Mardi J Horowitz
Biographic Data
| ID | 761586 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mardi J Horowitz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Mardi J |
| FAMILY NAME | Horowitz |
| SIGNATURE | HOROWITZ M J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, San Francisco |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1334-8420 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 38 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 67 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 38 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1967 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Explanatory Understanding in a Single Case of Separation Anxiety Syndrome
Prolonged Grief Disorder
BACKGROUND: Bereavement is a universal experience, and its association with excess morbidity and mortality is well established. Nevertheless, grief becomes a serious health concern for a relative few. For such individuals, intense grief persists, is distressing and disabling, and may meet criteria as a distinct mental disorder. At present, grief is not recognized as a mental disorder in the DSM-IV or ICD-10. The goal of this study was to determin…
Value Reprioritization in Psychoanalysis
As psychoanalysts, we sometimes seem to regard values as radioactive materials that must be handled with heavy lead gloves. But the gloves should not be so thick that they interfere with the goal of sorting out values. Reasons for our hesitation to deal with issues related to values may include real disagreements with the morals of a patient, a fear of evoking unproductive and negative emotional states, and our own unresolved conflicts about valu…
Meditating on Complicated Grief Disorder as a Diagnosis
Horowitz’s Impact of Event Scale Evaluation of 20 Years of Use
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this meta-analysis was to model the relations between a set of independent variables (age and gender of the trauma group, country where the study was performed, year of publication, type of event, time elapsed between event and measurement) and stress symptoms. METHODS: Data from 66 studies that used Horowitz's IES to examine the psychological impact of a major life event were subjected to meta-analysis. RESULTS: …
Impact of Event Scale
BACKGROUND: For more than 20 years, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) has been widely used as a measure of stress reactions after traumatic events. AIMS: To review studies that evaluated the IES's psychometric properties. METHOD: Literature review. RESULTS: The results indicated that the IES's two-factor structure is stable over different types of events, that it can discriminate between stress reactions at different times after the event, and that…
Defining Character Integrity
Previous work on the integrity of character is reviewed and a contemporary definition offered using concepts of subordinate and supraordinate schematizations of self and relationships with others. The definition is clarified by a developmental perspective on possible growth in character integrity over the life cycle. Three types are defined by patterns in sense of identity, object relations, and defensive control of emotion. Such type formulation…
Expectancy of Spousal Death and Adjustment to Conjugal Bereavement
Previous findings on the role of expectancy of spousal death in adjustment to bereavement are inconclusive due to methodological shortcomings. This study examined the impact of subjective and objective expectancy on adjustment, while addressing the methodological problems of previous studies. At six months postbereavement, 97 midlife bereaved adults responded to interview questions regarding expectancy of their spouse's death. They also completed…
The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement.
Psychoanalytic explanation of pathological grief
Psychoanalytic explanation of pathological grief
Representations of Self and Other in Conjugal Bereavement
A semantic space perspective on representations of self and other was applied to investigate the perceived quality of the past relationship with the spouse in relation to adjustment in conjugal bereavement. According to this perspective, the proximity, or extent to which representations of self and others share similar trait content features, may have important affective implications. Forty-seven bereaved individuals rated different representatio…
Additional Validation of a Scale to Assess Positive States of Mind
OBJECTIVE: Numerous studies have linked stress and negative states to adverse health outcomes. However, in addition to engendering negative states, stress may impair capacities to experience positive states. Such failure to experience positive states may represent a risk factor for poor health in and of itself. The research reported here examines a brief, easily repeated measure of positive states of mind (PSOM) including: focused attention, prod…
When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing
It has been widely assumed that emotional avoidance during bereavement leads to either prolonged grief, delayed grief, or delayed somatic symptoms. To test this view, as well as a contrasting adaptive hypothesis, emotional avoidance was measured 6 months after a conjugal loss as negative verbal-autonomic response dissociation (low self-rated negative emotion coupled with heightened cardiovascular activity) and compared with grief measured at 6 an…
When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing
Expressive and Defensive Behavior during Discourse on Unresolved Topics
Both psychodynamic and social‐cognitive theoretical domains have control process models of behavior but with different ideas about the purpose and loci of control. This study examines expressive and defensive behaviors associated with different topics of discourse in the time‐limited psychotherapy of a woman treated for pathological grief. Conceptually the study is based on a model of defensive control processes that integrates states of mind and…
Pathological grief
Pathological grief deserves a place in the diagnostic nomenclature. Because posttraumatic stress disorder requires an event beyond the range of usual experience and bereavement is virtually a universal experience, a new diagnosis of signs and symptoms precipitated by a loss event is needed. Many varieties of pathological grief have been noted in clinical research studies, and multiple diagnoses of pathological grief would make research difficult.…
The Difference Between Termination in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis
Conscious representation
Person Schemas and Emotion
A relational theory of emotion allows one to understand complex feelings toward and about self and others. By use of state theory, schemas theory, and control process theory, emotionality can be understood in terms of sequences of experienced and expressed affects, actions, and internal thoughts, reactions, and reappraisals. This paper presents a relational theory that includes unconscious processes that anticipate conscious feelings and regulate…
A Model of Mourning
The mourning process may serve an evolutionary purpose, one that has allowed maximum survival characteristics. By passage through the phases of grief, the bereaved person prepares to make new commitments to others and to accept new personal roles. This passage involves an unconscious change in mental structures of meanings about the self and other people. This paper examines mourning in terms of such person schemas
Identifying schematized views of self with significant others
A scale for measuring the occurrence of positive states of mind
It may be as important to measure a failure to achieve desirable states of mind as it is to measure negative moods. The proposed measure of positive states of mind was found to be internally consistent, sensitive to degrees of life stress, well accepted, quick to administer, and amenable to use as a repeated measure in longitudinal studies. Data from 187 men and women in a college student sample are reported
Narcissistic Rage in Leaders
Power corrupts in terms of both grandiose inflations and threatened narcissistic injuries. This paper deals with the rage states that may ensue in leaders. After explain ing the individual psychodynamics of self-righteous rages in executives, this paper describes inferences about the group processes set in motion by such leaders and the reactions of subordinates. Independent thinkers in subordinate groups are both especially vulnerable to harm an…
Levels of interpretation in dynamic psychotherapy.
Neuf niveaux d'intertretation sont decrits a l'intention du therapeute pratiquant la psychotherapie dynamique breve en situation de stress
When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing
When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing
It has been widely assumed that emotional avoidance during bereavement leads to either prolonged grief, delayed grief, or delayed somatic symptoms. To test this view, as well as a contrasting adaptive hypothesis, emotional avoidance was measured 6 months after a conjugal loss as negative verbal-autonomic response dissociation (low self-rated negative emotion coupled with heightened cardiovascular activity) and compared with grief measured at 6 an…
A Prediction of Delayed Stress Response Syndromes in Vietnam Veterans
It is posited that over the next years civilian mental health professionals will encounter stress response syndromes in Vietnam veterans, will misread etiological factors, and will be unable to treat such persons effectively. This paper attempts to describe the types of problems which may be expected and suggests special approaches which will be required and may assist the treatment process
A Model of Mourning
The mourning process may serve an evolutionary purpose, one that has allowed maximum survival characteristics. By passage through the phases of grief, the bereaved person prepares to make new commitments to others and to accept new personal roles. This passage involves an unconscious change in mental structures of meanings about the self and other people. This paper examines mourning in terms of such person schemas
Modes of Representation of Thought
Representations of Self and Other in Conjugal Bereavement
A semantic space perspective on representations of self and other was applied to investigate the perceived quality of the past relationship with the spouse in relation to adjustment in conjugal bereavement. According to this perspective, the proximity, or extent to which representations of self and others share similar trait content features, may have important affective implications. Forty-seven bereaved individuals rated different representatio…
The Difference Between Termination in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis
Defining Character Integrity
Previous work on the integrity of character is reviewed and a contemporary definition offered using concepts of subordinate and supraordinate schematizations of self and relationships with others. The definition is clarified by a developmental perspective on possible growth in character integrity over the life cycle. Three types are defined by patterns in sense of identity, object relations, and defensive control of emotion. Such type formulation…
Identifying schematized views of self with significant others
Dream Scintillations
In 1949 and in 1965 unusual subjective experiences were described as “dream scintillations.” These experiences occur during wakefulness and include rapid successions of imagery which are hard to remember. The present report adds introspective data and emphasizes that the visual images of such occurrences have a quality, rhythm, and organization different from those of hypnagogic reverie or dreams. Similar events were not frequent in dream-depriva…
Intrusive and Repetitive Thought after Stress
A hypothesis of increased intrusive and repetitive thought after stress was based on clinical observations of post-traumatic syndromes. 21 Navy enlisted men were divided into independent groups: half saw a stressful film, half a neutral film after a shared baseline period. The stress group had significantly higher levels of intrusive thought in the post-film period as measured by both content analysis and self-rating techniques, and significantly…
Intrusive Thinking in Psychiatric Patients after Stress
A clinical hypothesis of increased intrusive and repetitive thought after stress was operationalized into experimental procedures to study cognitive response to stress. In a counterbalanced design, 23 non-psychotic inpatients from a military hospital saw neutral and stress films, performed signal-detection tasks, and gave written reports of mental contents. The data were consistent with clinical predictions and analogous to prior data from Ss wit…
Modes of Representation of Thought
Intrusive and Repetitive Thought after a Depressing Film
A hypothesis of increased intrusive and repetitive thoughts after any undischarged negative emotional-ideational state was based on previous experiments which involved films which aroused fear and anger and was extended to include a film that arouses sadness. 19 university students saw a film with a separation theme and had levels of intrusions, film references, and negative affect similar to those of subjects who saw films with themes of bodily …
A Prediction of Delayed Stress Response Syndromes in Vietnam Veterans
It is posited that over the next years civilian mental health professionals will encounter stress response syndromes in Vietnam veterans, will misread etiological factors, and will be unable to treat such persons effectively. This paper attempts to describe the types of problems which may be expected and suggests special approaches which will be required and may assist the treatment process
Life Event Questionnaires for Measuring Presumptive Stress
Cumulative stress from the impact of life events has become an important variable in psychosomatic and psychological research. This article provides both short and long life events questionnaires that add to incidence information the remoteness or recency in time of a given experience. In the weight assignment system that leads to a single presumptive stress score, events remote in time have less influence than recent events. The reliability of w…
Impact of Event Scale
Clinical, field, and experimental studies of response to potentially stressful life events give concordant findings: there is a general human tendency to undergo episodes of intrusive thinking and periods of avoidance. A scale of current subjective distress, related to a specific event, was based on a list of items composed of commonly reported experiences of intrusion and avoidance. Responses of 66 persons admitted to an outpatient clinic for th…
The Frontier of Brief Psychotherapy
News of Risk for Early Heart Disease as a Stressful Event
Modern prevention includes efforts to reduce the frequency of coronary heart disease by screening populations for certain risk factors, and then advising persons high in risk on how to alter their vulnerability. But what is the effect of telling persons they are at increased risk for such threatening events as heart attacks? Without such information they may not be motivated to change such behavior as cigarette smoking or to comply with blood pre…
Impact of Event Scale
Conducted a cross-validational study on the Impact of Event Scale (IES), a self-report instrument assessing the essential characteristics associated with stress disorders. 35 bereaved outpatients completed the IES before entering time-limited dynamic psychotherapy and at 4 and 12 mo following termination. A further 28 Ss, not participating in therapy, completed the measure at similar intervals. Results confirm the scale's relevance, internal cons…
The Stressful Impact of News of Risk for Premature Heart Disease
Efforts at prevention of disease include case-finding of individuals at high risk and offering to these identified people an intervention to reduce their risk. Although the intention of intervention is to reduce risk, the impact of discovering that one is at high risk may also lead to intrusive ideas and feelings that characterize psychological stress response syndromes. The present study examined these issues with a sample of 1,447 men who were …
Levels of interpretation in dynamic psychotherapy.
Neuf niveaux d'intertretation sont decrits a l'intention du therapeute pratiquant la psychotherapie dynamique breve en situation de stress
Levels of interpretation in dynamic psychotherapy
A scale for measuring the occurrence of positive states of mind
It may be as important to measure a failure to achieve desirable states of mind as it is to measure negative moods. The proposed measure of positive states of mind was found to be internally consistent, sensitive to degrees of life stress, well accepted, quick to administer, and amenable to use as a repeated measure in longitudinal studies. Data from 187 men and women in a college student sample are reported
Narcissistic Rage in Leaders
Power corrupts in terms of both grandiose inflations and threatened narcissistic injuries. This paper deals with the rage states that may ensue in leaders. After explain ing the individual psychodynamics of self-righteous rages in executives, this paper describes inferences about the group processes set in motion by such leaders and the reactions of subordinates. Independent thinkers in subordinate groups are both especially vulnerable to harm an…
A Model of Mourning
The mourning process may serve an evolutionary purpose, one that has allowed maximum survival characteristics. By passage through the phases of grief, the bereaved person prepares to make new commitments to others and to accept new personal roles. This passage involves an unconscious change in mental structures of meanings about the self and other people. This paper examines mourning in terms of such person schemas
Identifying schematized views of self with significant others
Person Schemas and Emotion
A relational theory of emotion allows one to understand complex feelings toward and about self and others. By use of state theory, schemas theory, and control process theory, emotionality can be understood in terms of sequences of experienced and expressed affects, actions, and internal thoughts, reactions, and reappraisals. This paper presents a relational theory that includes unconscious processes that anticipate conscious feelings and regulate…
Conscious representation
Pathological grief
Pathological grief deserves a place in the diagnostic nomenclature. Because posttraumatic stress disorder requires an event beyond the range of usual experience and bereavement is virtually a universal experience, a new diagnosis of signs and symptoms precipitated by a loss event is needed. Many varieties of pathological grief have been noted in clinical research studies, and multiple diagnoses of pathological grief would make research difficult.…
The Difference Between Termination in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis
Expressive and Defensive Behavior during Discourse on Unresolved Topics
Both psychodynamic and social‐cognitive theoretical domains have control process models of behavior but with different ideas about the purpose and loci of control. This study examines expressive and defensive behaviors associated with different topics of discourse in the time‐limited psychotherapy of a woman treated for pathological grief. Conceptually the study is based on a model of defensive control processes that integrates states of mind and…
When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing
It has been widely assumed that emotional avoidance during bereavement leads to either prolonged grief, delayed grief, or delayed somatic symptoms. To test this view, as well as a contrasting adaptive hypothesis, emotional avoidance was measured 6 months after a conjugal loss as negative verbal-autonomic response dissociation (low self-rated negative emotion coupled with heightened cardiovascular activity) and compared with grief measured at 6 an…
When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing
Psychology (38 works) · Clinical Psychology (18 works) · Psychotherapist (15 works) · Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health (14 works) · Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications (14 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Medicine (11 works) · Psychoanalysis (11 works) · Developmental psychology (10 works) · Grief (10 works)