Dwight W Read
Biographic Data
| ID | 76326 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Dwight W Read |
| GIVEN NAMES | Dwight W |
| FAMILY NAME | Read |
| SIGNATURE | READ D W |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Los Angeles |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 42 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 193 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 42 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Introduction to Volume 3, Issue 1
Introduction to Volume 2, Issue 2
Introduction to Volume 2, Issue 1
Introduction to the current issue of Kinship
Introduction to Special Issue
General Introduction
The journal, Kinship , is dedicated to the study of kinship in all of its facets, is international in scope and will publish original work in English, though publications in other languages, as is the case in this issue, will be considered on a case-by-case basis. In this issue of Kinship , there are two articles which reflect the nature of kinship research in both its more traditional format with focus on the social context of kinship relations …
Introduction to the Science of Kinship
In Introduction to the Science of Kinship, Murray J. Leaf and Dwight Read show how humans use specific systems of social ideas to organize their kinship relations and illustrate what this implies for the science of human social organization. Leaf and Read explain that every human society has multiple social organizations, each of which is associated with a distinct vocabulary. This vocabulary is associated with interrelated definitions of social …
From Past to Present
Back to Kinship Iii
Back to Kinship III is the third Special Issue of the e-journal, Structure and Dynamics sponsored by the group, Kinship Circle. Each issue is dedicated to current kinship research.There are 5 articles in this Special Issue, covering a wide range of kinship research questions and topics The first two articles, by William Young and Warren Shapiro, respectively, employ ethnographic evidence as the reason for revising previous kinship ideas. The next…
Kinship Systems
Kinship is a universal of human societies, built around systems of self‐centric, reciprocal social relations. In all societies, societal members are conceptually organized, to one degree or another, through structured, reciprocal systems of relations. Kinship systems are broad in their scope and interdigitate with religious, economic, political, and other social systems. A group's ideas about procreation, along with its ideas about kinship relati…
GAD Members at XII Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia
Incest Taboos and Kinship
In most, if not all, societies, incest taboos—perhaps the most universal of cultural taboos—include prohibitions on marriage between parent and child or between siblings. This universality suggests a biological origin, yet the considerable variation across societies in the full range of prohibited marriage relations implies a cultural origin. Correspondingly, theories regarding the origin of incest taboos vary from those that focus on the biologi…
Back to Kinship
In this collection, we retrace some of the historical development of the anthropological study of kinship and go back to the concepts and ideas that we, as anthropologists, had previously been circulating about kinship knowledge. We address issues that have been raised about the study of kinship, the place of kinship in anthropological knowledge and what constitutes kinship on the basis of local knowledge
Kinship Algebra Expert System (Kaes)
The computer program Kinship Algebra Expert System (KAES) provides a graphically based framework for constructing, if possible, a generative algebraic model for the structure of a kinship terminology (the terms used to refer to one’s kin). The algebraic modeling is based on a theory of kinship terminologies elaborated through writing the software program. The theory relates the properties and structure of kinship terminologies to an underlying lo…
Change in the Form of Evolution
In this paper I sketch a model for the transition from biologically to culturally based forms of social organization. The impetus for the transition arises from increased individualization among the non-human primates that can be observed as one moves phylogenetically from the Cercopithecoids and Ceboids (Old and New World monkeys) to the hominoids, especially the African apes. Increased individualization introduced a conflict with coherent and s…
African Fractals
Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, and Conflict
The standard model of population growth and regulation is critiqued. It is argued that any model of population growth and regulation must accommodate ten propositions, and a multitrajectory model that does so is described. This model identifies competition between groups, individual choice in reproductive behavior, the scale for spatial and temporal variation in resource abundance, and the social unit for resource access and ownership as importan…
Formal analysis of kinship terminologies and its relationship to what constitutes kinship
The goal of this paper is to relate formal analysis of kinship terminologies to a better understanding of who, culturally, are defined as our kin. Part 1 of the paper begins with a brief discussion as to why neither of the two claims - (1) kinship terminologies, which primarily have to do with social categories and (2) kinship terminologies, which are based on classification of genealogically specified relationships traced through genitor and gen…
A Method for Taxonomic Typology Construction and an Example
This paper considers problems inherent in constructing typologies based on subdividing artifacts using clustering algorithms that assume a paradigmatic structure (as do most, if not all, currently used algorithms) and presents an alternative method based on a taxonomic, rather than a paradigmatic, structure for the artifact classes. The method is exemplified by analysis of an assemblage of utilized flakes from a series of late prehistoric habitat…
Anthropology
To date, most applications of computing technology in anthropology have been task-driven, automating work that was usually done manually or mechanically before computers moved outside the domain of specialists and became readily accessible. This essay addresses the question, What kind of computing environment would best support a scientific enterprise in anthropology? A scientific perspective in anthropology takes individual tasks to be inextrica…
Lists and FTPing
Envisioning Information . Edward R. Tufte
Anthropology and Computers
Much of current software is based on an algorithmic approach ill suited for the openended analysis using qualitative data that is typical of anthropological research. The potential for effective analysis of qualitative data exists, but will need a different kind of software that is more exploratory in its orientation. A limited survey of what anthropologists are doing with computing shows that there is interest in programs that enable one to work…
Intuitive typology and automatic classification
Modeling Folk Knowledge as Expert Systems
There are striking parallels between ideas developed in the study of cognitive systems by anthropologists and the modeling of expertise in artificial intelligence research. These parallels suggest that expert system architectures can provide effective means to formulate rigorous models for theories about native expertise and so-called cultural competence. We illustrate how such modeling may be done with theprogram, BA TES (Bisayan Address Term Ex…
Sampling Procedures for Regional Surveys
In this paper several considerations are discussed that developed out of the sampling program for the Chevelon Archaeological Research Project, located in northern Arizona, aimed at making regional surveys more effective in their recovery of data on site locations.It is argued that a sampling program based on the survey of quadrats should be evaluated in terms of its ability to effectively discover sites, consistent with creating a sample of site…
Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, and Conflict
The standard model of population growth and regulation is critiqued. It is argued that any model of population growth and regulation must accommodate ten propositions, and a multitrajectory model that does so is described. This model identifies competition between groups, individual choice in reproductive behavior, the scale for spatial and temporal variation in resource abundance, and the social unit for resource access and ownership as importan…
An Algebraic Account of the American Kinship Terminology [and Comments and Reply]
Although componential and transformational analyses are the generally recognized domains for the study of kinship terminology structure, neither procedure completely elucidates the structure formed by kin terms as a system of terms. Both procedures ignore that kin terms, via a kin terms product, form a structure separate from the structure imposed on a genealogical space through definition of kin terms as sets of kin types. Separation of these le…
Formal analysis of kinship terminologies and its relationship to what constitutes kinship
The goal of this paper is to relate formal analysis of kinship terminologies to a better understanding of who, culturally, are defined as our kin. Part 1 of the paper begins with a brief discussion as to why neither of the two claims - (1) kinship terminologies, which primarily have to do with social categories and (2) kinship terminologies, which are based on classification of genealogically specified relationships traced through genitor and gen…
Some Comments on Typologies in Archaeology and an Outline of a Methodology
Classification is discussed as a procedure for maximizing information about a cultural system from archaeological data. This concept is made rigorous by defining typologies in terms of assumptions about patterning among variables that result from different artifacts being manufactured for use in different activities. Interval-scaled and nominal-scaled variables are considered independently, as the problem to be solved is different in the 2 cases.…
Numerical Taxonomy, R-Mode Factor Analysis, and Archaeological Classification
The concepts underlying numerical taxonomy and factor analysis are examined in relation to the goals and requirements of archaeological classification. Numerical taxonomy, represented in the archaeological literature most commonly by cluster analysis on raw data, is found to be inappropriate for those goals. In contrast, the technique of r-mode factor analysis fits very well with the nature of archaeological data and the general aims of archaeolo…
Sampling Procedures for Regional Surveys
In this paper several considerations are discussed that developed out of the sampling program for the Chevelon Archaeological Research Project, located in northern Arizona, aimed at making regional surveys more effective in their recovery of data on site locations.It is argued that a sampling program based on the survey of quadrats should be evaluated in terms of its ability to effectively discover sites, consistent with creating a sample of site…
Hominid cranial capacity versus time
Hominid teeth and their relationship to hominid phylogeny
Hominid fossil teeth are analyzed in terms of size and shape and contrasted with teeth from a modern population to determine boundaries that can be placed on a reconstruction of the hominid phylogeny. Teeth alone are considered as they are the only material preserved in large enough quantities to measure population variability accurately. Problems with the use of indices such as size and shape as species markers are discussed. Conclusions that ar…
Descriptive Statements, Covering Laws, and Theories in Archaeology [and Comments and Reply]
The paradigm for explanation in archaeology presented by the "new archaeologists" is reviewed and shown to need further elaboration. It is argued that that presentation has overemphasized the form of explanatory arguments and insufficiently considered their content. Not all explanatory arguments provide intuitively satisfactory explanations of particular observations. Instead, intuitively satisfactory explanations require general theories which s…
Australopithecine Scavenging and Human Evolution
The controversy surrounding australopithecine hunting and/or scavenging behavior and the problem of Dart's contended osteodontokeratic culture of Australopithecus prometheus are hardly new issues. Yet most of the contentions on all sides have been speculative, with little firm support. Faunal analysis, when developed as a generalizing, systematic and explicit technique based on a deductively formulated body of hypotheses about cultural adaptation…
Incest Taboos and Kinship
In most, if not all, societies, incest taboos—perhaps the most universal of cultural taboos—include prohibitions on marriage between parent and child or between siblings. This universality suggests a biological origin, yet the considerable variation across societies in the full range of prohibited marriage relations implies a cultural origin. Correspondingly, theories regarding the origin of incest taboos vary from those that focus on the biologi…
Back to Kinship
In this collection, we retrace some of the historical development of the anthropological study of kinship and go back to the concepts and ideas that we, as anthropologists, had previously been circulating about kinship knowledge. We address issues that have been raised about the study of kinship, the place of kinship in anthropological knowledge and what constitutes kinship on the basis of local knowledge
A Critique of Davenport's Game Theory Analysis
Change in the Form of Evolution
In this paper I sketch a model for the transition from biologically to culturally based forms of social organization. The impetus for the transition arises from increased individualization among the non-human primates that can be observed as one moves phylogenetically from the Cercopithecoids and Ceboids (Old and New World monkeys) to the hominoids, especially the African apes. Increased individualization introduced a conflict with coherent and s…
A Method for Taxonomic Typology Construction and an Example
This paper considers problems inherent in constructing typologies based on subdividing artifacts using clustering algorithms that assume a paradigmatic structure (as do most, if not all, currently used algorithms) and presents an alternative method based on a taxonomic, rather than a paradigmatic, structure for the artifact classes. The method is exemplified by analysis of an assemblage of utilized flakes from a series of late prehistoric habitat…
Mathematics in Structural Theory [and Comments and Reply]
Levi-Strauss, amongst other anthropological theorists, has argued for the incorporation of mathematical formalization into anthropological theorizing. The integration of mathematical formalization with anthropological theory is examined in this article through the structural analysis of fandango (wedding) ritual as it is practiced among the Zapotec in a small village near Oaxaca, Mexico. The correspondence that is found between the details of the…
Kinship Systems
Kinship is a universal of human societies, built around systems of self‐centric, reciprocal social relations. In all societies, societal members are conceptually organized, to one degree or another, through structured, reciprocal systems of relations. Kinship systems are broad in their scope and interdigitate with religious, economic, political, and other social systems. A group's ideas about procreation, along with its ideas about kinship relati…
Some Comments on the Use of Mathematical Models in Anthropology
It has become increasingly apparent that mathematical models may play a significant role in anthropological methodology. Less apparent is the fact that such models have an important place in formulation of theory as well. At the same time, many errors appear in attempts to use mathematical models. This paper attempts to indicate the nature of such errors and a methodology by which they can be avoided. A case study is presented showing the relatio…
Back to Kinship Iii
Back to Kinship III is the third Special Issue of the e-journal, Structure and Dynamics sponsored by the group, Kinship Circle. Each issue is dedicated to current kinship research.There are 5 articles in this Special Issue, covering a wide range of kinship research questions and topics The first two articles, by William Young and Warren Shapiro, respectively, employ ethnographic evidence as the reason for revising previous kinship ideas. The next…
Kinship Algebra Expert System (Kaes)
The computer program Kinship Algebra Expert System (KAES) provides a graphically based framework for constructing, if possible, a generative algebraic model for the structure of a kinship terminology (the terms used to refer to one’s kin). The algebraic modeling is based on a theory of kinship terminologies elaborated through writing the software program. The theory relates the properties and structure of kinship terminologies to an underlying lo…
On Faunal Analysis and the Australopithecines
Modeling Folk Knowledge as Expert Systems
There are striking parallels between ideas developed in the study of cognitive systems by anthropologists and the modeling of expertise in artificial intelligence research. These parallels suggest that expert system architectures can provide effective means to formulate rigorous models for theories about native expertise and so-called cultural competence. We illustrate how such modeling may be done with theprogram, BA TES (Bisayan Address Term Ex…
A Critique of Davenport's Game Theory Analysis
Hominid cranial capacity versus time
Some Comments on Typologies in Archaeology and an Outline of a Methodology
Classification is discussed as a procedure for maximizing information about a cultural system from archaeological data. This concept is made rigorous by defining typologies in terms of assumptions about patterning among variables that result from different artifacts being manufactured for use in different activities. Interval-scaled and nominal-scaled variables are considered independently, as the problem to be solved is different in the 2 cases.…
Some Comments on the Use of Mathematical Models in Anthropology
It has become increasingly apparent that mathematical models may play a significant role in anthropological methodology. Less apparent is the fact that such models have an important place in formulation of theory as well. At the same time, many errors appear in attempts to use mathematical models. This paper attempts to indicate the nature of such errors and a methodology by which they can be avoided. A case study is presented showing the relatio…
Hominid teeth and their relationship to hominid phylogeny
Hominid fossil teeth are analyzed in terms of size and shape and contrasted with teeth from a modern population to determine boundaries that can be placed on a reconstruction of the hominid phylogeny. Teeth alone are considered as they are the only material preserved in large enough quantities to measure population variability accurately. Problems with the use of indices such as size and shape as species markers are discussed. Conclusions that ar…
Australopithecine Scavenging and Human Evolution
The controversy surrounding australopithecine hunting and/or scavenging behavior and the problem of Dart's contended osteodontokeratic culture of Australopithecus prometheus are hardly new issues. Yet most of the contentions on all sides have been speculative, with little firm support. Faunal analysis, when developed as a generalizing, systematic and explicit technique based on a deductively formulated body of hypotheses about cultural adaptation…
On Faunal Analysis and the Australopithecines
More on Faunal Analysis
Numerical Taxonomy, R-Mode Factor Analysis, and Archaeological Classification
The concepts underlying numerical taxonomy and factor analysis are examined in relation to the goals and requirements of archaeological classification. Numerical taxonomy, represented in the archaeological literature most commonly by cluster analysis on raw data, is found to be inappropriate for those goals. In contrast, the technique of r-mode factor analysis fits very well with the nature of archaeological data and the general aims of archaeolo…
Archaeology
Descriptive Statements, Covering Laws, and Theories in Archaeology [and Comments and Reply]
The paradigm for explanation in archaeology presented by the "new archaeologists" is reviewed and shown to need further elaboration. It is argued that that presentation has overemphasized the form of explanatory arguments and insufficiently considered their content. Not all explanatory arguments provide intuitively satisfactory explanations of particular observations. Instead, intuitively satisfactory explanations require general theories which s…
General and Theoretical
More on Covering Laws and Theory in Archaeology
Mathematics in Structural Theory [and Comments and Reply]
Levi-Strauss, amongst other anthropological theorists, has argued for the incorporation of mathematical formalization into anthropological theorizing. The integration of mathematical formalization with anthropological theory is examined in this article through the structural analysis of fandango (wedding) ritual as it is practiced among the Zapotec in a small village near Oaxaca, Mexico. The correspondence that is found between the details of the…
More on Theory Building in Archaeology
From Multivariate Statistics to Natural Selection
An Algebraic Account of the American Kinship Terminology [and Comments and Reply]
Although componential and transformational analyses are the generally recognized domains for the study of kinship terminology structure, neither procedure completely elucidates the structure formed by kin terms as a system of terms. Both procedures ignore that kin terms, via a kin terms product, form a structure separate from the structure imposed on a genealogical space through definition of kin terms as sets of kin types. Separation of these le…
Sampling Procedures for Regional Surveys
In this paper several considerations are discussed that developed out of the sampling program for the Chevelon Archaeological Research Project, located in northern Arizona, aimed at making regional surveys more effective in their recovery of data on site locations.It is argued that a sampling program based on the survey of quadrats should be evaluated in terms of its ability to effectively discover sites, consistent with creating a sample of site…
Intuitive typology and automatic classification
Modeling Folk Knowledge as Expert Systems
There are striking parallels between ideas developed in the study of cognitive systems by anthropologists and the modeling of expertise in artificial intelligence research. These parallels suggest that expert system architectures can provide effective means to formulate rigorous models for theories about native expertise and so-called cultural competence. We illustrate how such modeling may be done with theprogram, BA TES (Bisayan Address Term Ex…
Anthropology and Computers
Much of current software is based on an algorithmic approach ill suited for the openended analysis using qualitative data that is typical of anthropological research. The potential for effective analysis of qualitative data exists, but will need a different kind of software that is more exploratory in its orientation. A limited survey of what anthropologists are doing with computing shows that there is interest in programs that enable one to work…
Envisioning Information . Edward R. Tufte
Anthropology
To date, most applications of computing technology in anthropology have been task-driven, automating work that was usually done manually or mechanically before computers moved outside the domain of specialists and became readily accessible. This essay addresses the question, What kind of computing environment would best support a scientific enterprise in anthropology? A scientific perspective in anthropology takes individual tasks to be inextrica…
Lists and FTPing
A Method for Taxonomic Typology Construction and an Example
This paper considers problems inherent in constructing typologies based on subdividing artifacts using clustering algorithms that assume a paradigmatic structure (as do most, if not all, currently used algorithms) and presents an alternative method based on a taxonomic, rather than a paradigmatic, structure for the artifact classes. The method is exemplified by analysis of an assemblage of utilized flakes from a series of late prehistoric habitat…
Sociology (24 works) · Computer Science (23 works) · Anthropology (18 works) · History (17 works) · Epistemology (12 works) · History (11 works) · Mathematics (11 works) · Geography (10 works) · Kinship (10 works) · Archaeology (9 works)