Carla D Hunter
Biographic Data
| ID | 75504 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carla D Hunter |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carla D |
| FAMILY NAME | Hunter |
| SIGNATURE | HUNTER C D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9660-2898 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 366 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2005 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Engaging Immigrants in Social Service Settings: Importance of Cultural Humility
Black Immigrant Racial Identity Scholarship in the United States: A Conceptual Examination
First- and second-generation Black immigrants are a growing population, comprising a significant portion of the Black people living in the United States, but are an under researched group. Racial identity is one framework that may be used to examine their identity-making in the context of racial oppression. This conceptual paper examines the research literature on Black immigrant racial identity to determine what we have learned about racial iden…
Racial identity and sense of belonging: Moderators of Black college students’ institutional race-related stress and anxious arousal
These findings illustrate how certain racial identity dimensions and sense of belonging contribute to the reserve capacity of Black students experiencing institutional race-related stress. Results are further discussed in the context of extant literature on Black racial identity and the university context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Association between superwoman schema, depression, and resilience: The mediating role of social isolation and gendered racial centrality
Findings highlight the unique complexity of Superwoman Schema as suggested within qualitative research. Black women's endorsement of Superwoman Schema may be both adaptive in navigating interlocking systems of oppression and psychologically distressing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
Advancing African Psychology: An Exploration of African American College Students’ Definitions and Use of Spirit in Times of Stress
Although religion and spirituality are understood as multidimensional resources in times of stress, less is known about the culturally relevant concept of spirit in African psychology. Eighteen African American college students completed written open-ended questionnaires about how—in relation to religion and spirituality—they define and use spirit in response to stress. Qualitative constant comparison analysis of the data yielded themes defining …
The costs of anticipating and perseverating about racism: Mechanisms of the associations between racial discrimination, anxious arousal, and low positive affect
Racial discrimination is indirectly associated with anxious arousal and low positive affect through the effects of anticipatory race-related fear and race-related rumination, respectively. Implications for etiology and treatment of anxious arousal and low positive affect are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
From maternal tending to adolescent befriending: The adolescent transition of social support
Attachment theory holds that parental relationships have lifelong effects on offspring social lives. The tend‐and‐befriend hypothesis posits that female friendships among humans evolved as part of a primate‐wide coping mechanism to mediate stress by relying on social support. Here we bridge developmental and evolutionary frameworks to examine adolescent girls’ perception of their reliance on female friendship for social support, how perceptions o…
Community Healing and Resistance Through Storytelling: A Framework to Address Racial Trauma in Africana Communities
Racial trauma, an ongoing consequence of historical trauma, has deleterious effects on the well-being of Africana communities. The psychological literature primarily reflects individual processes in the relationship between racial trauma and healing. Going beyond individualistic approaches, we present a community healing framework informed by multidisciplinary scholarship: Community Healing and Resistance Through Storytelling ( C-HeARTS). Three m…
Black college students’ sense of belonging and racial identity
Black racial identity model and theory refinement has occurred in the absence of considerations of how Black college students experience and articulate their sense of belonging to the racial group. To fill this gap, the present study utilised storytelling as a framework and investigated how sense of belonging with racial in-group members was expressed in Black college students’ racial identities. Qualitative phenomenological and consensual analyt…
Dehumanization of African-Americans Influences Racial Shooter Biases
The role of minority stress in second-generation Black emerging adult college students’ high-risk drinking behaviors
Findings underscore the need to better understand the influence of acculturative stress on high-risk drinking behaviors among second-generation Black emerging adult college students: an understudied population in both the acculturation and alcohol use literatures. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Roles of Shared Racial Fate and a Sense of Belonging With African Americans in Black Immigrants' Race-Related Stress and Depression
Objectives: The first goal was to examine whether race-related stress was associated with depression in Black immigrants, as has been found in African Americans. The second goal was to determine whether intergroup relations identity factors-Black immigrants' shared racial fate or sense of belonging with African Americans-were related to depression, above and beyond race-related stress. Third, we examined if Black immigrants' shared racial fate or…
Who is More Likely to "Not See Race"? Individual Differences in Racial Colorblindness
I Had To Be Strong: Tensions in the Strong Black Woman Schema
Although strength is often embraced as a vital aspect of African American womanhood, African American women's endorsement of the strong Black woman race-gender schema has received empirical attention because of its association with harmful health outcomes. Thus, there is limited knowledge regarding how African American women simultaneously experience its liabilities (e.g., harmful health outcomes) and benefits (e.g., increased self-efficacy). Qua…
Police Endorse Color-Blind Racial Beliefs More Than Laypersons
Anxiety and depression among African American women: The costs of strength and negative attitudes toward psychological help-seeking
The Strong Black Woman (SBW) race-gender schema prompts African American women to use self-reliance and self-silence as coping strategies in response to stressors. Utilizing the coping strategies associated with the SBW race-gender schema could trigger anxiety and depression symptoms that may intensify when coupled with negative attitudes toward professional psychological help. The present study investigated whether African American women's endor…
White fear, dehumanization, and low empathy: Lethal combinations for shooting biases
These findings contribute to the literature by identifying theory driven moderators that identify both risk and protective factors in predicting racial shooting biases. (PsycINFO Database Record
Counterspaces and the Narrative Identity Work of Offender‐labeled African American Youth
Through narrative identity work, offender‐labeled African American youth craft positive self‐concepts in the face of denigrating societal messages about their personhood. While past research suggests narrative identity work is largely intrapersonal, recent theory posits that it may also arise through individuals’ participation in counterspaces. This 9‐month ethnography explored how a group of offender‐labeled African American youth engaged in nar…
Cultural Racism-Related Stress in Black Caribbean Immigrants: Examining the Predictive Roles of Length of Residence and Racial Identity
Scholars maintain that with greater length of residence, the U.S. context adversely affects Black immigrants (e.g., via racism-related stress). Yet, the psychological mechanisms that account for increases in racism-related stress over time are unclear. Racial identity scholarship provides reason to suspect Black immigrants' racial identities may partially explain these increases. In this study, Black Americans and Black Caribbean immigrants ( N =…
Rules of engagement: Predictors of Black Caribbean immigrants’ engagement with African American culture
The cultural context in the United States is racialized and influences Black Caribbean immigrants' acculturation processes, but what role it plays in Black Caribbean immigrants' acculturation into specific facets of American society (e.g., African American culture) has been understudied in the field of psychology. The present study extends research on Black Caribbean immigrants' acculturative process by assessing how this group's experience of th…
Counterspaces: A Unit of Analysis for Understanding the Role of Settings in Marginalized Individuals’ Adaptive Responses to Oppression
Research and theory on the intervening variables that enable individuals who experience marginalization and oppression to achieve well-being have historically relied on an individual level of analysis. Yet, there is a growing body of literature that highlights the roles that contexts play in facilitating processes that result in wellness among marginalized individuals. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that highlights a specific type of …
Ethnic-Racial Socialization Messages in the Identity Development of Second-Generation Haitians
This study utilized qualitative inquiry to investigate the role of ethnic-racial socialization messages on ethnic and racial identity development among second-generation Haitians. Nine participants, ranging in age from 15 to 26, took part in individual semistructured qualitative interviews. The data were reviewed for emergent themes, as well as themes present in the ethnic-racial socialization and identity literature. Participants reported receiv…
Racial Group Identification and Its Relations to Individualism/ Interdependence and Race-Related Stress in African Americans
This study examined individualistic and interdependent notions of self and race-related stress across racial group identification profiles extracted from cluster analyses. African American college students were recruited from an introductory psychology course and were asked to complete several self-report measures. Using k-means cluster analysis, four group identification profiles emerged. The results suggest that cluster profiles marked by an in…
Bush Doesn't Care About Black People”: Race, Class, and Attributions of Responsibility in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
(2006). “Bush Doesn't Care About Black People”: Race, Class, and Attributions of Responsibility in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. The Black Scholar: Vol. 36, Hurricane Katrina, pp. 32-42
The Cultural Negotiations of Korean Immigrant Youth
The authors investigated the process of cultural adjustment among 13 Korean immigrant youths using consensual qualitative research (C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, & E. N. Williams, 1997). Results indicate that Korean youth are expected to negotiate and shift their identities to meet differing expectations across various interpersonal contexts. Participants also report struggling to balance “American” and “Korean” cultural values and norms and to use…
Counterspaces: A Unit of Analysis for Understanding the Role of Settings in Marginalized Individuals’ Adaptive Responses to Oppression
Research and theory on the intervening variables that enable individuals who experience marginalization and oppression to achieve well-being have historically relied on an individual level of analysis. Yet, there is a growing body of literature that highlights the roles that contexts play in facilitating processes that result in wellness among marginalized individuals. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that highlights a specific type of …
Anxiety and depression among African American women: The costs of strength and negative attitudes toward psychological help-seeking
The Strong Black Woman (SBW) race-gender schema prompts African American women to use self-reliance and self-silence as coping strategies in response to stressors. Utilizing the coping strategies associated with the SBW race-gender schema could trigger anxiety and depression symptoms that may intensify when coupled with negative attitudes toward professional psychological help. The present study investigated whether African American women's endor…
Community Healing and Resistance Through Storytelling: A Framework to Address Racial Trauma in Africana Communities
Racial trauma, an ongoing consequence of historical trauma, has deleterious effects on the well-being of Africana communities. The psychological literature primarily reflects individual processes in the relationship between racial trauma and healing. Going beyond individualistic approaches, we present a community healing framework informed by multidisciplinary scholarship: Community Healing and Resistance Through Storytelling ( C-HeARTS). Three m…
I Had To Be Strong: Tensions in the Strong Black Woman Schema
Although strength is often embraced as a vital aspect of African American womanhood, African American women's endorsement of the strong Black woman race-gender schema has received empirical attention because of its association with harmful health outcomes. Thus, there is limited knowledge regarding how African American women simultaneously experience its liabilities (e.g., harmful health outcomes) and benefits (e.g., increased self-efficacy). Qua…
The Cultural Negotiations of Korean Immigrant Youth
The authors investigated the process of cultural adjustment among 13 Korean immigrant youths using consensual qualitative research (C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, & E. N. Williams, 1997). Results indicate that Korean youth are expected to negotiate and shift their identities to meet differing expectations across various interpersonal contexts. Participants also report struggling to balance “American” and “Korean” cultural values and norms and to use…
Ethnic-Racial Socialization Messages in the Identity Development of Second-Generation Haitians
This study utilized qualitative inquiry to investigate the role of ethnic-racial socialization messages on ethnic and racial identity development among second-generation Haitians. Nine participants, ranging in age from 15 to 26, took part in individual semistructured qualitative interviews. The data were reviewed for emergent themes, as well as themes present in the ethnic-racial socialization and identity literature. Participants reported receiv…
The role of minority stress in second-generation Black emerging adult college students’ high-risk drinking behaviors
Findings underscore the need to better understand the influence of acculturative stress on high-risk drinking behaviors among second-generation Black emerging adult college students: an understudied population in both the acculturation and alcohol use literatures. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Counterspaces and the Narrative Identity Work of Offender‐labeled African American Youth
Through narrative identity work, offender‐labeled African American youth craft positive self‐concepts in the face of denigrating societal messages about their personhood. While past research suggests narrative identity work is largely intrapersonal, recent theory posits that it may also arise through individuals’ participation in counterspaces. This 9‐month ethnography explored how a group of offender‐labeled African American youth engaged in nar…
Rules of engagement: Predictors of Black Caribbean immigrants’ engagement with African American culture
The cultural context in the United States is racialized and influences Black Caribbean immigrants' acculturation processes, but what role it plays in Black Caribbean immigrants' acculturation into specific facets of American society (e.g., African American culture) has been understudied in the field of psychology. The present study extends research on Black Caribbean immigrants' acculturative process by assessing how this group's experience of th…
Association between superwoman schema, depression, and resilience: The mediating role of social isolation and gendered racial centrality
Findings highlight the unique complexity of Superwoman Schema as suggested within qualitative research. Black women's endorsement of Superwoman Schema may be both adaptive in navigating interlocking systems of oppression and psychologically distressing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
White fear, dehumanization, and low empathy: Lethal combinations for shooting biases
These findings contribute to the literature by identifying theory driven moderators that identify both risk and protective factors in predicting racial shooting biases. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Roles of Shared Racial Fate and a Sense of Belonging With African Americans in Black Immigrants' Race-Related Stress and Depression
Objectives: The first goal was to examine whether race-related stress was associated with depression in Black immigrants, as has been found in African Americans. The second goal was to determine whether intergroup relations identity factors-Black immigrants' shared racial fate or sense of belonging with African Americans-were related to depression, above and beyond race-related stress. Third, we examined if Black immigrants' shared racial fate or…
Police Endorse Color-Blind Racial Beliefs More Than Laypersons
Cultural Racism-Related Stress in Black Caribbean Immigrants: Examining the Predictive Roles of Length of Residence and Racial Identity
Scholars maintain that with greater length of residence, the U.S. context adversely affects Black immigrants (e.g., via racism-related stress). Yet, the psychological mechanisms that account for increases in racism-related stress over time are unclear. Racial identity scholarship provides reason to suspect Black immigrants' racial identities may partially explain these increases. In this study, Black Americans and Black Caribbean immigrants ( N =…
Racial Group Identification and Its Relations to Individualism/ Interdependence and Race-Related Stress in African Americans
This study examined individualistic and interdependent notions of self and race-related stress across racial group identification profiles extracted from cluster analyses. African American college students were recruited from an introductory psychology course and were asked to complete several self-report measures. Using k-means cluster analysis, four group identification profiles emerged. The results suggest that cluster profiles marked by an in…
Black college students’ sense of belonging and racial identity
Black racial identity model and theory refinement has occurred in the absence of considerations of how Black college students experience and articulate their sense of belonging to the racial group. To fill this gap, the present study utilised storytelling as a framework and investigated how sense of belonging with racial in-group members was expressed in Black college students’ racial identities. Qualitative phenomenological and consensual analyt…
Who is More Likely to "Not See Race"? Individual Differences in Racial Colorblindness
Racial identity and sense of belonging: Moderators of Black college students’ institutional race-related stress and anxious arousal
These findings illustrate how certain racial identity dimensions and sense of belonging contribute to the reserve capacity of Black students experiencing institutional race-related stress. Results are further discussed in the context of extant literature on Black racial identity and the university context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
The costs of anticipating and perseverating about racism: Mechanisms of the associations between racial discrimination, anxious arousal, and low positive affect
Racial discrimination is indirectly associated with anxious arousal and low positive affect through the effects of anticipatory race-related fear and race-related rumination, respectively. Implications for etiology and treatment of anxious arousal and low positive affect are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
Dehumanization of African-Americans Influences Racial Shooter Biases
Engaging Immigrants in Social Service Settings: Importance of Cultural Humility
The Cultural Negotiations of Korean Immigrant Youth
The authors investigated the process of cultural adjustment among 13 Korean immigrant youths using consensual qualitative research (C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, & E. N. Williams, 1997). Results indicate that Korean youth are expected to negotiate and shift their identities to meet differing expectations across various interpersonal contexts. Participants also report struggling to balance “American” and “Korean” cultural values and norms and to use…
Bush Doesn't Care About Black People”: Race, Class, and Attributions of Responsibility in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
(2006). “Bush Doesn't Care About Black People”: Race, Class, and Attributions of Responsibility in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. The Black Scholar: Vol. 36, Hurricane Katrina, pp. 32-42
Ethnic-Racial Socialization Messages in the Identity Development of Second-Generation Haitians
This study utilized qualitative inquiry to investigate the role of ethnic-racial socialization messages on ethnic and racial identity development among second-generation Haitians. Nine participants, ranging in age from 15 to 26, took part in individual semistructured qualitative interviews. The data were reviewed for emergent themes, as well as themes present in the ethnic-racial socialization and identity literature. Participants reported receiv…
Racial Group Identification and Its Relations to Individualism/ Interdependence and Race-Related Stress in African Americans
This study examined individualistic and interdependent notions of self and race-related stress across racial group identification profiles extracted from cluster analyses. African American college students were recruited from an introductory psychology course and were asked to complete several self-report measures. Using k-means cluster analysis, four group identification profiles emerged. The results suggest that cluster profiles marked by an in…
Counterspaces: A Unit of Analysis for Understanding the Role of Settings in Marginalized Individuals’ Adaptive Responses to Oppression
Research and theory on the intervening variables that enable individuals who experience marginalization and oppression to achieve well-being have historically relied on an individual level of analysis. Yet, there is a growing body of literature that highlights the roles that contexts play in facilitating processes that result in wellness among marginalized individuals. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that highlights a specific type of …
Rules of engagement: Predictors of Black Caribbean immigrants’ engagement with African American culture
The cultural context in the United States is racialized and influences Black Caribbean immigrants' acculturation processes, but what role it plays in Black Caribbean immigrants' acculturation into specific facets of American society (e.g., African American culture) has been understudied in the field of psychology. The present study extends research on Black Caribbean immigrants' acculturative process by assessing how this group's experience of th…
Counterspaces and the Narrative Identity Work of Offender‐labeled African American Youth
Through narrative identity work, offender‐labeled African American youth craft positive self‐concepts in the face of denigrating societal messages about their personhood. While past research suggests narrative identity work is largely intrapersonal, recent theory posits that it may also arise through individuals’ participation in counterspaces. This 9‐month ethnography explored how a group of offender‐labeled African American youth engaged in nar…
Cultural Racism-Related Stress in Black Caribbean Immigrants: Examining the Predictive Roles of Length of Residence and Racial Identity
Scholars maintain that with greater length of residence, the U.S. context adversely affects Black immigrants (e.g., via racism-related stress). Yet, the psychological mechanisms that account for increases in racism-related stress over time are unclear. Racial identity scholarship provides reason to suspect Black immigrants' racial identities may partially explain these increases. In this study, Black Americans and Black Caribbean immigrants ( N =…
Anxiety and depression among African American women: The costs of strength and negative attitudes toward psychological help-seeking
The Strong Black Woman (SBW) race-gender schema prompts African American women to use self-reliance and self-silence as coping strategies in response to stressors. Utilizing the coping strategies associated with the SBW race-gender schema could trigger anxiety and depression symptoms that may intensify when coupled with negative attitudes toward professional psychological help. The present study investigated whether African American women's endor…
White fear, dehumanization, and low empathy: Lethal combinations for shooting biases
These findings contribute to the literature by identifying theory driven moderators that identify both risk and protective factors in predicting racial shooting biases. (PsycINFO Database Record
I Had To Be Strong: Tensions in the Strong Black Woman Schema
Although strength is often embraced as a vital aspect of African American womanhood, African American women's endorsement of the strong Black woman race-gender schema has received empirical attention because of its association with harmful health outcomes. Thus, there is limited knowledge regarding how African American women simultaneously experience its liabilities (e.g., harmful health outcomes) and benefits (e.g., increased self-efficacy). Qua…
Police Endorse Color-Blind Racial Beliefs More Than Laypersons
The role of minority stress in second-generation Black emerging adult college students’ high-risk drinking behaviors
Findings underscore the need to better understand the influence of acculturative stress on high-risk drinking behaviors among second-generation Black emerging adult college students: an understudied population in both the acculturation and alcohol use literatures. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Roles of Shared Racial Fate and a Sense of Belonging With African Americans in Black Immigrants' Race-Related Stress and Depression
Objectives: The first goal was to examine whether race-related stress was associated with depression in Black immigrants, as has been found in African Americans. The second goal was to determine whether intergroup relations identity factors-Black immigrants' shared racial fate or sense of belonging with African Americans-were related to depression, above and beyond race-related stress. Third, we examined if Black immigrants' shared racial fate or…
Who is More Likely to "Not See Race"? Individual Differences in Racial Colorblindness
Black college students’ sense of belonging and racial identity
Black racial identity model and theory refinement has occurred in the absence of considerations of how Black college students experience and articulate their sense of belonging to the racial group. To fill this gap, the present study utilised storytelling as a framework and investigated how sense of belonging with racial in-group members was expressed in Black college students’ racial identities. Qualitative phenomenological and consensual analyt…
Dehumanization of African-Americans Influences Racial Shooter Biases
From maternal tending to adolescent befriending: The adolescent transition of social support
Attachment theory holds that parental relationships have lifelong effects on offspring social lives. The tend‐and‐befriend hypothesis posits that female friendships among humans evolved as part of a primate‐wide coping mechanism to mediate stress by relying on social support. Here we bridge developmental and evolutionary frameworks to examine adolescent girls’ perception of their reliance on female friendship for social support, how perceptions o…
Community Healing and Resistance Through Storytelling: A Framework to Address Racial Trauma in Africana Communities
Racial trauma, an ongoing consequence of historical trauma, has deleterious effects on the well-being of Africana communities. The psychological literature primarily reflects individual processes in the relationship between racial trauma and healing. Going beyond individualistic approaches, we present a community healing framework informed by multidisciplinary scholarship: Community Healing and Resistance Through Storytelling ( C-HeARTS). Three m…
Advancing African Psychology: An Exploration of African American College Students’ Definitions and Use of Spirit in Times of Stress
Although religion and spirituality are understood as multidimensional resources in times of stress, less is known about the culturally relevant concept of spirit in African psychology. Eighteen African American college students completed written open-ended questionnaires about how—in relation to religion and spirituality—they define and use spirit in response to stress. Qualitative constant comparison analysis of the data yielded themes defining …
The costs of anticipating and perseverating about racism: Mechanisms of the associations between racial discrimination, anxious arousal, and low positive affect
Racial discrimination is indirectly associated with anxious arousal and low positive affect through the effects of anticipatory race-related fear and race-related rumination, respectively. Implications for etiology and treatment of anxious arousal and low positive affect are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
Association between superwoman schema, depression, and resilience: The mediating role of social isolation and gendered racial centrality
Findings highlight the unique complexity of Superwoman Schema as suggested within qualitative research. Black women's endorsement of Superwoman Schema may be both adaptive in navigating interlocking systems of oppression and psychologically distressing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
Racial identity and sense of belonging: Moderators of Black college students’ institutional race-related stress and anxious arousal
These findings illustrate how certain racial identity dimensions and sense of belonging contribute to the reserve capacity of Black students experiencing institutional race-related stress. Results are further discussed in the context of extant literature on Black racial identity and the university context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Engaging Immigrants in Social Service Settings: Importance of Cultural Humility
Black Immigrant Racial Identity Scholarship in the United States: A Conceptual Examination
First- and second-generation Black immigrants are a growing population, comprising a significant portion of the Black people living in the United States, but are an under researched group. Racial identity is one framework that may be used to examine their identity-making in the context of racial oppression. This conceptual paper examines the research literature on Black immigrant racial identity to determine what we have learned about racial iden…
Psychology (24 works) · Social Psychology (20 works) · Social Psychology (19 works) · Sociology (16 works) · Gender Studies (13 works) · Gender Studies (13 works) · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research (11 works) · Political science (10 works) · Race (biology (9 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (9 works)