been applied to modern paintings on canvas from the 20th century to identify potential modern forgeries, and dates indicate a time lag of several years between the harvesting of plant fibers for making canvas, and completion of a painting. This study investigated both the length of this time lag and the potential of 14 C dating to inform about an individual artist’s mode of working (for example long-term …
Radiocarbon Dating Historical Mortars
Lime lumps and bulk mortars show different 14 C contamination when analyzed in several CO 2 fractions isolated from the effervescence of an ongoing hydrolysis reaction. Age profiles of both materials are therefore highly complementary and together they can provide a reliable date. Furthermore, they can also reveal the complexity of the radiocarbon ( 14 C) distribution within the mortar and thus prevent over-interpretation of the data. The lime lu…
Testing the Effectiveness of Protocols for Removal of Common Conservation Treatments for Radiocarbon Dating
To achieve a reliable radiocarbon ( 14 C) date for an object, any contamination that may be of a different age must be removed prior to dating. Samples that have been conserved with treatments such as adhesives, varnishes or consolidants can pose a particular challenge to 14 C dating. At the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), common examples of such substances encountered include shellac, the acrylic polymers Paraloid B-67 and B-72, and …
The Origins of Tradescant’s ‘India Occidentali’ Wooden Clubs
This paper focuses on the material study (radiocarbon dating, wood identification and strontium isotope analyses) of four large ‘India occidentali’ clubs, part of the founding collections of the Ashmolean Museum, in Oxford, and originally part of John Tradescant’s ‘Ark’, in Lambeth (1656). During the seventeenth century, the term ‘India occidentali/occidentales’ referred not only to the ‘West Indies’ (its literal translation), but to the Americas…
Black pitch, carved histories
East-central Florida pre-Columbian wood sculpture
Radiocarbon Dating Wooden Carvings and Skeletal Remains from Pitch Lake, Trinidad
Since the mid-19th century, rare prehistoric wooden carvings and human skeletal remains have been dredged from Pitch Lake, Trinidad, during commercial asphalt mining. Establishing a chronology for these objects is challenging, due to both a lack of stratigraphic and contextual information and the necessity to completely remove any pitch to ensure accurate radiocarbon ( 14 C) dates. A range of solvent extraction protocols was tested to identify th…
Laboratory Intercomparison of Pleistocene Bone Radiocarbon Dating Protocols
Since its invention in the late 1940s, radiocarbon ( 14 C) dating has become an important tool for absolute dating. A prerequisite for the acceptance of this method is consistency between, and compatibility of, 14 C dates from different laboratories. To meet these requirements, international laboratory intercomparison studies with different sample materials are frequently performed (e.g. TIRI, FIRI, VIRI and, most recently, SIRI).Intercomparison …
The earliest directly dated rock paintings from southern Africa
Integrating the Old World into the New
A Reassessment of the Routine Pretreatment Protocol for Radiocarbon Dating Cremated Bones
In the late 1990s, it was demonstrated that reliable radiocarbon dates could be obtained directly from cremated bone. Many 14 C laboratories have since used a protocol for pretreating cremated (calcined) bones that consists of consecutive treatments with bleach and acetic acid to remove organic matter and extraneous or diagenetic carbonate, respectively. In most instances, the bleach used is sodium hypochlorite, although in recent years the Oxfor…
Radiocarbon Dates from the O xford AMS S ystem
This is the 35th list of AMS radiocarbon determinations measured at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU). Amongst some of the sites included here are the latest series of determinations from the key sites of Abydos, El Mirón, Ban Chiang, Grotte de Pigeons (Taforalt), Alepotrypa and Oberkassel, as well as others dating to the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and later periods. Comments on the significance of the results are provided by the submi…
Getting to the Bottom of It All
Radiocarbon dating and the Naqada relative chronology
Wood Pretreatment Protocols and Measurement of Tree-Ring Standards at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (Orau)
This article presents the pretreatment protocols for wood samples processed at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), including recent implementation of a purification method to α-cellulose for non-routine samples. We examine the long-term reproducibility of measurement on wood samples at ORAU through the >1000 14 C determinations made on known-age tree-ring standards processed in each AMS wheel since our present High Voltage Engineering…
Current Pretreatment Methods for AMS Radiocarbon Dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (Orau)
In this paper, we summarize the main chemical pretreatment protocols currently used for AMS radiocarbon dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, updating the protocols last described by Hedges et al. (1989)
Quality Assurance of Ultrafiltered Bone Dating
Ultrafiltration of bone collagen provides a method of purification that can be very effective in reducing environmental contamination from soil-derived amino acids as well as removing degraded collagen or other short-chain proteins. The Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) first implemented ultrafiltration in the pretreatment of bone material for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating in 2000. However, the filters themselves…
Getting to the Bottom of It All
Pre-screening techniques for identification of samples suitable for radiocarbon dating of poorly preserved bones
New radiocarbon dating of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Kebara Cave, Israel
Reliability of Nitrogen Content (%N) and Carbon
A recent study into prescreening techniques to identify bones suitable for radiocarbon dating from sites known for poor or variable preservation (Brock et al. 2007, 2010a) found that the percent nitrogen (%N) content of whole bone powder was the most reliable indicator of collagen preservation. Measurement of %N is rapid, requires little preparation or material, and is relatively cheap. The technique reduces the risk of needlessly sampling valuab…
Investigating the likelihood of a reservoir offset in the radiocarbon record for ancient Egypt
C Dating of the Upper Paleolithic Site at Krems-Hundssteig in Lower Austria
The open-air archaeological site at Krems-Hundssteig is a well-known Upper Paleolithic site located in Lower Austria. The site was discovered in the late 19th/early 20th centuries when a large number of archaeological remains were collected during the course of loess quarrying. Although no systematic excavation has ever been performed, Krems-Hundssteig has been described since its discovery as typical of the Aurignacian period in this region base…
Testing the Effectiveness of Protocols for Removal of Common Conservation Treatments for Radiocarbon Dating
To achieve a reliable radiocarbon ( 14 C) date for an object, any contamination that may be of a different age must be removed prior to dating. Samples that have been conserved with treatments such as adhesives, varnishes or consolidants can pose a particular challenge to 14 C dating. At the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), common examples of such substances encountered include shellac, the acrylic polymers Paraloid B-67 and B-72, and …
Chronologies in wood and resin
Radiocarbon Dating Historical Mortars
Lime lumps and bulk mortars show different 14 C contamination when analyzed in several CO 2 fractions isolated from the effervescence of an ongoing hydrolysis reaction. Age profiles of both materials are therefore highly complementary and together they can provide a reliable date. Furthermore, they can also reveal the complexity of the radiocarbon ( 14 C) distribution within the mortar and thus prevent over-interpretation of the data. The lime lu…
The earliest directly dated rock paintings from southern Africa
Wood Pretreatment Protocols and Measurement of Tree-Ring Standards at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (Orau)
This article presents the pretreatment protocols for wood samples processed at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU), including recent implementation of a purification method to α-cellulose for non-routine samples. We examine the long-term reproducibility of measurement on wood samples at ORAU through the >1000 14 C determinations made on known-age tree-ring standards processed in each AMS wheel since our present High Voltage Engineering…
Second Radiocarbon Intercomparison Program for the Chauvetpont d'Arc Cave, Ardèche, France
The Chauvet-Pont d'Arc Cave is one of the most important sites for the study of the earliest manifestations and development of prehistoric art at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic. Different dating techniques have been performed thus far (AMS 14 C, U/Th TIMS, 36 Cl dating) to model the chronological framework of this decorated cave. The cave yielded several large charcoal fragments, which enabled the opportunity for obtaining multiple dates;…
Chronology of the site of Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France
Higham et al (2010) published a large series of new dates from the key French Palaeolithic site of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure. The site is important because it is one of only two sites in Europe in which Châtelperronian lithic remains co-occur with Neanderthal human remains. A large series of dates from the Mousterian, Châtelperronian, Aurignacian and Gravettian levels of the site was obtained. The 14C results showed great variability, …
A High Resolution Chronology for Steward's Promontory Culture Collections, Promontory Point, Utah
Despite the rich array of perishables Julian Steward (1937) recovered during his 1930s excavations, the Promontory Cave assemblages were dated in relative terms with just a handful of radiocarbon assays until recently. Yet Promontory Caves 1 and 2 are the type sites from which the Promontory Culture was defined, and these assemblages have a critical bearing on our conception of three significant issues in western North American prehistory: the te…
Birdmen, cemís and duhos
Radiocarbon Dates From the Oxford Ams System
This thirty-second list of dates measured at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) is predominantly made up of those measured since the start of 1996. However, it also includes some dates measured earlier which have not been published in previous lists. The dates presented here include those measured through the NERC/AHRC-funded Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Dating Service (ORADS), those funded by English Heritage, and those submitted t…
Radiocarbon Dating of Historical Parchments
A range of pretreatment methods was applied to 6 known-age historical parchments to investigate the most suitable methods for effectively removing contamination and ensuring accurate radiocarbon dates while minimizing unnecessary destruction of potentially valuable historical documents. The methods tested included an acid wash, different concentrations of acid-base-acid (ABA) pretreatments, the current routine ABA method applied at the Oxford Rad…
A mid-Holocene AMS 14C date for the presumed upper Pleistocene human skeleton from Peers Cave, South Africa
Laboratory Intercomparison of Pleistocene Bone Radiocarbon Dating Protocols
Since its invention in the late 1940s, radiocarbon ( 14 C) dating has become an important tool for absolute dating. A prerequisite for the acceptance of this method is consistency between, and compatibility of, 14 C dates from different laboratories. To meet these requirements, international laboratory intercomparison studies with different sample materials are frequently performed (e.g. TIRI, FIRI, VIRI and, most recently, SIRI).Intercomparison …
Isotopic Evidence for Long-Distance Connections of the AD Thirteenth-Century Promontory Caves Occupants
The Promontory caves (Utah) and Franktown Cave (Colorado) contain high-fidelity records of short-term occupations by groups with material culture connections to the Subarctic/Northern Plains. This research uses Promontory and Franktown bison dung, hair, hide, and bone collagen to establish local baseline carbon isotopic variability and identify leather from a distant source. The ankle wrap of one Promontory Cave 1 moccasin had a δ13C value that i…
A Reassessment of the Routine Pretreatment Protocol for Radiocarbon Dating Cremated Bones
In the late 1990s, it was demonstrated that reliable radiocarbon dates could be obtained directly from cremated bone. Many 14 C laboratories have since used a protocol for pretreating cremated (calcined) bones that consists of consecutive treatments with bleach and acetic acid to remove organic matter and extraneous or diagenetic carbonate, respectively. In most instances, the bleach used is sodium hypochlorite, although in recent years the Oxfor…
Synchronising radiocarbon dating and the Egyptian historical chronology by improved sample selection
Egypt has some of the oldest written records and extended lists of named rulers. But radiocarbon dates have only fulfilled expectations 66 per cent of the time. So why haven&t the two types of dating made a better match? The authors provide a dozen excellent reasons, which will sound the alarm among researchers well beyond Dynastic Egypt
New 14 C Determinations from Lake Suigetsu, Japan
Calibration is a fundamental stage of the radiocarbon ( 14 C) dating process if one is to derive meaningful calendar ages from samples' 14 C measurements. For the first time, the IntCal09 calibration curve (Reimer et al. 2009) provided an internationally ratified calibration data set across almost the complete range (0 to 50,000 cal BP) of the 14 C timescale. However, only the last 12,550 cal yr of this record are composed of terrestrial data, le…
Organizing Committees
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Conference Participants
From the 19th International Radiocarbon Conference held in Keble College, Oxford, England, April 3-7, 2006
Quality Assurance of Ultrafiltered Bone Dating
Ultrafiltration of bone collagen provides a method of purification that can be very effective in reducing environmental contamination from soil-derived amino acids as well as removing degraded collagen or other short-chain proteins. The Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) first implemented ultrafiltration in the pretreatment of bone material for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating in 2000. However, the filters themselves…
Radiocarbon Dates From the Oxford Ams System
This thirty-second list of dates measured at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) is predominantly made up of those measured since the start of 1996. However, it also includes some dates measured earlier which have not been published in previous lists. The dates presented here include those measured through the NERC/AHRC-funded Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Dating Service (ORADS), those funded by English Heritage, and those submitted t…
C Dating of the Upper Paleolithic Site at Krems-Hundssteig in Lower Austria
The open-air archaeological site at Krems-Hundssteig is a well-known Upper Paleolithic site located in Lower Austria. The site was discovered in the late 19th/early 20th centuries when a large number of archaeological remains were collected during the course of loess quarrying. Although no systematic excavation has ever been performed, Krems-Hundssteig has been described since its discovery as typical of the Aurignacian period in this region base…
Problems with radiocarbon dating the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Italy
L’art aurignacien dans la décoration de la Grotte de Fumane
Investigating the likelihood of a reservoir offset in the radiocarbon record for ancient Egypt
Pre-screening techniques for identification of samples suitable for radiocarbon dating of poorly preserved bones
Radiocarbon Dates From the Oxford Ams System
This is the thirty-third list of dates measured at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU). The dates presented here include those measured through the NERC/AHRC-funded Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Dating Service (ORADS), those funded by English Heritage, and those submitted to the laboratory on a commercial basis. All dates have been measured using the procedures outlined in Law and Hedges (1989), Hedges et al. (1989, 1992), Bronk Ramse…
A mid-Holocene AMS 14C date for the presumed upper Pleistocene human skeleton from Peers Cave, South Africa
Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt
Date with the Pharaohs Ancient Egypt dominated the Mediterranean world for several thousand years. However, the absolute chronology of this civilization has been uncertain, even though the sequence of rulers is well documented. Bronk Ramsey et al. (p. 1554 ; see the Perspective by Bruins ) now provide a detailed radiocarbon-based record using more than 200 samples that spans much of this time and reduces uncertainties in some cases to less than 2…
Current Pretreatment Methods for AMS Radiocarbon Dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (Orau)
In this paper, we summarize the main chemical pretreatment protocols currently used for AMS radiocarbon dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, updating the protocols last described by Hedges et al. (1989)
‘Treasures… of black wood, brilliantly polished’
Five wooden sculptures from the pre-contact Caribbean, long held in museum collections, are here dated and given a context for the first time. The examples studied were made from dense Guaiacum wood, carved, polished and inlaid with shell fastened with resin. Dating the heartwood, sapwood and resins takes key examples of ‘Classic’ Taíno art back to the tenth century AD, and suggests that some objects were treasured and refurbished over centuries.…
Chronology of the Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France
Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Site, Headington Campus, Oxford OX30BP, United [email protected] et al emphasise the primacy of stratigraphy intheir reply. Our Bayesian modelling incorporates thesame stratigraphic information in the form of ‘priors’,but the approach also allows us crucially to test theagreement between the radiometric data and the se-quence. Bayesian modelling is the only rob…
Icelandic volcanic ash from the Late-glacial open-air archaeological site of Ahrenshöft LA 58 D, North Germany
Cryptotephra of Icelandic origin from the open-air archaeological site of Ahrenshöft LA 58 D (Kr. Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Holstein), northern Germany overlies a Late-glacial Havelte lithic assemblage, hitherto dated by 14C and biostratigraphy to the earliest part of the Late-glacial interstadial (GI-1e to GI-1c3). Peaks in ash shards are observed in two profiles. Major and minor element geochemistry indicates volcanic ash originating in the Katl…
New radiocarbon dating of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Kebara Cave, Israel
Chronology of the site of Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France
Higham et al (2010) published a large series of new dates from the key French Palaeolithic site of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure. The site is important because it is one of only two sites in Europe in which Châtelperronian lithic remains co-occur with Neanderthal human remains. A large series of dates from the Mousterian, Châtelperronian, Aurignacian and Gravettian levels of the site was obtained. The 14C results showed great variability, …
New 14 C Determinations from Lake Suigetsu, Japan
Calibration is a fundamental stage of the radiocarbon ( 14 C) dating process if one is to derive meaningful calendar ages from samples' 14 C measurements. For the first time, the IntCal09 calibration curve (Reimer et al. 2009) provided an internationally ratified calibration data set across almost the complete range (0 to 50,000 cal BP) of the 14 C timescale. However, only the last 12,550 cal yr of this record are composed of terrestrial data, le…
Radiocarbon Dates From the Oxford Ams System
This is the thirty‐fourth list of AMS radiocarbon determinations measured at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU). Amongst the dates obtained for archaeological sites included here are the latest series of determinations from the key sites of Proskynas (Greece), Kovačevo (Bulgaria) and Khirbet Qeiyafa (Israel), as well as others dating to the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and later periods. Submitters of the material provide comments on the …
Chronologies in wood and resin
Radiocarbon dating & Bayesian modelling from the Grotte du Renne & a Neanderthal origin for the Châtelperronian
Hublin et al (2012) have published a new series of AMS determinations from the site of the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure, one of the key sites in discussions regarding late Neanderthal behavior and adaptation. The site is well known as one of the very few Châtelperronian sites that appear to contain evidence for the range of ornaments and objects that are usually found in sites of the Proto- or Early Aurignacian in Europe, and therefore associ…
Reliability of Nitrogen Content (%N) and Carbon
A recent study into prescreening techniques to identify bones suitable for radiocarbon dating from sites known for poor or variable preservation (Brock et al. 2007, 2010a) found that the percent nitrogen (%N) content of whole bone powder was the most reliable indicator of collagen preservation. Measurement of %N is rapid, requires little preparation or material, and is relatively cheap. The technique reduces the risk of needlessly sampling valuab…
Paired Dating of Pith and Outer Edge (Terminus) Samples from Pre-Hispanic Caribbean Wooden Sculptures
Radiocarbon dating of historical and archaeological wood can be complicated, sometimes involving issues of “inbuilt” age in slow-growing woods, and/or the possibility of reuse or long delays between felling and use of the wood. Terminus dates can be provided by dating the sapwood, or the outermost edge of heartwood, while a date from the pith can give an indication of the first years of growth. A sequence of samples from specific points within th…
Synchronising radiocarbon dating and the Egyptian historical chronology by improved sample selection
Egypt has some of the oldest written records and extended lists of named rulers. But radiocarbon dates have only fulfilled expectations 66 per cent of the time. So why haven&t the two types of dating made a better match? The authors provide a dozen excellent reasons, which will sound the alarm among researchers well beyond Dynastic Egypt
Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (51 obras) · Archaeology (46 obras) · Radiocarbon dating (44 obras) · Geology (39 obras) · Geography (37 obras) · Paleontology (26 obras) · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (25 obras) · History (17 obras) · Chemistry (13 obras) · Geology (12 obras)