Patrick Ryan Williams
Biographic Data
| ID | 73768 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Patrick Ryan Williams |
| GIVEN NAMES | Patrick Ryan |
| FAMILY NAME | Williams |
| SIGNATURE | WILLIAMS P R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Field Museum of Natural History |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3816-5180 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 475 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 42 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2001 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Volcanic stone sculptures of were-animals at Tiwanaku: PXRF and statistical analyses suggest regional geochemical provenance of chachapuma statues
Obsidian Procurement and Exchange at the Apogee of Empire: Wari Political Economy in Arequipa, Peru
During the Middle Horizon (AD 600-1000), obsidian was transported in greater quantities and distances than ever before identified in the Andes, in part by the expansionary Wari state. Two of the three major obsidian sources used in the south-central Andes are located in the modern department of Arequipa, Peru. Arequipa was a region of intense Wari influence and intrusive presence; however, little is known about regional obsidian use. Portable X-r…
Wari across the Andes: Modeling the radiocarbon evidence
Ceramic production in the Tiwanaku sphere: LA-ICP-MS in the Moquegua, Titicaca, and Cochabamba regions
Local knowledge and imperial art: A preliminary LA-ICP-MS analysis of clay preference and ceramic production practices in ancient Cuzco (ca. 1100–1550 CE)
Crafting a colony: Geochemical insights into 1000 years of state craft in the Moquegua Valley, Peru
Crafting cosmopolitanism: Ceramic production and exchange during Wari imperialism (600–1000 CE)
Los caminos Wari entre Moquegua y Majes en el sur del Perú
Con su capital en la sierra de Ayacucho, Perú, el Imperio Wari extendió su influencia por más de 1300 kilómetros, desde Cajamarca en el norte hasta Cuzco y Moquegua en el sur. A lo largo de su periferia sur, la presencia Wari ha sido mejor documentada entre los 1000 y 3000 metros sobre el nivel del mar en valles como Ocoña, Majes, Sihuas, Vitor, Chili y Moquegua, la mayoría de ellos prospectados arqueológicamente. En este artículo, examino las ev…
Formative Exchange in the Andean Titicaca Basin: Isotopic Camelid Data and Lithic Sourcing: Evidence From the Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia
The Andean mountains have a mosaic distribution of resources, and no one place has everything a community requires for subsistence, social life and ritual. Therefore, from the very beginning of human habitation there is evidence for short-and long-distance movement and trade. Settled societies in the Andes most commonly used llama caravans that crisscrossed the mountains and highland valleys, although these are hard to identify. Here we present s…
Wari Imperial Motives: The Variety of Decorated Ceramics at Cerro Baúl
Cerro Baúl, a site perched on a mountain in the Moquegua Valley (Peru), was once the southernmost outpost of the Wari Empire (600-1000 C.E.). Over the last three decades, the Proyecto Arqueológico Cerro Baúl (PACB) has excavated 62 nearly complete decorated ceramics in the central sectors of the site, ranging from tumblers to figurines. This limited but diverse assemblage demonstrates the forms and motifs employed by elite agents during ritual pr…
P-XRF compositional analysis of obsidian from the Middle Moquegua Valley, Peru: Interaction on the Tiwanaku and Wari frontier
Crafting Cosmopolitanism: Ceramic Production and Exchange During Wari Imperialism (600-1000 CE)
Consuming Kero: Molle Beer and Wari social identity in Andean Peru
Wari, Geography and Culture of
Moseley, Michael
Wari impact on regional trade networks: Patterns of obsidian exchange in Cusco, Peru
Spanish Colonial Networks of Production: Earthenware Storage Vessels from The Peruvian Wine Industry
Crossing the western Altiplano: The ecological context of Tiwanaku migrations
Wari, Geography and Culture of
Religious Ritual and Wari State Expansion
Pottery production, regional exchange, and state collapse during the Middle Horizon ( A.D. 500–1000): LA-ICP-MS analyses of Tiwanaku pottery in the Moquegua Valley, Peru
During the Middle Horizon (A.D. 500–1000), the Tiwanaku state dominated the south central Andes. The production and circulation of goods were important components of statecraft. To date, studies of the movement of pottery vessels across the Tiwanaku realm have relied on stylistic analyses. This paper presents results of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of ceramics from the largest Tiwanaku province …
Iron isotope analysis of red and black pigments on pottery in Nasca, Peru
Trade and Early State Formation in the Northern Titicaca Basin, Peru
Recent theoretical work has underscored the importance of multiple strategies in the dynamic political and economic landscapes in which archaic states developed. This research emphasizes how the interaction among various non-state polities drives the growth of political centers within a region. It is in this context that numerous intermediate peer-polities emerged, and, on rare occasions in a few places around the world, it is the context of stat…
The first direct evidence of pre-columbian sources of palygorskite for Maya Blue
A marked preference
Questions of cultural difference in the prehispanic Andes have generally been addressed through studies of style (textile designs, ceramic form and decoration, burial patterns), space (settlement pattern), or material selection/sourcing (metal ores, lithic) analysis. Cultural preference, however, may be expressed by other means and cultural affiliation can be performed in a myriad of settings with varying accoutrement. One area of research that c…
Cerro Baúl: A Wari Center on the Tiwanaku Frontier
Andean scholars have long debated the nature of the relationship between two Middle Horizon (ca. A. D. 750-1000) Andean states; many assumed Tiwanaku dominated Wari and preceded Wari in time. Recent research at the Wari administrative center of Cerro Baúl in the only known region occupied by both states (the Moquegua Valley of southern Peru) indicates that Tiwanaku may not predate Wari in Moquegua and that, contrary to previous assertions, both s…
Rethinking disaster-induced collapse in the demise of the Andean highland states: Wari and Tiwanaku
The role of drought in the collapse of the ancient states of the Andean Middle Horizon has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The only Andean valley where both principal states of this time period, Wari and Tiwanaku, had established settlements is in Moquegua, Peru. Based on a GIS network analysis of ancient irrigation systems and detailed palaeoclimatic data, I assess the assertion that a centuries-long drought caused the collap…
Domesticated Landscapes: The Subsistence Ecology of Plant and Animal Domestication
Sighting theapu: A GIS analysis of Wari imperialism and the worship of mountain peaks
In the Andes, prominent mountains are revered as earthly spirits that protect, but may also punish, their human constituents. These apu were often linked to distant ancestors and are considered the most important local deities. During the phase of the earliest highland Andean expansive states (ad 600–1000), the Wari and Tiwanaku utilized mountain worship as a means of establishing hegemony over local peoples who considered these mountains as plac…
Ceramic production during the Middle Horizon: Wari and Tiwanaku clay procurement in the Moquegua Valley, Peru
As the only place simultaneously occupied by the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600–1000) Andean states, the Tiwanaku and the Wari, the Moquegua Valley in southern Peru is of critical importance to understanding relations between the two states. Visual studies of Tiwanaku and Wari ceramics in the valley have elucidated differences in form and decoration. The procurement of raw clays was central to the production of these ceramics, and understanding where p…
Complexities of collapse: The evidence of Maya obsidian as revealed by social network graphical analysis
The authors use a social network analysis to map the changing patterns of obsidian supply among the Maya during the period of Classic to Postclassic transition. The quantity of obsidian received from different sources was calculated for 121 sites and the network analysis showed how the relative abundance of material from different sources shifted over time. A shift from inland to coastal supply routes appears to have contributed to the collapse o…
Architecture and Power on the Wari-Tiwanaku Frontier
The Wari Empire expanded and maintained control over many areas in the Andes for nearly four centuries (600–1000 C.E.). This chapter documents changes in power relations and political institutions on the Wari–Tiwanaku frontier. The settlements of both polities are well documented along their border in the Moquegua Valley of southern Peru where Wari controlled their provincial settlements from the lofty heights of Cerro Baul. We assess the changin…
Isotopic evidence for Middle Horizon to 16th century camelid herding in the Osmore Valley, Peru
Archaeological and zooarchaeological data indicate that camelid pastoralism was a subsistence and economic mainstay of Middle Horizon and more recent cultures in the Osmore region of southern Peru. However, it is not known whether camelids were primarily herded in highland puna pastures or near lower elevation sites in the middle valley or along the coast. This research examines the elevation of archaeological camelid herding in the Osmore Valley…
A pilot compositional analysis of Nasca ceramics from the Kroeber collection
Trade and Early State Formation in the Northern Titicaca Basin, Peru
Recent theoretical work has underscored the importance of multiple strategies in the dynamic political and economic landscapes in which archaic states developed. This research emphasizes how the interaction among various non-state polities drives the growth of political centers within a region. It is in this context that numerous intermediate peer-polities emerged, and, on rare occasions in a few places around the world, it is the context of stat…
Crossing the western Altiplano: The ecological context of Tiwanaku migrations
Iron isotope analysis of red and black pigments on pottery in Nasca, Peru
The first direct evidence of pre-columbian sources of palygorskite for Maya Blue
A marked preference
Questions of cultural difference in the prehispanic Andes have generally been addressed through studies of style (textile designs, ceramic form and decoration, burial patterns), space (settlement pattern), or material selection/sourcing (metal ores, lithic) analysis. Cultural preference, however, may be expressed by other means and cultural affiliation can be performed in a myriad of settings with varying accoutrement. One area of research that c…
Consuming Kero: Molle Beer and Wari social identity in Andean Peru
Cerro Baúl: Un enclave wari en interacción con Tiwanaku
La expansión wari hacia el extremo sur del Perú es un fenómeno cuyo estudio ha comenzado en los últimos 20 años, con el descubrimiento de un gran complejo arquitectónico en Cerro Baúl. Las excavaciones realizadas en los últimos tres años han revelado que Cerro Baúl, más que una fortaleza, fue un centro político y religioso wari muy importante, establecido como enclave en una región donde resulta evidente una directa interacción con Tiwanaku, el e…
Wari impact on regional trade networks: Patterns of obsidian exchange in Cusco, Peru
Spanish Colonial Networks of Production: Earthenware Storage Vessels from The Peruvian Wine Industry
The first direct evidence for the production of Maya Blue: Rediscovery of a Technology
Maya Blue is a colour that is more than a pigment; it had roles in status, ritual and performance, being daubed onto pots and people before sacrifice. Here researchers use experimental and historical evidence to discover how it was made, including direct scientific analysis of Maya Blue on a pot thrown into the sacred well at Chichén Itzá. The results indicate that the formation of the colour was actually part of the ritual
Crafting a colony: Geochemical insights into 1000 years of state craft in the Moquegua Valley, Peru
Crafting cosmopolitanism: Ceramic production and exchange during Wari imperialism (600–1000 CE)
Los encuentros y las bases para la administración política Wari
En el presente trabajo se analiza el rol de los encuentros y reuniones de diversa escala en la colonia wari de Moquegua, Perú (600-1000d.C.). El papel de los festines cambió sustancialmente con la expansión de las entidades políticas Wari y Tiwanaku, e involucró múltiples lugares y numerosos tipos de congregaciones. La evidencia resulta de excavaciones en dos sitios principales, Cerro Baúl y Cerro Mejía, y se comparan los contextos de festines en…
Obsidian Procurement and Exchange at the Apogee of Empire: Wari Political Economy in Arequipa, Peru
During the Middle Horizon (AD 600-1000), obsidian was transported in greater quantities and distances than ever before identified in the Andes, in part by the expansionary Wari state. Two of the three major obsidian sources used in the south-central Andes are located in the modern department of Arequipa, Peru. Arequipa was a region of intense Wari influence and intrusive presence; however, little is known about regional obsidian use. Portable X-r…
Crafting Cosmopolitanism: Ceramic Production and Exchange During Wari Imperialism (600-1000 CE)
Ceramic production in the Tiwanaku sphere: LA-ICP-MS in the Moquegua, Titicaca, and Cochabamba regions
Cerro Baúl: Un enclave wari en interacción con Tiwanaku
La expansión wari hacia el extremo sur del Perú es un fenómeno cuyo estudio ha comenzado en los últimos 20 años, con el descubrimiento de un gran complejo arquitectónico en Cerro Baúl. Las excavaciones realizadas en los últimos tres años han revelado que Cerro Baúl, más que una fortaleza, fue un centro político y religioso wari muy importante, establecido como enclave en una región donde resulta evidente una directa interacción con Tiwanaku, el e…
Cerro Baúl: A Wari Center on the Tiwanaku Frontier
Andean scholars have long debated the nature of the relationship between two Middle Horizon (ca. A. D. 750-1000) Andean states; many assumed Tiwanaku dominated Wari and preceded Wari in time. Recent research at the Wari administrative center of Cerro Baúl in the only known region occupied by both states (the Moquegua Valley of southern Peru) indicates that Tiwanaku may not predate Wari in Moquegua and that, contrary to previous assertions, both s…
Rethinking disaster-induced collapse in the demise of the Andean highland states: Wari and Tiwanaku
The role of drought in the collapse of the ancient states of the Andean Middle Horizon has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The only Andean valley where both principal states of this time period, Wari and Tiwanaku, had established settlements is in Moquegua, Peru. Based on a GIS network analysis of ancient irrigation systems and detailed palaeoclimatic data, I assess the assertion that a centuries-long drought caused the collap…
Domesticated Landscapes: The Subsistence Ecology of Plant and Animal Domestication
Architecture and Power on the Wari-Tiwanaku Frontier
The Wari Empire expanded and maintained control over many areas in the Andes for nearly four centuries (600–1000 C.E.). This chapter documents changes in power relations and political institutions on the Wari–Tiwanaku frontier. The settlements of both polities are well documented along their border in the Moquegua Valley of southern Peru where Wari controlled their provincial settlements from the lofty heights of Cerro Baul. We assess the changin…
Burning down the brewery: Establishing and evacuating an ancient imperial colony at Cerro Baúl, Peru
Before the Inca reigned, two empires held sway over the central Andes from anno Domini 600 to 1000: the Wari empire to the north ruled much of Peru, and Tiwanaku to the south reigned in Bolivia. Face-to-face contact came when both colonized the Moquegua Valley sierra in southern Peru. The state-sponsored Wari incursion, described here, entailed large-scale agrarian reclamation to sustain the occupation of two hills and the adjacent high mesa of C…
Los encuentros y las bases para la administración política Wari
En el presente trabajo se analiza el rol de los encuentros y reuniones de diversa escala en la colonia wari de Moquegua, Perú (600-1000d.C.). El papel de los festines cambió sustancialmente con la expansión de las entidades políticas Wari y Tiwanaku, e involucró múltiples lugares y numerosos tipos de congregaciones. La evidencia resulta de excavaciones en dos sitios principales, Cerro Baúl y Cerro Mejía, y se comparan los contextos de festines en…
Sighting theapu: A GIS analysis of Wari imperialism and the worship of mountain peaks
In the Andes, prominent mountains are revered as earthly spirits that protect, but may also punish, their human constituents. These apu were often linked to distant ancestors and are considered the most important local deities. During the phase of the earliest highland Andean expansive states (ad 600–1000), the Wari and Tiwanaku utilized mountain worship as a means of establishing hegemony over local peoples who considered these mountains as plac…
Urban Structure at Tiwanaku: Geophysical Investigations in the Andean Altiplano
Identity and Power in the Ancient Andes: Tiwanaku Cities through Time. John Wayne Janusek
The first direct evidence for the production of Maya Blue: Rediscovery of a Technology
Maya Blue is a colour that is more than a pigment; it had roles in status, ritual and performance, being daubed onto pots and people before sacrifice. Here researchers use experimental and historical evidence to discover how it was made, including direct scientific analysis of Maya Blue on a pot thrown into the sacred well at Chichén Itzá. The results indicate that the formation of the colour was actually part of the ritual
Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley
The geographic origins of Nasca trophy heads using strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope data
Ceramic production during the Middle Horizon: Wari and Tiwanaku clay procurement in the Moquegua Valley, Peru
As the only place simultaneously occupied by the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600–1000) Andean states, the Tiwanaku and the Wari, the Moquegua Valley in southern Peru is of critical importance to understanding relations between the two states. Visual studies of Tiwanaku and Wari ceramics in the valley have elucidated differences in form and decoration. The procurement of raw clays was central to the production of these ceramics, and understanding where p…
Tiwanaku trade patterns in southern Peru
A pilot compositional analysis of Nasca ceramics from the Kroeber collection
Isotopic evidence for Middle Horizon to 16th century camelid herding in the Osmore Valley, Peru
Archaeological and zooarchaeological data indicate that camelid pastoralism was a subsistence and economic mainstay of Middle Horizon and more recent cultures in the Osmore region of southern Peru. However, it is not known whether camelids were primarily herded in highland puna pastures or near lower elevation sites in the middle valley or along the coast. This research examines the elevation of archaeological camelid herding in the Osmore Valley…
The first direct evidence of pre-columbian sources of palygorskite for Maya Blue
A marked preference
Questions of cultural difference in the prehispanic Andes have generally been addressed through studies of style (textile designs, ceramic form and decoration, burial patterns), space (settlement pattern), or material selection/sourcing (metal ores, lithic) analysis. Cultural preference, however, may be expressed by other means and cultural affiliation can be performed in a myriad of settings with varying accoutrement. One area of research that c…
Complexities of collapse: The evidence of Maya obsidian as revealed by social network graphical analysis
The authors use a social network analysis to map the changing patterns of obsidian supply among the Maya during the period of Classic to Postclassic transition. The quantity of obsidian received from different sources was calculated for 121 sites and the network analysis showed how the relative abundance of material from different sources shifted over time. A shift from inland to coastal supply routes appears to have contributed to the collapse o…
Trade and Early State Formation in the Northern Titicaca Basin, Peru
Recent theoretical work has underscored the importance of multiple strategies in the dynamic political and economic landscapes in which archaic states developed. This research emphasizes how the interaction among various non-state polities drives the growth of political centers within a region. It is in this context that numerous intermediate peer-polities emerged, and, on rare occasions in a few places around the world, it is the context of stat…
Iron isotope analysis of red and black pigments on pottery in Nasca, Peru
Pottery production, regional exchange, and state collapse during the Middle Horizon ( A.D. 500–1000): LA-ICP-MS analyses of Tiwanaku pottery in the Moquegua Valley, Peru
During the Middle Horizon (A.D. 500–1000), the Tiwanaku state dominated the south central Andes. The production and circulation of goods were important components of statecraft. To date, studies of the movement of pottery vessels across the Tiwanaku realm have relied on stylistic analyses. This paper presents results of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of ceramics from the largest Tiwanaku province …
Religious Ritual and Wari State Expansion
Wari, Geography and Culture of
Geography (37 works) · Archaeology (33 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (28 works) · Latin American history and culture (17 works) · History (15 works) · Art (14 works) · Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies (13 works) · Political science (12 works) · Geology (10 works) · History (8 works)