Charles G Lord
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 764012 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Charles G Lord |
| NOMBRES | Charles G |
| APELLIDO | Lord |
| FIRMA | LORD C G |
| AFILIACIONES | Texas Christian University |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 34 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 734 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 34 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1979 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 12 |
Communicating beyond the information given can make the communicator’s attitudes toward a social group more extreme
Three experiments tested how communicating attributes of initially liked or disliked groups might create more extreme attitudes. We gave non-neutral participants information about previously unknown groups and asked them to write social media posts describing the group to others. Participants who wrote social media posts to friends (Experiment 1, n = 332) or undecided strangers (Experiments 2 and 3, ns = 113 and 816) exaggerated and elaborated on…
Developing an Ethical Perspectives Scale
Many theories hold that ethical perspectives inform moral judgments, but few such theories have corresponding individual difference scales. The present research aimed to develop an Ethical Perspectives Scale (EPS) reflecting specifically the five-perspective Markkula framework: utilitarianism; rights; fairness/justice; common good; and virtue. The authors wrote and progressively revised five sets of three items, each set intended to represent one…
Effects of biased extrapolation on attitude extremity
Previous research has shown that merely thinking about an attitude object can make both positive and negative attitudes more extreme. The present research explored whether a specific type of thought— extrapolating from known to unknown attributes—might make attitudes and behavioural intentions more extreme than reviewing known attributes. In three experiments, extrapolating from a social group's ‘known’ personality traits made positive and negati…
Self-Polarization
Numerous recent texts have explained societal polarization, emphasizing biased input through increased accessibility of extreme partisan information. We examined instead the possible role of biased output through biased attribution of personality traits to issue partisans. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that attributing personality traits to those who agree versus disagree with an attributor on controversial social issues might lead attrib…
Generalizing across behavior settings can make attitudes toward social groups more extreme in the absence of new information
Previous research has shown that attitudes can become more extreme through mere thought. The present studies tested whether one specific type of thought—generalizing about a group's traits across settings—makes attitudes toward the group more extreme. We gave participants in four experiments initial information about (fictitious) foreign groups who wanted to enter the United States. The initial information concerned traits the group displayed in …
Effects of Resilience Strength Training on Constructs Associated with Moral Injury among Veterans
Resilience Strength Training (RST) is a peer specialist program that incorporates a military squad model of group trust and bonding to address problems specific to moral injury (typically involving collapse of meaning or faith, loss of trust, self-isolation, and the failure of relationships). The training program was offered to 97 male and female veterans (ages 24–73) at two Volunteers of America (VOA) affiliates. The veterans completed measures …
Attitude
Although Charles Darwin conceptualized attitudes as things that organisms do , many psychologists and laypeople today make the fundamental attribution error of conceptualizing attitudes as dispositions people have that make them do what they do. Recent attitudes research, however, has begun to explore the basic process by which people construct attitudes—a process that operates in the same way when answering general attitude questions as for any …
A Matching Hypothesis for the Activity Level of Actions Involved in Attitude–Behavior Consistency
Two studies examined a matching hypothesis: Attitudes predict behaviors better when they both involve the same rather than different levels of attitude-relevant action activity. In Study 1, participants listed actions they might take toward gay men and immediately reported their attitudes. One to two weeks later, their reported attitudes were more predictive of behaviors that matched than mismatched the activity level of their listed actions. In …
Mangy mutt or furry friend? Anthropomorphism promotes animal welfare
The Hillary Clinton effect
If successful role models undo stereotype threat effects by providing reassurance that group members can “take care of themselves,” then the same real-world role model might inspire those who think she deserved success, but fail to inspire those who think she did not. In a pilot study, some women participants listed Hillary Clinton high among women who deserved their success; others listed her high among women who did not deserve their success. T…
Effects of role model deservingness on overcoming performance deficits induced by stereotype threat
Previous research has shown that exposure to successful role models can restore performance that had been impaired by stereotype threat, and that some role models are more effective than others. The present research examined the effects of role model deservingness on women's mathematics test performance after being placed under stereotype threat. In Experiment 1, a woman who attained success by herself (deserved) proved a more effective role mode…
Embodiment, agency, and attitude change
Attitude embodiment effects occur when the position or movement of a person's physical body changes the way the person evaluates an object. The present research investigated whether attitude embodiment effects depend more on biomechanical factors or on inferential cues to causal agency. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that actual movements of the physical body are not necessary to create attitude embodiment effects when inferential cues imply agency f…
Effects of Salient Multiple Identities on Women's Performance Under Mathematics Stereotype Threat
Houses Built on Sand
Attitude representation theory (C. G. Lord & M. R. Lepper, 1999) explains both attitude-behavior consistency and attitude change with the same principles. When individuals respond evaluatively to an attitude object, they activate and combine assumptions about the attitude object with perceptions of the immediate situation. The assumptions activated can vary across time, even without additional information. Previous research has shown that individ…
Alleviating women’s mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements
Activation of exemplars in the process of assessing social category attitudes
Three experiments used process measures of concept activation to provide evidence--consistent with previous research, which had used only outcome and self-report measures-that people use category exemplars to assess their social category attitudes. The studies were based on the well-established principle that individuals selectively activate different aspects of their knowledge about a topic, depending on which aspect is relevant for a specific j…
Breaking Up is (Relatively) Easy to Do
Several models of relationship dissolution imply a sequence of steps or stages, for which there might exist a cultural script. Previous research has identified a script for first dates. The present research attempted to identify a relationship dissolution script by asking men and women to list the steps that typically occur when a couple breaks up. Analysis of their 1480 responses indicated a 16-step ordered script for relation-ship dissolution. …
Is a rose always a rose? The role of social category exemplar change in attitude stability and attitude-behavior consistency
attitude-behavior consistency, or attitude change. In Experiment l, participants displayed greater attitude stability across 1 month, in several social categories, when they named the same rather than different exemplars. In Experiment 2, participants displayed greater attitude-behavior c nsistency toward each of 2 social categories when they named the same rather than different exemplars at behavior assessment and at attitude assessment. Partici…
Typicality effects in attitudes toward social policies
Social typicality effects occur when people apply their attitudes more consistently toward typical than toward atypical category members-presumably because attitudes are directed toward the prototypic category member. Four studies tested whether individuals also apply social policy attitudes more consistently toward typical than toward atypical persons affected by the policy
Typicality effects in attitude-behavior consistency
Effects of structured cooperative contact on changing negative attitudes toward stigmatized social groups
The contact hypothesis predicts that cooperative interaction with members of a disliked group results in increased liking for those members and generalizes to more positive attitudes toward the group. The authors sought to provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that contact affects attitude in part by eliciting a more positive portrait of the typical group member. Undergraduates participated in a 1-hr dyadic learning session (scripted co…
Reversing roles
Tested whether having tokens (Ts) adopt the role of judge reduces cognitive deficits; examined several hypotheses to explain these deficits. In 3 experiments, Ss were asked to remember as many as possible of opinions exchanged in a group interaction with 3 actors. Experiment 1 demonstrated that judging majority members helped gender Ts improve their memory and ruled out self-denigration as a mediator of token deficits. Experiment 2 indicated that…
Imagining self and others
Effects of perceived scrutiny on participant memory for social interactions
Self-promotion is not ingratiating
Pairs of subjects participated in two unstructured conversations spaced one week apart. In the second session, one subject of the pair was asked to participate either as an ingratiator or as a self-promoter. Naive target subjects clearly distinguished between presenters attempting to appear likable or competent. As verified by observer subjects, ingratiators used reactive verbal and nonverbal behaviors, whereas promoters used proactive behaviors.…
Biased assimilation and attitude polarization
People who hold strong opinions on complex social issues are likely to examine relevant empirical evidence in a biased manner. They are apt to accept "confirming" evidence at face value while subjecting "discontinuing " evidence to critical evaluation, and as a result to draw undue support for their initial positions from mixed or random empirical findings. Thus, the result of exposing contending factions in a social dispute to an identical body …
Effects of structured cooperative contact on changing negative attitudes toward stigmatized social groups
The contact hypothesis predicts that cooperative interaction with members of a disliked group results in increased liking for those members and generalizes to more positive attitudes toward the group. The authors sought to provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that contact affects attitude in part by eliciting a more positive portrait of the typical group member. Undergraduates participated in a 1-hr dyadic learning session (scripted co…
Considering the opposite
Alleviating women’s mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements
Memory deficits and memory surfeits
Historically, women and minority group members have been underrepresented in the professions and in better paying, high-status jobs. Even when they have been admitted to such positions, these underrepresented persons often have been the only member of their social category: a token. Previous field and laboratory research has shown that "tokens" attract disproportionate attention and are either evaluated unfairly or evaluated on the basis of their…
Mangy mutt or furry friend? Anthropomorphism promotes animal welfare
Effects of Salient Multiple Identities on Women's Performance Under Mathematics Stereotype Threat
Self-promotion is not ingratiating
Pairs of subjects participated in two unstructured conversations spaced one week apart. In the second session, one subject of the pair was asked to participate either as an ingratiator or as a self-promoter. Naive target subjects clearly distinguished between presenters attempting to appear likable or competent. As verified by observer subjects, ingratiators used reactive verbal and nonverbal behaviors, whereas promoters used proactive behaviors.…
Attitude prototypes as determinants of attitude–behavior consistency
This article addresses the questions of when we can predict from an individual's attitude toward a social group to the individual's behavior toward a specific member of that group. One possibility is that individuals determine their attitudes toward a social group by assessing their reactions to an imagined group representative who embodies the defining or central group characteristics--the prototypical group member. When they encounter a specifi…
Template matching
Breaking Up is (Relatively) Easy to Do
Several models of relationship dissolution imply a sequence of steps or stages, for which there might exist a cultural script. Previous research has identified a script for first dates. The present research attempted to identify a relationship dissolution script by asking men and women to list the steps that typically occur when a couple breaks up. Analysis of their 1480 responses indicated a 16-step ordered script for relation-ship dissolution. …
Schemas and images as memory aids
The Hillary Clinton effect
If successful role models undo stereotype threat effects by providing reassurance that group members can “take care of themselves,” then the same real-world role model might inspire those who think she deserved success, but fail to inspire those who think she did not. In a pilot study, some women participants listed Hillary Clinton high among women who deserved their success; others listed her high among women who did not deserve their success. T…
Effects of role model deservingness on overcoming performance deficits induced by stereotype threat
Previous research has shown that exposure to successful role models can restore performance that had been impaired by stereotype threat, and that some role models are more effective than others. The present research examined the effects of role model deservingness on women's mathematics test performance after being placed under stereotype threat. In Experiment 1, a woman who attained success by herself (deserved) proved a more effective role mode…
Is a rose always a rose? The role of social category exemplar change in attitude stability and attitude-behavior consistency
attitude-behavior consistency, or attitude change. In Experiment l, participants displayed greater attitude stability across 1 month, in several social categories, when they named the same rather than different exemplars. In Experiment 2, participants displayed greater attitude-behavior c nsistency toward each of 2 social categories when they named the same rather than different exemplars at behavior assessment and at attitude assessment. Partici…
Typicality effects in attitude-behavior consistency
Predicting behavioral consistency from an individual's perception of situational similarities
Activation of exemplars in the process of assessing social category attitudes
Three experiments used process measures of concept activation to provide evidence--consistent with previous research, which had used only outcome and self-report measures-that people use category exemplars to assess their social category attitudes. The studies were based on the well-established principle that individuals selectively activate different aspects of their knowledge about a topic, depending on which aspect is relevant for a specific j…
Effects of perceived scrutiny on participant memory for social interactions
Attitude prototypes as determinants of attitude-behavior consistency
Generalizing across behavior settings can make attitudes toward social groups more extreme in the absence of new information
Previous research has shown that attitudes can become more extreme through mere thought. The present studies tested whether one specific type of thought—generalizing about a group's traits across settings—makes attitudes toward the group more extreme. We gave participants in four experiments initial information about (fictitious) foreign groups who wanted to enter the United States. The initial information concerned traits the group displayed in …
Embodiment, agency, and attitude change
Attitude embodiment effects occur when the position or movement of a person's physical body changes the way the person evaluates an object. The present research investigated whether attitude embodiment effects depend more on biomechanical factors or on inferential cues to causal agency. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that actual movements of the physical body are not necessary to create attitude embodiment effects when inferential cues imply agency f…
Houses Built on Sand
Attitude representation theory (C. G. Lord & M. R. Lepper, 1999) explains both attitude-behavior consistency and attitude change with the same principles. When individuals respond evaluatively to an attitude object, they activate and combine assumptions about the attitude object with perceptions of the immediate situation. The assumptions activated can vary across time, even without additional information. Previous research has shown that individ…
Template matching
Biased assimilation and attitude polarization
People who hold strong opinions on complex social issues are likely to examine relevant empirical evidence in a biased manner. They are apt to accept "confirming" evidence at face value while subjecting "discontinuing " evidence to critical evaluation, and as a result to draw undue support for their initial positions from mixed or random empirical findings. Thus, the result of exposing contending factions in a social dispute to an identical body …
Schemas and images as memory aids
Predicting behavioral consistency from an individual's perception of situational similarities
The "same person" heuristic
Attitude prototypes as determinants of attitude-behavior consistency
Considering the opposite
Attitude prototypes as determinants of attitude–behavior consistency
This article addresses the questions of when we can predict from an individual's attitude toward a social group to the individual's behavior toward a specific member of that group. One possibility is that individuals determine their attitudes toward a social group by assessing their reactions to an imagined group representative who embodies the defining or central group characteristics--the prototypical group member. When they encounter a specifi…
Memory deficits and memory surfeits
Historically, women and minority group members have been underrepresented in the professions and in better paying, high-status jobs. Even when they have been admitted to such positions, these underrepresented persons often have been the only member of their social category: a token. Previous field and laboratory research has shown that "tokens" attract disproportionate attention and are either evaluated unfairly or evaluated on the basis of their…
Self-promotion is not ingratiating
Pairs of subjects participated in two unstructured conversations spaced one week apart. In the second session, one subject of the pair was asked to participate either as an ingratiator or as a self-promoter. Naive target subjects clearly distinguished between presenters attempting to appear likable or competent. As verified by observer subjects, ingratiators used reactive verbal and nonverbal behaviors, whereas promoters used proactive behaviors.…
Imagining self and others
Effects of perceived scrutiny on participant memory for social interactions
Reversing roles
Tested whether having tokens (Ts) adopt the role of judge reduces cognitive deficits; examined several hypotheses to explain these deficits. In 3 experiments, Ss were asked to remember as many as possible of opinions exchanged in a group interaction with 3 actors. Experiment 1 demonstrated that judging majority members helped gender Ts improve their memory and ruled out self-denigration as a mediator of token deficits. Experiment 2 indicated that…
Typicality effects in attitude-behavior consistency
Effects of structured cooperative contact on changing negative attitudes toward stigmatized social groups
The contact hypothesis predicts that cooperative interaction with members of a disliked group results in increased liking for those members and generalizes to more positive attitudes toward the group. The authors sought to provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that contact affects attitude in part by eliciting a more positive portrait of the typical group member. Undergraduates participated in a 1-hr dyadic learning session (scripted co…
Typicality effects in attitudes toward social policies
Social typicality effects occur when people apply their attitudes more consistently toward typical than toward atypical category members-presumably because attitudes are directed toward the prototypic category member. Four studies tested whether individuals also apply social policy attitudes more consistently toward typical than toward atypical persons affected by the policy
Is a rose always a rose? The role of social category exemplar change in attitude stability and attitude-behavior consistency
attitude-behavior consistency, or attitude change. In Experiment l, participants displayed greater attitude stability across 1 month, in several social categories, when they named the same rather than different exemplars. In Experiment 2, participants displayed greater attitude-behavior c nsistency toward each of 2 social categories when they named the same rather than different exemplars at behavior assessment and at attitude assessment. Partici…
Breaking Up is (Relatively) Easy to Do
Several models of relationship dissolution imply a sequence of steps or stages, for which there might exist a cultural script. Previous research has identified a script for first dates. The present research attempted to identify a relationship dissolution script by asking men and women to list the steps that typically occur when a couple breaks up. Analysis of their 1480 responses indicated a 16-step ordered script for relation-ship dissolution. …
Activation of exemplars in the process of assessing social category attitudes
Three experiments used process measures of concept activation to provide evidence--consistent with previous research, which had used only outcome and self-report measures-that people use category exemplars to assess their social category attitudes. The studies were based on the well-established principle that individuals selectively activate different aspects of their knowledge about a topic, depending on which aspect is relevant for a specific j…
Alleviating women’s mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements
Houses Built on Sand
Attitude representation theory (C. G. Lord & M. R. Lepper, 1999) explains both attitude-behavior consistency and attitude change with the same principles. When individuals respond evaluatively to an attitude object, they activate and combine assumptions about the attitude object with perceptions of the immediate situation. The assumptions activated can vary across time, even without additional information. Previous research has shown that individ…
Effects of Salient Multiple Identities on Women's Performance Under Mathematics Stereotype Threat
Embodiment, agency, and attitude change
Attitude embodiment effects occur when the position or movement of a person's physical body changes the way the person evaluates an object. The present research investigated whether attitude embodiment effects depend more on biomechanical factors or on inferential cues to causal agency. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that actual movements of the physical body are not necessary to create attitude embodiment effects when inferential cues imply agency f…
The Hillary Clinton effect
If successful role models undo stereotype threat effects by providing reassurance that group members can “take care of themselves,” then the same real-world role model might inspire those who think she deserved success, but fail to inspire those who think she did not. In a pilot study, some women participants listed Hillary Clinton high among women who deserved their success; others listed her high among women who did not deserve their success. T…
Effects of role model deservingness on overcoming performance deficits induced by stereotype threat
Previous research has shown that exposure to successful role models can restore performance that had been impaired by stereotype threat, and that some role models are more effective than others. The present research examined the effects of role model deservingness on women's mathematics test performance after being placed under stereotype threat. In Experiment 1, a woman who attained success by herself (deserved) proved a more effective role mode…
Psychology (34 obras) · Social Psychology (33 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (23 obras) · Social Psychology (21 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (15 obras) · Cognitive psychology (11 obras) · Perception (11 obras) · Social perception (11 obras) · Attitude (8 obras) · Developmental psychology (8 obras)