Elaine Hatfield
Biographic Data
| ID | 75738 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Elaine Hatfield |
| GIVEN NAMES | Elaine |
| FAMILY NAME | Hatfield |
| SIGNATURE | HATFIELD E |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9148-5845 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 57 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 367 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 57 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Measuring Love Around the World: A Cross-Cultural Reliability Generalization
Ratings of the physical attractiveness of an interaction partner after a g etting‐acquainted interaction
This study examined college students' judgments of the physical attractiveness of an interaction partner after a getting‐acquainted interaction, including in comparison with other benchmarks (e.g., an experimenter rating, a self‐rating). With data combined from several past laboratory studies, we found that participants (particularly women who were interacting with another woman) overall rated their interaction partner after a brief interaction t…
Sexual Intercourse
Capacity for empathy and emotional contagion in those with psychopathic personalities
People with psychopathic traits are sometimes adept at recognizing the emotions of others and using this knowledge in anti-social ways. However, data from incarcerated psychopaths suggest that they are incapable of true empathy. In this paper, we describe three studies that link psychopathic personality to emotional contagion and empathy, and we offer suggestions for reconciling the seemingly conflicting data. While most studies of psychopathic p…
The Importance of Love as a Basis of Marriage: Revisiting Kephart (1967)
This study extended prior research on attitudes about the importance of love as a basis for marriage. With data from a sample of 4,245 college students, obtained over a 16-year period, we found that both men and women, but women to a slightly greater degree than men, rated love as important for entering marriage. Over the 16-year period of the study, the importance of love as a prerequisite for marriage decreased slightly for men. Other individua…
Iranian-American’s Perceptions of Prejudice and Discrimination: Differences Between Muslim, Jewish, and Non-Religious Iranian-Americans
Recent political events have created a political and social climate in the United States that promotes prejudice against Middle Eastern, Iranian, and Muslim peoples. In this study, we were interested in investigating two major questions: (1) How much ethnic harassment do Iranian-American men and women from various religious backgrounds (Muslim, Jewish, or no religious affiliation at all) perceive in their day-to-day interactions? (2) To what exte…
New Perspectives on Emotional Contagion: A Review of Classic and Recent Research on Facial Mimicry and Contagion
Recently, scholars from a wide variety of disciplines, using a variety of scientific techniques, have begun to study the influence of attention, facial mimicry, and social context on emotional contagion. In this paper we will review the classic evidence documenting the role of attention, facial mimicry, and feedback in sparking primitive emotional contagion. Then we will discuss the new evidence which scholars have amassed to help us better under…
Love and justice as competences
Perceptions of Gender and Bisexuality: An Exploration of the Relationship Between Perceived Masculinity, Femininity, and Sexual Ambiguity
One of the most enduring stereotypes of gay and lesbian individuals is that they are cross sex-typed, meaning that each group possesses gender characteristics that we typically assign to the other gender: Gay men are typically perceived to be more feminine than straight men and lesbian women, and lesbian women are typically seen as more masculine than straight women and gay men. However, few have investigated whether these same stereotypes apply …
Passionate Love and Sexual Desire: Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives
Culture and Sexual Self-Disclosure in Intimate Relationships
Sexual self-disclosure is one of the most intimate forms of self-disclosure. Yet, there is surprisingly little research on this topic compared to the voluminous research that exists on self-disclosure (in general). This is particularly surprising since sexual self-disclosure has been found to be correlated with sexual and marital satisfaction (Byers & Demmons, 2010). Conversations about sex have also been found to be critical in preventing HIV an…
Gender Differences in Receptivity to Sexual Offers: A New Research Prototype
Among the most cited series of experiments in social and evolutionary psychology are those conducted by Clark and Hatfield (1989, 2003). In these studies, college students served as confederates in a simple field experiment. They approached fellow college students of another gender and asked one of three questions: (a) “Would you go out with me tonight?†(b) “Would you come over to my apartment tonight?†or (c) “Would you go to bed with me tonight?…
Social perception of bisexuality
Theorists have pointed out that in America the bisexual community tends to be more or less invisible (Firestein, B.A. (1996). Bisexuality as a paradigm shift: Transforming our disciplines. In B.A. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 263--291). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage). They offer many reasons why this is so, including the tendency for people to assume that one’s sexual orientation can be judged …
Positive Psychology: What Impact has it had on Sex Research Publication Trends
The impact of culture and gender on sexual motives: Differences between Chinese and North Americans
Are variations in gender equality evident in pornography? A cross-cultural study
A Brief History of Attempts to Measure Sexual Motives
Artists, creative writers, and musicians have long been interested in the complex motives that spark passionate love, sexual desire, and sexual behavior. Recently, scholars from a variety of disciplines have begun to investigate two questions: “Why do men and women choose to engage in sexual liaisons?†“Why do they avoid such encounters?†Theories abound. Many theorists have complained that there exists a paucity of scales designed to measure the p…
A brief history of social scientists' attempts to measure passionate love
The concept of passionate love has a long history, yet it was not until the 1940s that social scientists created tools designed to measure this emotion. Over the next 60 years, numerous scales of romantic and passionate love were created and tested. Currently, however, there exists no single compendium of existing scales. This paper attempts to fill in the missing information on existing love scales by providing a list of 33 different measures an…
Marketing Love and Sex
Perspectives and Research on the Concept of Race within the Framework of Multiracial Identity
In recent years, according to U. S. Census reports, the number of people who classify themselves as “mixed race” is rapidly increasing. As a consequence, scholars have become increasingly interested in the nature of racial identity. Currently, scholars and laypersons tend to view the concept of race from a biological perspective, from a social-constructivist perspective, or from a mixture of the two. In this paper, we address several questions: H…
Sexual Motives: The Impact of Gender, Personality, and Social Context on Sexual Motives and Sexual Behavior - Especially Risky Sexual Behavior
Recently, scholars from a variety of disciplines have begun to investigate passionate love, sexual desire, and sexual behavior. Specifically, they have begun to investigate questions profound questions as: “Why do men and women engage in sexual liaisons?† “Why do they avoid such liaisons?† In this paper, we will review what theorists have learned about the motives that encourage people to engage in (or to avoid) sexual encounters, focusing specif…
Sexual Motives: Cultural, Evolutionary, and Social Psychological Perspectives
Ethnic and Gender Differences in Emotional Ideology, Experience, and Expression
How universal are men and womenâ€TMs attitudes toward the expression of emotion? How similar are the emotions that men and women from various ethnic groups experience and express in their close love relationships? In this study, 144 men and 307 women of European, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, and Japanese ancestry were asked about their ideologies as to how people ought to deal with strong emotions in close relationships, how often they themselves…
The Importance of Fairness and Equity for the Marital Satisfaction of Older Women
In all societies, people are concerned with social justice. "It's just not right" is a fairly common lament. In these two studies, we interviewed 240 older women, who ranged in age from 50 to 82. We found that most older women (85%) considered their marriages to be fair and equitable. Older women were less concerned about existing inequities than their younger peers. Nonetheless, they were somewhat concerned with how rewarding and how fair and eq…
The Endurance of Love: Passionate and Companionate Love in Newlywed and Long-Term Marriages
Most theorists assume that the passage of time will have a very different impact on passionate versus companionate love. Passionate love is said to decline fairly quickly, while companionate love is thought to remain fairly stable (or actually increase) over time. This hypothesis was tested in two studies. In Study 1, we interviewed 53 newlywed couples soon after their marriages and again one year later, when presumably (for some) the “honeymoon …
Mate selection preferences: Gender differences examined in a national sample
Social psychologists have devoted considerable theoretical and empirical attention to studying gender differences in traits desired in a mate. Most of the studies on mate preferences, however, have been conducted with small, nonrepresentative samples. In this study, we analyzed data collected from single adults in a national probability sample, the National Survey of Families and Households. Respondents were asked to consider 12 possible assets o…
Token resistance to sexual intercourse and consent to unwanted sexual intercourse: College students’ dating experiences in three countries
The purposes of this study were to extend the research conducted by Muehlenhard and her colleagues (e.g., Muehlen‐hard & Hollabaugh, 1988) on token resistance to sex and to consider a second form of sexual miscommunication, consent to unwanted sex. We examined the incidence of these forms of sexual miscommunication among both women and men and in three different cultures: the United States, Russia, and Japan. Survey data were collected from 1,519…
Equity, Marital Satisfaction, and Stability
Equity Theory, a social psychological theory concerned with fairness in interpersonal relations, has been shown to be predictivein casual encounters. Is it applicable in intimate relations as well? Newlyweds were asked a series of questions designed to measure the perceived level of equity in their relationship. Measures of their contentment/distress with the relationship and stability of the relationship were also taken. It was hypothesized that…
A brief history of social scientists' attempts to measure passionate love
The concept of passionate love has a long history, yet it was not until the 1940s that social scientists created tools designed to measure this emotion. Over the next 60 years, numerous scales of romantic and passionate love were created and tested. Currently, however, there exists no single compendium of existing scales. This paper attempts to fill in the missing information on existing love scales by providing a list of 33 different measures an…
Equity and sexual satisfaction in recently married couples
This study was designed to determine whether or not equity considerations are important in couples' sexual relations. To answer this question, 53 newlywed couples were interviewed about their sexual relationships. Two main hypotheses were tested: (a) Men and women who feel their relationships are equitable will be more content (less distressed) than people who feel either overbenefited or underbenefited. (b) Men and women who feel equitably treat…
Men's and Women's Preferences in Marital Partners in the United States, Russia, and Japan
In this investigation, data on young, single adults' preferences in marital partners were gathered from three very diverse cultures: the United States, Russia, and Japan. Based on evolutionary, social learning, historical, and cross-cultural perspectives, the authors hypothesized that in all three cultures they would find certain traditional gender differences. Men would care more than women about physical attractiveness, whereas women would care…
Culture and Sexual Self-Disclosure in Intimate Relationships
Sexual self-disclosure is one of the most intimate forms of self-disclosure. Yet, there is surprisingly little research on this topic compared to the voluminous research that exists on self-disclosure (in general). This is particularly surprising since sexual self-disclosure has been found to be correlated with sexual and marital satisfaction (Byers & Demmons, 2010). Conversations about sex have also been found to be critical in preventing HIV an…
The Endurance of Love: Passionate and Companionate Love in Newlywed and Long-Term Marriages
Most theorists assume that the passage of time will have a very different impact on passionate versus companionate love. Passionate love is said to decline fairly quickly, while companionate love is thought to remain fairly stable (or actually increase) over time. This hypothesis was tested in two studies. In Study 1, we interviewed 53 newlywed couples soon after their marriages and again one year later, when presumably (for some) the “honeymoon …
Social Justice in Love Relationships: Recent Developments
Sexual Motives: Cultural, Evolutionary, and Social Psychological Perspectives
A Brief History of Attempts to Measure Sexual Motives
Artists, creative writers, and musicians have long been interested in the complex motives that spark passionate love, sexual desire, and sexual behavior. Recently, scholars from a variety of disciplines have begun to investigate two questions: “Why do men and women choose to engage in sexual liaisons?†“Why do they avoid such encounters?†Theories abound. Many theorists have complained that there exists a paucity of scales designed to measure the p…
Emotional Contagion: Gender and Occupational Differences
Theorists have proposed that men and women and those in various occupational groups should differ in their susceptibility to primitive emotional contagion. Study 1 was designed to explore the extent to which gender and occupation affected respondents’ self-reports of emotional contagion, as measured by the Emotional Contagion (EC) scale. As predicted, women in a variety of occupations secured higher total EC scores than did men. Study 2 was desig…
Passionate love/sexual desire: Can the same paradigm explain both
Sexual Motives, Gender, and Sexual Behavior
Power, gender, and sexual behavior
Relationships among power, gender, and sexual behavior were investigated through a questionnaire completed by 191 college undergraduates. Results indicated that the relationship between power and sexual behavior depended on the type of sexual behavior and how power was measured. Power measured by dominance as a sexual motive was associated with sexual behavior across gender. Power measured by submission as a sexual motive was associated with enga…
Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Passionate Love and Sexual Desire
(1993). Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Passionate Love and Sexual Desire. Annual Review of Sex Research: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 67-97
Perceptions of Gender and Bisexuality: An Exploration of the Relationship Between Perceived Masculinity, Femininity, and Sexual Ambiguity
One of the most enduring stereotypes of gay and lesbian individuals is that they are cross sex-typed, meaning that each group possesses gender characteristics that we typically assign to the other gender: Gay men are typically perceived to be more feminine than straight men and lesbian women, and lesbian women are typically seen as more masculine than straight women and gay men. However, few have investigated whether these same stereotypes apply …
Social perception of bisexuality
Theorists have pointed out that in America the bisexual community tends to be more or less invisible (Firestein, B.A. (1996). Bisexuality as a paradigm shift: Transforming our disciplines. In B.A. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 263--291). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage). They offer many reasons why this is so, including the tendency for people to assume that one’s sexual orientation can be judged …
Positive Psychology: What Impact has it had on Sex Research Publication Trends
The impact of culture and gender on sexual motives: Differences between Chinese and North Americans
Similarity and attraction in close relationships
(1992). Similarity and attraction in close relationships. Communication Monographs: Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 209-212
Seeking Strengths in Families of Developmentally Disabled Children
Journal Article Seeking Strengths in Families of Developmentally Disabled Children Get access Lynn Wikler, Ph.D., Lynn Wikler, Ph.D. Assistant Professor School of Social Work and Waisman Center for Mental Retardation and Human Development, University of Wisconsin-Madison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mona Wasow, MSW, Mona Wasow, MSW Clinical Associate Professor School of Social Work, University of…
Sexual Motives: The Impact of Gender, Personality, and Social Context on Sexual Motives and Sexual Behavior - Especially Risky Sexual Behavior
Recently, scholars from a variety of disciplines have begun to investigate passionate love, sexual desire, and sexual behavior. Specifically, they have begun to investigate questions profound questions as: “Why do men and women engage in sexual liaisons?† “Why do they avoid such liaisons?† In this paper, we will review what theorists have learned about the motives that encourage people to engage in (or to avoid) sexual encounters, focusing specif…
Love Schemas, Preferences in Romantic Partners, and Reactions to Commitment
Researchers have proposed that people possess different love schemas and that these schemas may shape romantic preferences and reactions to impending commitments.In Study 1, we tested two hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Men and women will prefer potential dates who possess an “ideal” love schema (i.e., the secure). Hypothesis 2: If the ideal is unavailable, men and women will prefer potential dates whose love schemas are similar to their own. In order …
Men's and women's reactions to sexually explicit films: A serendipitous finding
Men's and women's reactions to sexually explicit films: A serendipitous finding
Equity and Extramarital Sex
Equity and Premarital Sex
Chronic sorrow revisited: Parent vs. professional depiction of the adjustment of parents of mentally retarded children
In response to a questionnaire mailing, parents of mentally retarded children and social workers essentially agreed that such parents experience periodic crises during the child's development, rather than time-bound adjustment. Social workers tended to underestimate the impact on parents of later developmental periods. Clinical implications of the findings, which run counter to the prevalent professional view, are considered
Aggression and Inequity11Preparation of this chapter was supported in part by Nimh grant 1F32 MH07788-01 to Donnerstein, and in part by a National Institute of Health Grant for Biomedical Research to …
Equity and sexual satisfaction in recently married couples
This study was designed to determine whether or not equity considerations are important in couples' sexual relations. To answer this question, 53 newlywed couples were interviewed about their sexual relationships. Two main hypotheses were tested: (a) Men and women who feel their relationships are equitable will be more content (less distressed) than people who feel either overbenefited or underbenefited. (b) Men and women who feel equitably treat…
Growing Pains: The Sociology of Aging
Seeking Strengths in Families of Developmentally Disabled Children
Journal Article Seeking Strengths in Families of Developmentally Disabled Children Get access Lynn Wikler, Ph.D., Lynn Wikler, Ph.D. Assistant Professor School of Social Work and Waisman Center for Mental Retardation and Human Development, University of Wisconsin-Madison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mona Wasow, MSW, Mona Wasow, MSW Clinical Associate Professor School of Social Work, University of…
Aging: Stability and Change in the Family
Equity, Marital Satisfaction, and Stability
Equity Theory, a social psychological theory concerned with fairness in interpersonal relations, has been shown to be predictivein casual encounters. Is it applicable in intimate relations as well? Newlyweds were asked a series of questions designed to measure the perceived level of equity in their relationship. Measures of their contentment/distress with the relationship and stability of the relationship were also taken. It was hypothesized that…
Equity and Intimate Relations: Recent Research
Mirror, mirror: The Importance of Looks in Everyday Life
Measuring passionate love in intimate relationships
Theorists such as Farber argue that in adolescence passionate love first appears in all its intensity. Both adolescence and passion are “intense, overwhelming, passionate, consuming, exciting, and confusing”. As yet, however, clinicians have been given little guidance as to how to deal with adolescents caught up in their passionate feelings. Nor has there been much research into the nature of passionate love. In Section 1 of this paper, we define…
Passionate love/sexual desire: Can the same paradigm explain both
Assessments of the Emotional States of Others: Conscious Judgments Versus Emotional Contagion
Similarity and attraction in close relationships
(1992). Similarity and attraction in close relationships. Communication Monographs: Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 209-212
Emotional Contagion
When people are in a certain mood, whether elation or depression, that mood is often communicated to others. When we are talking to someone who is depressed it may make us feel depressed, whereas if we talk to someone who is feeling self-confident and buoyant we are likely to feel good about ourselves. This phenomenon, known as emotional contagion, is identified here, and compelling evidence for its affect is offered from a variety of disciplines…
Emotional Contagion
Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Passionate Love and Sexual Desire
(1993). Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Passionate Love and Sexual Desire. Annual Review of Sex Research: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 67-97
Cultural and ethnic influences on love and attachment
Recently, theorists have begun to speculate about the nature of passionate and companionate love. Evolutionary psychologists have tended to emphasize the pan‐cultural nature of passionate love. Historians have stressed the fact that, in different historical eras, people's attitudes toward love, sex, and intimacy have varied widely. Cross‐cultural researchers contend that, even today, societies differ greatly in their attitudes toward love. In thi…
Love: American style, Russian style, and Japanese style
This study was undertaken to examine young women's and men's orientations toward love in three very different cultures: Japan (N = 223), Russia (N = 401), and the United States (N = 1,043). The love variables examined were: frequency of lore experiences, attachment types, love styles, love as a basis for marriage, romantic attitudes, and predictors of falling in love. Many cultural differences were found in the love variables, but the effect of c…
Token resistance to sexual intercourse and consent to unwanted sexual intercourse: College students’ dating experiences in three countries
The purposes of this study were to extend the research conducted by Muehlenhard and her colleagues (e.g., Muehlen‐hard & Hollabaugh, 1988) on token resistance to sex and to consider a second form of sexual miscommunication, consent to unwanted sex. We examined the incidence of these forms of sexual miscommunication among both women and men and in three different cultures: the United States, Russia, and Japan. Survey data were collected from 1,519…
Mate selection preferences: Gender differences examined in a national sample
Social psychologists have devoted considerable theoretical and empirical attention to studying gender differences in traits desired in a mate. Most of the studies on mate preferences, however, have been conducted with small, nonrepresentative samples. In this study, we analyzed data collected from single adults in a national probability sample, the National Survey of Families and Households. Respondents were asked to consider 12 possible assets o…
Emotional Contagion: Gender and Occupational Differences
Theorists have proposed that men and women and those in various occupational groups should differ in their susceptibility to primitive emotional contagion. Study 1 was designed to explore the extent to which gender and occupation affected respondents’ self-reports of emotional contagion, as measured by the Emotional Contagion (EC) scale. As predicted, women in a variety of occupations secured higher total EC scores than did men. Study 2 was desig…
Men's and Women's Preferences in Marital Partners in the United States, Russia, and Japan
In this investigation, data on young, single adults' preferences in marital partners were gathered from three very diverse cultures: the United States, Russia, and Japan. Based on evolutionary, social learning, historical, and cross-cultural perspectives, the authors hypothesized that in all three cultures they would find certain traditional gender differences. Men would care more than women about physical attractiveness, whereas women would care…
Psychology (52 works) · Social Psychology (37 works) · Social Psychology (29 works) · Sociology (29 works) · Developmental psychology (21 works) · Political science (20 works) · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior (19 works) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (17 works) · Gender Studies (17 works) · Gender Studies (13 works)