Emiel Krahmer
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 77152 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Emiel Krahmer |
| PRENOMES | Emiel |
| SOBRENOME | Krahmer |
| ASSINATURA | KRAHMER E |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Tilburg University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6304-7549 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 57 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 180 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 57 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1995 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Co-designing shared experiences for and with deaf and hearing museum visitors
Shared experiences between deaf and hearing museum visitors are often hindered by sensory gaps, emerging from differences in sensory perception and interpretation. To better meet the needs and expectations of sensory-diverse visitors museums increasingly co-design exhibitions together with them. Which design practices support egalitarian co-design between deaf and hearing participants, however, remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted two co-desi…
Health-Related Lifestyle Communication in Oncology
A healthy lifestyle, particularly having a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and abstaining from alcohol and smoking, is important for the recovery process of cancer survivors. The extent and form in which lifestyle information is provided by healthcare providers varies substantially, which could leave many patients with unmet information needs. To better understand current practices and areas for improvement in communicating about these …
Natural Language Generation by Ehud Reiter
Mitigating Perceived Polarization by Acknowledging Subjectivity
Many people perceive society as more polarized than it actually is. Arguably, one prominent reason for this false polarization is the apparent hardening of online debates, raising the question whether something can be done to make online discussions more constructive. The current paper tests the effectiveness of subjective phrasing (e.g. “I think”) in reducing perceived polarization and stimulating constructive discussion online. We ask participa…
Generative AI-powered social robots in education
The rise of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) is accelerating the integration of social robots into education. These technologies enhance robots' abilities in natural language interaction, adaptive behaviour, and personalised learning support. To advance real-world implementation, it is essential to identify the main challenges and opportunities in this field. We conducted a two-round Delphi study with 16…
Discourse genre predicts demonstrative use in text
In written language, demonstratives such as this and that allow writers to produce coherent texts and readers to build up a consistent mental model of the message that is conveyed. But what makes a writer decide to use one demonstrative (e.g., this) over another (e.g., that)? Here we present experimental evidence, from both Dutch and Mandarin, that discourse genre is the main predictor of writers' demonstrative use in text. Specifically, the resu…
Perceived benefits of diet, physical activity, alcohol intake and smoking among cancer survivors
A healthy lifestyle can have various health benefits for cancer survivors, including positive effects for their general health and cancer-specific outcomes. In general, cancer survivors adhere more to smoking and alcohol recommendations, compared to diet and physical activity recommendations. To better understand the differences in benefit perceptions among the four health behaviours, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 197 Dutch survivors…
R” you getting this? Factors contributing to the public’s understanding, evaluation, and use of basic reproduction numbers for infectious diseases
Although evaluative labels and visual aids did not facilitate people's understanding and evaluation of the r-number, our results show that the statistic is perceived as useful and may be used to stimulate adherence to preventive measures. Policy makers and public health communicators are advised to clearly explain why they are giving these numbers to - especially - the less numerate people, but also how people could use them for behavior change t…
Un-tracking menopause
Self-tracking in general, and by women in particular is increasingly researched. In the literature, however, women's interactions with selftracking technologies in menopause-a change that (almost) every woman will go through-is largely taken for granted. This paper addresses this lacuna by asking whether and how menopausal women use self-tracking technologies, and how this (non-) usage mediates their self-experiences. In doing so, it elaborates o…
The Design and Observed Effects of Robot-performed Manual Gestures
Communication using manual (hand) gestures is considered a defining property of social robots, and their physical embodiment and presence, therefore, we see a need for a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in social robots that use gestures. This systematic literature review aims to address this need by (1) describing the gesture production process of a social robot, including the design and planning steps, and (2) providing a survey o…
Minds
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Neural Data-to-Text Generation Based on Small Datasets
This study discusses the effect of semi-supervised learning in combination with pretrained language models for data-to-text generation. It is not known whether semi-supervised learning is still helpful when a large-scale language model is also supplemented. This study aims to answer this question by comparing a data-to-text system only supplemented with a language model, to two data-to-text systems that are additionally enriched by a data augment…
Explaining variance in writers’ use of demonstratives
Demonstratives such as this and that are among the most frequently used words in texts. But what are the factors that determine whether a writer uses one demonstrative form (proximal this) or another (distal that)? Here we report a large-scale corpus analysis in three written genres to empirically contrast theories based on differences in referent activation and prominence with a recent proposal suggesting that genre is the main driver of written…
Understanding demonstrative reference in text
Endophoric demonstratives such as this and that are among the most frequently used words in written texts. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how exactly they should be subdivided and classified in terms of their different types of use. Here, we develop a new taxonomy of endophoric demonstratives based on a large-scale corpus including three written genres: news items, encyclopedic texts, and book reviews. The taxonomy enables analysts to reliably …
What People Look at in Multimodal Online Dating Profiles
This study investigates how online dating profiles, consisting of both pictures and texts, are visually processed, and how both components affect impression formation. The attractiveness of the profile picture was varied systematically, and texts either included language errors or not. By collecting eye tracking and perception data, we investigated whether picture attractiveness determines attention to the profile text and if the text plays a sec…
Lost in transmission? Self- and other-annotation of emotional words
It is generally assumed that someone's affective state can be correctly detected and interpreted by other people, nowadays even by computer algorithms, in their writing. However, it is unclear whether these perceptions match the actual experience and communicative intention of the author. Therefore, we investigated the relation between affect expression and perception in text in a two-part study. In Part 1, participants (authors) wrote about emot…
Exploring How People with Expressive Aphasia Interact with and Perceive a Social Robot
People with aphasia need high-intensive language training to significantly improve their language skills, however practical barriers arise. Socially assistive robots have been proposed as a possibility to provide additional language training. However, it is yet unknown how people with aphasia perceive interacting with a social robot, and which factors influence this interaction. The aim of this study was to gain insight in how people with mild to…
Can chatbots help to motivate smoking cessation? A study on the effectiveness of motivational interviewing on engagement and therapeutic alliance
The results of this preregistered study suggest that talking with a chatbot about smoking cessation can help to motivate smokers to quit and that the effect of conversation has the potential to build up over time. We did not find support for an extra motivating effect of the MI-style chatbot, for which we discuss possible reasons. These findings highlight the promise of using chatbots to motivate smoking cessation. Implications for future researc…
Effects of comparative information when communicating personalized risks of treatment outcomes
Despite great promise of using personalized risks of treatment outcomes during shared decision-making, patients often experience difficulty evaluating and using them. We examined the effects of providing comparative information of the average person’s risk when discussing personalized risks on people’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses. Participants (n = 1,807) from a representative sample of the Dutch population received personaliz…
A conceptual framework for the study of demonstrative reference
Language allows us to efficiently communicate about the things in the world around us. Seemingly simple words like this and that are a cornerstone of our capability to refer, as they contribute to guiding the attention of our addressee to the specific entity we are talking about. Such demonstratives are acquired early in life, ubiquitous in everyday talk, often closely tied to our gestural communicative abilities, and present in all spoken langua…
A toy or a friend? Children's anthropomorphic beliefs about robots and how these relate to second‐language word learning
This study investigates the degree to which children anthropomorphize a robot tutor and whether this anthropomorphism relates to their vocabulary learning in a second‐language (L2) tutoring intervention. With this aim, an anthropomorphism questionnaire was administered to 5‐year‐old children ( N = 104) twice: prior to and following a seven‐session L2 vocabulary training with a humanoid robot. On average, children tended to anthropomorphize the ro…
How Weeping Influences the Perception of Facial Expressions
When Preschoolers Interact with an Educational Robot, Does Robot Feedback Influence Engagement
In this paper, we examine to what degree children of 3–4 years old engage with a task and with a social robot during a second-language tutoring lesson. We specifically investigated whether children’s task engagement and robot engagement were influenced by three different feedback types by the robot: adult-like feedback, peer-like feedback and no feedback. Additionally, we investigated the relation between children’s eye gaze fixations and their t…
Visual Prosody Across Cultures
Communication partners not only exchange information through the auditory channel but also use a wide range of visual cues, such as facial expressions, eye gaze, hand gestures, and other types of body language. The latter set of features can be subsumed under the term ‘visual prosody’. Visual cues have been shown to be communicatively relevant, as they not only help to improve speech intelligibility, especially in noisy conditions, but can also s…
The Effect of Perspective-Taking on Trust and Understanding in Online and Face-to-Face Mediations
This research investigates the perspective taking process in online and face-to-face mediations. In particular, it addresses the question whether a perspective taking technique—being asked circular questions—helps the establishment of mutual understanding and interpersonal trust between negotiators in online and face-to-face mediation settings. This question was studied in an experimental setting in which disputants had to solve a conflict face-t…
Prosodic marking of information status in Dutch and Italian
Guidelines for Designing Social Robots as Second Language Tutors
The Role of Social Networking Sites in Early Adolescents’ Social Lives
The aim of this study was to examine the role of social networking sites (SNSs) in early adolescents’ social lives. First, we investigated the relation between SNS use and several aspects of early adolescents’ social lives (i.e., friendship quality, bridging social capital, and bonding social capital). Second, we examined whether there are differences between SNS users and nonusers in terms of their social lives. Drawing on a survey among 3,068 e…
Facial expression and prosodic prominence
Child–robot interaction across cultures
Social attraction in video-mediated communication
The first aim of this study was to analyze video-mediated communication (VMC), in comparison to face-to-face (FTF) communication, and the effect it has on how communicators express nonverbal affiliative behaviors relevant for social attraction. Second, this study aimed to discover whether these nonverbal expressions relate to communicators' social attraction. An experiment with 93 cross-sex dyads was conducted, with a get-acquainted exercise in a…
Prominence Patterns in a Second Language
This research describes the production of prosodic cues to mark information structure in Spanish and Dutch. It compares speech by native (L1) and second language (L2) speakers and investigates prosodic transfer from the L1 to the L2, L2 proficiency as a factor in transfer effects, and transfer from the L2 to the L1. The results confirm that Spanish and Dutch natives use different prosodic cues to mark information status. Comparison of L1 and L2 d…
Computational Generation of Referring Expressions
This article offers a survey of computational research on referring expression generation (REG). It introduces the REG problem and describes early work in this area, discussing what basic assumptions lie behind it, and showing how its remit has widened in recent years. We discuss computational frameworks underlying REG, and demonstrate a recent trend that seeks to link REG algorithms with well-established Knowledge Representation techniques. Cons…
Factors causing overspecification in definite descriptions
The communicative import of gestures
Does gesturing primarily serve speaker internal purposes, or does it mostly facilitate communication, for example by conveying semantic content, or easing social interaction? To address this question, we asked native speakers of Dutch to retell an animated cartoon to a presumed audiovisual summarizer, a presumed addressee in another room (through web cam), or an addressee in the same room, who could either see them and be seen by them or not. We …
Generating Multimodal References
This paper presents a new computational model for the generation of multimodal referring expressions, based on observations in human communication. The algorithm is an extension of the graph-based algorithm proposed by The Flashlight Model accounts for various types of pointing gestures of different precisions. Based on a notion of effort the algorithm produces referring expressions combining language and pointing gestures. The algorithm is evalu…
How Children and Adults Produce and Perceive Uncertainty in Audiovisual Speech
We describe two experiments on signaling and detecting uncertainty in audiovisual speech by adults and children. In the first study, utterances from adult speakers and child speakers (aged 7—8) were elicited and annotated with a set of six audiovisual features. It was found that when adult speakers were uncertain they were more likely to produce fillers, delays, high intonation, eyebrow movements, and “funny faces.” The basic picture for the chil…
Impression formation on online dating sites
This article presents two experimental studies investigating the impact of language errors in online dating profiles on impression formation. A first study examined whether language errors have a negative effect on perceptions of attraction and dating intention and whether this effect is moderated by the presence of visual information, that is, the profile picture. This 2 (Language Errors/No Language Errors) × 2 (Visible/Blurred Picture) experime…
Choosing referring expressions in Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch
Visual prosody of newsreaders
Audiovisual Prosody—Introduction to the Special Issue
Additional services and information for Language and Speech can be found at: Email Alerts: http://las.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://las.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://las.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/52/2-3/129 Downloaded from http://las.sagepub.com
Real versus Template-Based Natural Language Generation
This article challenges the received wisdom that template-based approaches to the generation of language are necessarily inferior to other approaches as regards their maintainability, linguistic well-foundedness, and quality of output. Some recent NLG systems that call themselves “template-based” will illustrate our claims
Seeing and Being Seen
Speakers are argued to adapt their language production to their addressee's needs. For instance, speakers produce fewer and smaller hand gestures when interlocutors cannot see each other. Yet is this because speakers know their addressee cannot see them, or because they themselves do not see their addressee? By means of computer-mediated communication we manipulated these factors independently. We found that speakers took into account what their …
Crossmodal and incremental perception of audiovisual cues to emotional speech
In this article we report on two experiments about the perception of audiovisual cues to emotional speech. The article addresses two questions: (1) how do visual cues from a speaker’s face to emotion relate to auditory cues, and (2) what is the recognition speed for various facial cues to emotion? Both experiments reported below are based on tests with video clips of emotional utterances collected via a variant of the well-known Velten method. Mo…
Un-tracking menopause
Self-tracking in general, and by women in particular is increasingly researched. In the literature, however, women's interactions with selftracking technologies in menopause-a change that (almost) every woman will go through-is largely taken for granted. This paper addresses this lacuna by asking whether and how menopausal women use self-tracking technologies, and how this (non-) usage mediates their self-experiences. In doing so, it elaborates o…
Effects of comparative information when communicating personalized risks of treatment outcomes
Despite great promise of using personalized risks of treatment outcomes during shared decision-making, patients often experience difficulty evaluating and using them. We examined the effects of providing comparative information of the average person’s risk when discussing personalized risks on people’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses. Participants (n = 1,807) from a representative sample of the Dutch population received personaliz…
Do Speaker's emotions influence their language production? Studying the influence of disgust and amusement on alignment in interactive reference
The influence of emotion on the early stages of spoken language production such as content selection has received little scholarly attention. During content selection in dialogue, speakers often take the utterances of their dialogue partners into account. For example, while speakers generally prefer to use color in their descriptions, they start to use dispreferred attributes such as orientation and size more when they are primed by a prerecorded…
White Bear Effects in Language Production
A central problem in recent research on speech production concerns the question to what extent speakers adapt their linguistic expressions to the needs of their addressees. It is claimed that speakers sometimes leak information about objects that are only visible for them and not for their listeners. Previous research only takes the occurrence of adjectives as evidence for the leakage of privileged information. The present study hypothesizes that…
Graph-Based Generation of Referring Expressions
This article describes a new approach to the generation of referring expressions. We propose to formalize a scene (consisting of a set of objects with various properties and relations) as a labeled directed graph and describe content selection (which properties to include in a referring expression) as a subgraph construction problem. Cost functions are used to guide the search process and to give preference to some solutions over others. The curr…
Negation and Disjunction in Discourse Representation Theory
La Theorie de la Representation du Discours classique (TRD) predit qu'un SN indefini ne peut preceder un element anaphorique si le SN est -et l'element anaphorique n'est pas- dans le champ de la negation. La theorie predit egalement qu'aucun lien anaphorique n'est possible entre les deux parties de la disjonction. Il existe toutefois des contre-exemples a ces predictions. Les As. examinent ces contre-exemples et proposent une extension a la TRD. …
Prosodic marking of information status in Dutch and Italian
Graph-Based Generation of Referring Expressions
This article describes a new approach to the generation of referring expressions. We propose to formalize a scene (consisting of a set of objects with various properties and relations) as a labeled directed graph and describe content selection (which properties to include in a referring expression) as a subgraph construction problem. Cost functions are used to guide the search process and to give preference to some solutions over others. The curr…
Real versus Template-Based Natural Language Generation
This article challenges the received wisdom that template-based approaches to the generation of language are necessarily inferior to other approaches as regards their maintainability, linguistic well-foundedness, and quality of output. Some recent NLG systems that call themselves “template-based” will illustrate our claims
How Children and Adults Produce and Perceive Uncertainty in Audiovisual Speech
We describe two experiments on signaling and detecting uncertainty in audiovisual speech by adults and children. In the first study, utterances from adult speakers and child speakers (aged 7—8) were elicited and annotated with a set of six audiovisual features. It was found that when adult speakers were uncertain they were more likely to produce fillers, delays, high intonation, eyebrow movements, and “funny faces.” The basic picture for the chil…
Perceiving Focus
The effects of visual beats on prosodic prominence
Generating Multimodal References
This paper presents a new computational model for the generation of multimodal referring expressions, based on observations in human communication. The algorithm is an extension of the graph-based algorithm proposed by The Flashlight Model accounts for various types of pointing gestures of different precisions. Based on a notion of effort the algorithm produces referring expressions combining language and pointing gestures. The algorithm is evalu…
Why Be Articulate? Two ways to look at the Transparency Theory
Facial expression and prosodic prominence
The communicative import of gestures
Does gesturing primarily serve speaker internal purposes, or does it mostly facilitate communication, for example by conveying semantic content, or easing social interaction? To address this question, we asked native speakers of Dutch to retell an animated cartoon to a presumed audiovisual summarizer, a presumed addressee in another room (through web cam), or an addressee in the same room, who could either see them and be seen by them or not. We …
Audiovisual Prosody—Introduction to the Special Issue
Additional services and information for Language and Speech can be found at: Email Alerts: http://las.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://las.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://las.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/52/2-3/129 Downloaded from http://las.sagepub.com
What Computational Linguists Can Learn from Psychologists (and Vice Versa)
Sometimes I am amazed by how much the field of computational linguistics haschanged in the past 15 to 20 years. In the mid-nineties, I was working in a researchinstitute where language and speech technologists worked in relatively close quarters.Speech technology seemed on the verge of a major breakthrough; this was around thetime that Bill Gates was quoted in Business Week as saying that speech was not justthe future of Windows, but the future o…
Crossmodal and incremental perception of audiovisual cues to emotional speech
In this article we report on two experiments about the perception of audiovisual cues to emotional speech. The article addresses two questions: (1) how do visual cues from a speaker’s face to emotion relate to auditory cues, and (2) what is the recognition speed for various facial cues to emotion? Both experiments reported below are based on tests with video clips of emotional utterances collected via a variant of the well-known Velten method. Mo…
Visual prosody of newsreaders
Seeing and Being Seen
Speakers are argued to adapt their language production to their addressee's needs. For instance, speakers produce fewer and smaller hand gestures when interlocutors cannot see each other. Yet is this because speakers know their addressee cannot see them, or because they themselves do not see their addressee? By means of computer-mediated communication we manipulated these factors independently. We found that speakers took into account what their …
Computational Generation of Referring Expressions
This article offers a survey of computational research on referring expression generation (REG). It introduces the REG problem and describes early work in this area, discussing what basic assumptions lie behind it, and showing how its remit has widened in recent years. We discuss computational frameworks underlying REG, and demonstrate a recent trend that seeks to link REG algorithms with well-established Knowledge Representation techniques. Cons…
Factors causing overspecification in definite descriptions
The Role of Social Networking Sites in Early Adolescents’ Social Lives
The aim of this study was to examine the role of social networking sites (SNSs) in early adolescents’ social lives. First, we investigated the relation between SNS use and several aspects of early adolescents’ social lives (i.e., friendship quality, bridging social capital, and bonding social capital). Second, we examined whether there are differences between SNS users and nonusers in terms of their social lives. Drawing on a survey among 3,068 e…
Children’s Expression of Uncertainty in Collaborative and Competitive Contexts
We studied the effect of two social settings (collaborative versus competitive) on the visual and auditory expressions of uncertainty by children in two age groups (8 and 11). We conducted an experiment in which children played a quiz game in pairs. They either had to collaborate or compete with each other. We found that the Feeling-of-Knowing of eight-year-old children did not seem to be affected by the social setting, contrary to the Feeling-of…
White Bear Effects in Language Production
A central problem in recent research on speech production concerns the question to what extent speakers adapt their linguistic expressions to the needs of their addressees. It is claimed that speakers sometimes leak information about objects that are only visible for them and not for their listeners. Previous research only takes the occurrence of adjectives as evidence for the leakage of privileged information. The present study hypothesizes that…
Child–robot interaction across cultures
Choosing referring expressions in Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch
Prominence Patterns in a Second Language
This research describes the production of prosodic cues to mark information structure in Spanish and Dutch. It compares speech by native (L1) and second language (L2) speakers and investigates prosodic transfer from the L1 to the L2, L2 proficiency as a factor in transfer effects, and transfer from the L2 to the L1. The results confirm that Spanish and Dutch natives use different prosodic cues to mark information status. Comparison of L1 and L2 d…
How Do Friends and Strangers Play the Game Taboo ? A Study of Accuracy, Efficiency, Motivation, and the Use of Shared Knowledge
According to common belief, friends communicate more accurately and efficiently than strangers, because they can use uniquely shared knowledge and common knowledge to explain things to each other, while strangers are restricted to common knowledge. To test this belief, we asked friends and strangers to play, via e-mail and face-to-face, the word-description game Taboo, in which objects need to be described without using certain “taboo” words. Whe…
Psychology (40 obras) · Computer Science (33 obras) · Linguistics (22 obras) · Cognitive psychology (21 obras) · Artificial Intelligence (19 obras) · Social Psychology (17 obras) · Perception (14 obras) · Communication (13 obras) · Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies (13 obras) · Philosophy (13 obras)