Stephen Krashen
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 756710 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Stephen Krashen |
| PRENOMES | Stephen |
| SOBRENOME | Krashen |
| ASSINATURA | KRASHEN S |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Southern California |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4009-4382 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 62 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 388 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 62 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1973 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2021 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
Some reactions
The lack of citations of previous research is the result of serious problems all readers of scholarly publications have: (1) articles are unnecessarily long (2) they are written in unnecessarily complex prose (3) journal subscriptions and books are very expensive. The solution: Short, clearly written scholarly papers, published in open‐access journals
Early vs. Delayed Introduction of Chinese Characters in Beginning Mandarin Classes
Knell and West (2017) found an advantage for the early introduction of Chinese characters in beginning Mandarin. This advantage may be because the group experiencing early character instruction had more instructional hours dedicated to character instruction
The Availability of Conscious Knowledge
Lindseth (2016) reported that direct instruction and practice using the German verb‐inversion rule resulted in higher accuracy in an oral test for college students, supporting the hypothesis that explicit linguistic knowledge can become implicit linguistic knowledge. It is quite likely, however, that the conditions for the use of conscious knowledge (the monitor) were met on the test
Arnold's Advantages
Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger has repeatedly mentioned that immigrants to the United States should do what he did to acquire English: Avoid using their first languages and speak, listen to, and read a vast amount of materials in English—a combination he referred to as "immersion." Yet, Schwarzenegger's real path to successful English acquisition was much closer to "de facto" bilingual education: He had the advantage of several years of education…
A Reader Response to File and Adams's “The Reality, Robustness, and Possible Superiority of Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition”
The Ameliorating Effects of High Socioeconomic Status
A secondary analysis of previously published data shows that high-socioeconomic status (SES) English language learners (ELLs) outperform low-SES fluent English speakers on tests of math, and they do about as well on tests of reading. Thus, for ELLs, SES can offset the effects of language proficiency on standardized tests of math and reading. This result suggests that we can improve the performance of all ELLs by providing aspects of high SES know…
The Status of Whole Language, Phonemic Awareness, and the Value of Implicit Instruction
The effectiveness of two comprehensible-input approaches to foreign language instruction at the intermediate level
Developing academic language
Article Developing academic language: early L1 reading and later L2 reading was published on June 26, 2002 in the journal International Journal of the Sociology of Language (volume 2002, issue 155-156)
Subject Matter Teaching in Bilingual Education
Urdu and Turkish speaking children acquiring Norwegian as a second language learned more subject matter in bilingual classes than comparison students in monolingual Norwegian-only classes. Monolingual native speakers of Norwegian learned the same amount of subject matter in bilingual and monolingual classes
Development of the First Language is not a Barrier to Second-Language Acquisition
(2001). Development of the First Language is not a Barrier to Second-Language Acquisition: Evidence from Vietnamese Immigrants to the United States. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 159-164
The Role of Voluntary Factors in Heritage Language Development
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The impact of popular literature study on literacy development in EFL
Seeking a Role for Grammar. A Review of Some Recent Studies
Studies of the impact of formal instruction consistently show that more instruction results in, at best, modest increases in consciously‐learned competence, a conclusion that is consistent with the claims of the Monitor hypothesis
Factors in the Acquisition of the Present Subjunctive in Spanish
University level students of Spanish were tested on their (acquired) competence in the subjunctive. Free reading in Spanish was a significant predictor of subjunctive competence, but length of residence in a Spanish-speaking country, formal study, and specific study of the subjunctive were not significant predictors. These results are consistent with previous research on free reading in English as a first and second language
From Lower-Division to Upper-Division Foreign Language Classes
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Comprehensible output
The author recognition and magazine recognition tests, and free voluntary reading as predictors of vocabulary development in English as a foreign language for Korean high school students
Writing Apprehension in Chinese as a First Language
First year high school students in Taiwan filled out a questionniare probing their writing anxiety and leisure reading and writing habits in Chinese. A strong relationship was found between reported writing apprehension and frequency of leisure writing, confirming results reported by Daly and associates with North American English-speaking subjects. In addition, there was evidence of a relationship between writing apprehension and frequency of re…
Can Extensive Reading help Unmotivated Students of EFL Improve
University level students of English as a Foreign Language in Japan, enrolled in a special class for students who had failed English, did a semester of extensive reading in place of the traditional curriculum. Their gains in reading comprehension were significantly greater than a comparison group of traditionally taught regular students, and they clearly enjoyed the class. Despite the growing amount of research supporting the use of extensive rea…
Extensive reading in English as a foreign language
Need we sacrifice accuracy for fluency
The Effect of Reading on the Acquisition of English Relative Clauses
49 adult acquirers of English as a second language took two tests probing restrictive relative clause competence. The amount of reported pleasure reading done by subjects were the only significant predictor of both measures. Neither years of formal study nor length of residence in the United States was a significant predictor. These results are consistent with the input hypothesis
Conversational Language Proficiency among International Students at the University Level
A common assumption is that international students in English-speaking countries have well-developed competence in academic language, but have deficiencies in conversational language. This assumption is in contrast to the situation among limited English speaking children (CUMMINS, 1989). If true, this lack of conversational language is a problem; even if international students do not plan to reside in an English-speaking country after their studi…
Surveys of Opinions on Bilingual Education
Krashen (1996) and Rossell and Baker (1996) have reviewed literature on attitudes toward bilingual education and have come to very different conclusions. This study reviews surveys included in Rossell and Baker as well as studies missed by both surveys and concludes that polls in which there is opposition to bilingual education typically present an extreme view of bilingual education that few of its supporters would endorse, with all subjects tau…
The Natural Approach
Is There a "Natural Sequence" in Adult Second Language Learning
The Bilingual Syntax Measure (Burt, Dulay, and Hernandez 1973) was administered to 73 adult learners of English as a second language in order to investigate accuracy of usage for eight English functors. It was found that there is a highly consistent order of relative difficulty in the use of the functors across different language backgrounds, indicating that learners are experiencing intra-language difficulties. Also, the adult results agreed wit…
Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition
Formal and Informal Linguistic Environments in Language Acquisition and Language Learning
While some studies indicate that adults can efficiently utilize informal linguistic environments for second language acquisition, other studies suggest that the classroom is of greater benefit. This conflict is resolved in three ways. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that informal and formal environments contribute to different aspects of second language competence, the former affecting acquired competence and the latter affecting …
Age, Rate and Eventual Attainment in Second Language Acquisition
(1) Adults proceed through early stages of syntactic and morphological development faster than children (where time and exposure are held constant). (2) Older children acquire faster than younger children (again, in early stages of morphological and syntactic development where time and exposure are held constant). (3) Acquirers who begin natural exposure to second languages during childhood generally achieve higher second language proficiency tha…
Lateralization, Language Learning, and the Critical Period
New evidence is presented that modifies Lenneberg's (1967) proposed critical period of language acquisition. The development of lateralization is complete much earlier than puberty and is thus not a barrier to accent free second language learning by adults. Rather, the development of lateralization may correspond to normal first language acquisition. Also, the case of Genie, a girl who endured 11 years of enforced isolation, shows that some first…
The Input Hypothesis
On Routines and Patterns in Language Acquisition and Performance1
It is sometimes claimed that routines and patterns play a major role in language acquisition: specifically, that routines and patterns directly foster the development of syntactic structure. In order to determine the true status and function of routines and patterns in language acquisition and performance, we examine several explanations of routines and patterns in light of the literature on automatic speech in neurolinguistics, child first langu…
Adult Performance on the Slope Test
Sixty-six adult speakers of English as a second language were tested on the SLOPE test, a measure of oral production covering 20 structures in English. The difficulty order found was not significantly different from that found in children learning English as a second language in previous studies (Fathman 1975b), and no significant difference was found between speakers of different first languages. These results confirm and extend Bailey, Madden, …
The impact of popular literature study on literacy development in EFL
Extensive reading in English as a foreign language
The Essential Contributions of Formal Instruction in Adult Second Language Learning
One way of investigating what happens to the language learning capacity at puberty is to examine what the essential contributions of formal instruction are: since formal instruction is so useful for the adult and non-essential for the child language learner, it is probably the case that the main contributions formal instruction makes are in just those areas where the LAD is affected at puberty. A feature-type comparison of language teaching metho…
The effectiveness of two comprehensible-input approaches to foreign language instruction at the intermediate level
Comprehensible output
The Din in the Head, Input, and the Language Acquisition Device
A bstract This paper discusses a phenomenon familiar to many language acquirers, an involuntary rehearsal of second language words, sounds, and phrases. Current second language acquisition theory as well as case history reports of the “din” are consistent with the hypothesis that the din in the head is a result of stimulation of the language acquisition device, and is “set off” when the acquirer receives significant amounts of comprehensible inpu…
Teacher Attitudes Toward the Principles of Bilingual Education and Toward Students’ Participation in Bilingual Programs
794 elementary and secondary teachers filled out a questionnaire probing attitudes toward bilingual education. While support for the principles underlying bilingual education was strong, support for actual participation by students in bilingual programs was not as strong. Those with more supplementary training in ESL and bilingual education were more supportive of bilingual education
The case for narrow listening
The Linguistic Development of Genie
This paper discusses the linguistic development of Genie, an adolescent girl who for most of her life underwent a degree of social isolation and experiential deprivation unparalleled in the reports of scientific investigation. This case touches on questions of profound interest to psychologists, philosophers, and linguists, including the relationship between cognition and language, the interdependence or autonomy of linguistic competence and perf…
A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills
Formal Grammar Instruction. Another Educator Comments
How much comprehensible input did Heinrich Schliemann get
Involuntary rehearsal of second languages in beginning and advanced performers
Acquiring a Second Language
Perhaps the most important discovery researchers in second-language acquisition have made in recent years is something that most people knew already: acquiring a second language is not simply a matter of 'knowing the rules'. Real second-language competence is subconscious knowledge, similar to knowledge of a first language. Competent second-language users, like competent users of the native language, do not think grammatical rules when they are p…
Is the "Natural Order" an Artifact of the Bilingual Syntax Measure
In a recent study, Porter (1977) reported that the rank order for grammatical morphemes in obligatory contexts between child first language acquirers using the BSM was "moderately dissimilar" to that found for child second language acquirers using the BSM. Also, correlations between the L1 BSM order and child L1 orders obtained from spontaneous speech are "highly dissimilar". He suggests that the order obtained with the BSM could be "an artifact …
The author recognition and magazine recognition tests, and free voluntary reading as predictors of vocabulary development in English as a foreign language for Korean high school students
Lateralization, Language Learning, and the Critical Period
New evidence is presented that modifies Lenneberg's (1967) proposed critical period of language acquisition. The development of lateralization is complete much earlier than puberty and is thus not a barrier to accent free second language learning by adults. Rather, the development of lateralization may correspond to normal first language acquisition. Also, the case of Genie, a girl who endured 11 years of enforced isolation, shows that some first…
Mental Abilities Underlying Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Functions
Is There a "Natural Sequence" in Adult Second Language Learning
The Bilingual Syntax Measure (Burt, Dulay, and Hernandez 1973) was administered to 73 adult learners of English as a second language in order to investigate accuracy of usage for eight English functors. It was found that there is a highly consistent order of relative difficulty in the use of the functors across different language backgrounds, indicating that learners are experiencing intra-language difficulties. Also, the adult results agreed wit…
The Linguistic Development of Genie
This paper discusses the linguistic development of Genie, an adolescent girl who for most of her life underwent a degree of social isolation and experiential deprivation unparalleled in the reports of scientific investigation. This case touches on questions of profound interest to psychologists, philosophers, and linguists, including the relationship between cognition and language, the interdependence or autonomy of linguistic competence and perf…
The Essential Contributions of Formal Instruction in Adult Second Language Learning
One way of investigating what happens to the language learning capacity at puberty is to examine what the essential contributions of formal instruction are: since formal instruction is so useful for the adult and non-essential for the child language learner, it is probably the case that the main contributions formal instruction makes are in just those areas where the LAD is affected at puberty. A feature-type comparison of language teaching metho…
Formal and Informal Linguistic Environments in Language Acquisition and Language Learning
While some studies indicate that adults can efficiently utilize informal linguistic environments for second language acquisition, other studies suggest that the classroom is of greater benefit. This conflict is resolved in three ways. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that informal and formal environments contribute to different aspects of second language competence, the former affecting acquired competence and the latter affecting …
The Role of Formal and Informal Environments in Second Language Learning
Adult Performance on the Slope Test
Sixty-six adult speakers of English as a second language were tested on the SLOPE test, a measure of oral production covering 20 structures in English. The difficulty order found was not significantly different from that found in children learning English as a second language in previous studies (Fathman 1975b), and no significant difference was found between speakers of different first languages. These results confirm and extend Bailey, Madden, …
Research Notes
Herbert W. Seliger, Robert Michael Ramsey, Anne-Marie E. Stauble, Joan Schwartz, Stephen Krashen, Noel Houck, Paola Giunchi, Sharon Bode, Robert Birnbaum, Gerald Strei, Research Notes, TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Sep., 1977), pp. 335-341
Language Development in the Mature (minor) Right Hemisphere
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Two Studies in Language Acquisition and Language Learning
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Research Notes
Is the "Natural Order" an Artifact of the Bilingual Syntax Measure
In a recent study, Porter (1977) reported that the rank order for grammatical morphemes in obligatory contexts between child first language acquirers using the BSM was "moderately dissimilar" to that found for child second language acquirers using the BSM. Also, correlations between the L1 BSM order and child L1 orders obtained from spontaneous speech are "highly dissimilar". He suggests that the order obtained with the BSM could be "an artifact …
On Routines and Patterns in Language Acquisition and Performance1
It is sometimes claimed that routines and patterns play a major role in language acquisition: specifically, that routines and patterns directly foster the development of syntactic structure. In order to determine the true status and function of routines and patterns in language acquisition and performance, we examine several explanations of routines and patterns in light of the literature on automatic speech in neurolinguistics, child first langu…
Adult Second Language Acquisition as Post-Critical Period Learning
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Age, Rate and Eventual Attainment in Second Language Acquisition
(1) Adults proceed through early stages of syntactic and morphological development faster than children (where time and exposure are held constant). (2) Older children acquire faster than younger children (again, in early stages of morphological and syntactic development where time and exposure are held constant). (3) Acquirers who begin natural exposure to second languages during childhood generally achieve higher second language proficiency tha…
The Human Brain
Research in Second Language Acqusition
Acquiring a Second Language
Perhaps the most important discovery researchers in second-language acquisition have made in recent years is something that most people knew already: acquiring a second language is not simply a matter of 'knowing the rules'. Real second-language competence is subconscious knowledge, similar to knowledge of a first language. Competent second-language users, like competent users of the native language, do not think grammatical rules when they are p…
The Natural Approach
Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition
The Din in the Head, Input, and the Language Acquisition Device
A bstract This paper discusses a phenomenon familiar to many language acquirers, an involuntary rehearsal of second language words, sounds, and phrases. Current second language acquisition theory as well as case history reports of the “din” are consistent with the hypothesis that the din in the head is a result of stimulation of the language acquisition device, and is “set off” when the acquirer receives significant amounts of comprehensible inpu…
Response to Ioup
A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills
The Natural Approach
Linguistics (57 obras) · Psychology (49 obras) · Philosophy (40 obras) · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning (36 obras) · Computer Science (32 obras) · Mathematics education (24 obras) · Second Language Learning and Teaching (22 obras) · Multilingual Education and Policy (17 obras) · Second Language Acquisition and Learning (17 obras) · Language acquisition (14 obras)