Yukio Dodo
Biographic Data
| ID | 77548 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Yukio Dodo |
| GIVEN NAMES | Yukio |
| FAMILY NAME | Dodo |
| SIGNATURE | DODO Y |
| AFFILIATIONS | Tohoku University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 56 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 445 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 56 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1972 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2014 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Histomorphological species identification of tiny bone fragments from a Paleolithic site in the Northern Japanese Archipelago
Bone histomorphology is an effective method for species identification of fragmentary osseous remains. The 1997–1998 excavations of the Kashiwadai 1 Upper Paleolithic site (ca. 22–20.5 kyBP) in Hokkaido (the northern island of the Japanese Archipelago) yielded tiny bone fragments, which had been burned to white and broken into pieces less than 1 cm in size, making their species identification by gross morphology alone impossible. For the purpose …
Transverse basilar cleft detected in prehistoric Jomon skulls from Japan
The basilar part of the occipital bone is occasionally partially divided by lateral notches, termed transverse basilar clefts (TBCs). In the present paper, we describe the condition of the TBC in six skulls from prehistoric Jomon sites in the Japanese archipelago and then compare TBC frequencies between the Jomon and recent Japanese cranial series. The frequencies of TBCs in Jomon skulls from the southern Hokkaido and Tohoku districts are higher …
Isotopic evidence of dietary variability in subadults at the Usu-moshiri site of the Epi-Jomon culture, Japan
The Ainu and their neighbors as seen from the perspective of nonmetric cranial trait variation: III. Genealogical relations among the Ainu peoples and their neighbors from prehistoric to recent times
頭蓋形態小変異9項目を指標にして,北海道集団(縄文/続縄文人・アイヌ・オホーツク人)とサハリンアイヌ・アムール川下流域集団・バイカル新石器時代人といった北東アジア集団との親疎関係を求め,それにもとづいてアイヌの成立史を論じた。頭蓋形態小変異にもとづいた各集団の親疎関係の当否は,18項目の頭蓋計測値による分析からも確かめてみた。頭蓋形態小変異による分析でも,その結果を確認するために行った頭蓋計測値による分析でも,比較6集団のなかで,北海道縄文・続縄文人に最も近い距離にあるのは北海道アイヌで,北海道縄文・続縄文人が近世北海道アイヌの母体になった集団であるという従来の言説を追認した。頭蓋形態小変異にもとづく距離分析では,比較6集団のなかで,北海道アイヌに最も近いのはオホーツク人で,頭蓋計測値による判別分析でも,オホーツク人の約3割が北海道アイヌに判別された。これらの所見から,北海道アイヌの祖先集団とオホーツク人は,これまで想定されていた以上に,活発な文化的・遺伝的交流を行っていたのではないか,…
Two hyperostotic non-metric traits, caroticoclinoid foramen and pterygospinous foramen, which appear at an early developmental stage in the human cranium
Hyperostotic non-metric traits of the human cranium are characterized by excessive ossification over the non-anomalous condition. Although hyperostotic traits are considered age-progressive, the appearance of two hyperostotic traits, hypoglossal canal bridging and jugular foramen bridging, has been reported in fetal crania. In the present study, we show the detection of a pterygospinous foramen and two caroticoclinoid foramina in Japanese fetal c…
Population history of northern Vietnamese inferred from nonmetric cranial trait variation
In this study, nine nonmetric cranial traits were recorded for ancient human remains excavated at early prehistoric (the late Pleistocene, early Holocene, and Pre-Pottery Neolithic) and late prehistoric (the Neolithic and early Iron age) archeological sites in northern Vietnam. The comparative samples consist of prehistoric and early historic crania from the lower Yangtze River basin, together with recent cranial series from Vietnam, Thailand, So…
The Ainu and their neighbors as seen from the perspective of nonmetric cranial trait variation: I. The Hokkaido Ainu as a population among East and Northeast Asian peoples
北海道アイヌの成立には,オホーツク人の遺伝的影響がかなり強く及んでいたという近年の研究成果に鑑みて,視野の中心を北海道に据えて,東アジアと北東アジアにおける北海道アイヌの人類学的位置を,頭蓋の形態小変異を指標にして,概観してみた。使用した形態小変異は観察者間誤差の少ない9項目で,日本列島の10集団とサハリンおよび大陸北東アジアの3集団を対象に分析を行った。集団間の親疎関係の推定にはスミスの距離(MMD)を用い,棒グラフとMMDマトリックスの主座標分析で集団間の相互関係を図示した。オホーツク人は北海道アイヌとサハリン・アムール・バイカルといった北東アジア集団のほぼ中間に位置したが,北海道アイヌとの形態距離はかなり近く,北海道や本州の縄文人と同程度であった。これに対して,大陸東アジアにその原郷が求められる弥生系集団は,北海道アイヌから遠く離れていた。9項目による分析結果が妥当なものであったかどうかを検証し,さらに,北海道の続縄文人の形態学的な位置づけを明らかにするために,著者のひとりが独自に…
The Ainu and their neighbors as seen from the perspective of nonmetric cranial trait variation: II. Regional differences among the Ainu peoples in Hokkaido and Sakhalin
北海道の南西部,中央部,および北東部のアイヌにサハリンアイヌを加えたアイヌ4地域集団を対象にして,日本本土と琉球諸島諸集団の地域差と比較しながら,アイヌの地域差とはいったいどの程度のものであったのかを,頭蓋形態小変異20項目を指標にして評価してみた。地域差の大小関係は,スミスの距離(MMD)を尺度として比較した。北海道アイヌ3集団の地域差の程度は,奄美・沖縄・先島の琉球諸島近世人3集団の地域差よりはやや大きく,東北・関東・九州の日本本土の現代人3集団の地域差とほぼ同程度であった。北海道アイヌのなかでは,道北東部アイヌが道南西部および道中央部のアイヌとやや距離を置く傾向が観察された。サハリンアイヌは北海道アイヌから相当程度遠く離れ,その距離(MMD)の平均値は,北海道アイヌ3地域集団相互の距離の平均値の約4倍にも達した。このような関係は,18項目の頭蓋計測値にもとづいたマハラノビスの距離(D2)でも確かめられた
Genotype frequencies of the ABCC11 gene in 2000-3000-year-old human bones from the Epi-Jomon and Jomon sites in Hokkaido, Japan
In order to investigate further the allele frequencies of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette sub-family C11 (ABCC11) gene, which determines earwax phenotypes, among ancient populations in Hokkaido, Japan, the single-nucleotide polymorphism and the 27 bp deletion in the ABCC11 gene were analyzed in ancient DNA extracted from 38 Epi-Jomon, 24 Jomon, and one Satsumon specimens excavated from various archaeological sites in Hokkaido. Of the …
Supraorbital foramen and hypoglossal canal bridging revisited: Their Worldwide Frequency Distribution
The frequency distribution of supraorbital foramen (SOF) and hypoglossal canal bridging (HGCB) is investigated using the data of 71 cranial samples from various regions of the world. These two traits are confirmed to be effective in distinguishing between major human populations in the world. The unique incidence pattern of a low frequency of SOF and a high frequency of HGCB places the Jomon/Ainu in Japan in an outlying position in regard to majo…
Histomorphological Discrimination between Human and Nonhuman Bones of Fragmentary Osteal Remains: Analyses of Burnt Bones from the Ancient Heian Site in the Northern Tohoku District, Japan
骨の組織形態学的検討は,動物種の同定に有効な方法である。青森県朝日山(2)遺跡から平安時代の焼骨片が出土したが,小片のため肉眼形態観察では種の同定が困難であった。そこでヒトかそれ以外の動物なのか鑑別することを目的として,出土四肢骨骨幹部片4点を薄切し,骨組織形態の観察と計測的検討を行なった。比較資料として,ヒト・クマ・ウマ・イノシシ・ニホンジカ・カモシカ・ウシの四肢長骨を用いた。比較資料の骨組織形態計測の結果,ヒトのハバース管の面積(H.Ar)とオステオンの面積に対するハバース管の面積の比(H-On示数)は他の動物より有意に大きい傾向があり,人獣鑑別の指標として優れていた。朝日山(2)遺跡出土焼骨について,焼成による収縮の影響を考慮しながら検討した結果,出土骨試料4点のうち3点は人骨とみなしてさしつかえないと考えられた。残る1点はヒトあるいはウマの可能性があるが,どちらかといえばヒトに近いと考えられた。出土焼骨は火葬された人骨と推察され,平安時代の青森地方に火葬習俗が存在した可能性が示唆…
Interpretation of craniometric variation in northeastern Japan, the Tohoku region
It is now generally held that the Neolithic Jomon people with generalized craniofacial features occupied the entire Japanese archipelago. Around 2300–1300 years BP, migrants from somewhere in eastern Asia to the southwestern part of Japan admixed with the indigenous Jomon descendants. Based on this population history, it is expected to find clinal variation of genetic as well as phenotypic traits over space and time, as well as population groups …
Dental characteristics of Tohoku residents in Japan: Implications for biological affinity with ancient Emishi
The population history of Japan has been widely interpreted in terms of an original Jomon occupation from the Neolithic period followed by admixture with Yayoi immigrants associated with the spread of rice farming agriculture from western Japan. According to this perspective, the people in areas remote from the western mainland island of Honshu, Japan would be less affected by the genes of immigrants. This article uses metric and nonmetric dental…
In Search for Ainu's Signs in the Tohoku Region, Japan: Cranial Metric and Nonmetric Analyses of Unearthed Human Skeletal Remains
南東北(宮城・福島・山形)由来の古墳時代人・古代人と北東北(青森・岩手・秋田)由来の江戸時代人の頭蓋について,計測的分析と形態小変異の分析を行い,これら東北地方の古人骨に,縄文人やアイヌの形態的特徴が,どの程度遺残しているかを調べた。比較資料として,東日本縄文人,北海道アイヌ,関東の古墳時代人と江戸時代人,それに北部九州の古墳時代人と江戸時代人の頭蓋を用いた。計測的分析では,顔面平坦度計測を含めた18項目の頭蓋計測値を用い,マハラノビスの距離(D2)にもとづいた分析と線形判別分析を試みた。頭蓋形態小変異については,観察者間誤差が少なく,日本列島集団の類別に有効であることが知られている6項目に絞って,スミスの距離(MMD)にもとづく分析を行った。D2でもMMDでも,縄文人に最も近いのは北海道アイヌであったが,東北地方の古墳時代人(計測的分析では古代人も含む)がこれに次いでおり,古墳時代でも江戸時代でも,九州→関東→東北→北海道アイヌまたは東日本縄文人という,明瞭な地理的勾配が観察された。同…
Nonmetric cranial variation in human skeletal remains associated with Okhotsk culture
Population affinities and biological variation in human skeletal series associated with the Okhotsk culture from Hokkaido and Sakhalin Islands from the 5th to 12th centuries AD are investigated using 19 nonmetric cranial traits. The Okhotsk crania have a higher frequency of the supraorbital foramen than the Hokkaido Ainu and Jomon, while the frequency of the transverse zygomatic suture vestige in the Okhotsk is as high as in the Jomon. The mean m…
Morphometric affinity of the late Neolithic human remains from Man Bac, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam: Key Skeletons With Which to Debate the 'Two Layer' Hypothesis
The excavation of the Man Bac site (c. 3800-3500 years BP) in Ninh Binh Province, Northern Vietnam, yielded a large mortuary assemblage. A total of 31 inhumations were recovered during the 2004-2005 excavation. Multivariate comparisons using cranial and dental metrics demonstrated close affinities of the Man Bac people to later early Metal Age Dong Son Vietnamese and early and modern samples from southern China including the Neolithic to Western …
Severe developmental defects of enamel in a human skeleton of the Final Jomon age from the Nakazawahama shell-mound, Iwate, Japan
In an adult human skeleton of the Final Jomon age excavated at the Nakazawahama shell-mound in Iwate Prefecture, northeastern Japan, grooved enamel defects (about 2 mm in width) were observed circumferentially around the dental crowns of the upper left central incisor, upper right lateral incisor, and upper right canine. Observations of the crown surface using a stereomicroscope and evaluations of soft X-ray images revealed severe developmental d…
Terminal Pleistocene human skeleton from Hang Cho Cave, northern Vietnam: Implications for the biological affinities of Hoabinhian people
An excavation at the cave site of Hang Cho in northern Vietnam resulted in the discovery of a terminal Pleistocene human skeleton in a relatively good state of preservation. The material culture from this site belongs to the pre-ceramic Hoabinhian period. An AMS radiocarbon date on a tooth sample extracted from this individual gives a calibrated age of 10450 ± 300 years BP. In discussions of the population history of Southeast Asia, it has been r…
Kinship analysis of the Jomon skeletons unearthed from a double burial at the Usu-Moshiri site, Hokkaido, Japan
Kinship analysis was performed on a Jomon double burial from the Usu-Moshiri site in Hokkaido, Japan, using odontometric data in conjunction with mitochondrial DNA data. Q-mode correlations with respect to tooth crown measurements indicated a low similarity between the two adult female skeletons found from this burial. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed that these individuals were not maternal relatives. Consequently, judging from both…
Ethnogenesis and craniofacial change in Japan from the perspective of nonmetric traits
To examine population affinities in light of the ‘dual structure model’, frequencies of 21 \nnonmetric cranial traits were analyzed in 17 prehistoric to recent samples from Japan and five from \ncontinental northeast Asia. Eight bivariate plots, each representing a different bone or region of the \nskull, as well as cluster analysis of 21-trait mean measures of divergence using multidimensional scaling \nand additive tree techniques, revealed goo…
Discovery of a second human molar and cranium fragment in the late Middle to Late Pleistocene cave of Ma U'Oi (Northern Vietnam)
A possible case of spondyloarthropathy in a prehistoric Japanese skeleton
Palaeopathology helps to define the migration of past diseases. Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of spondyloarthropathy (SpA). We report skeletal remains with SpA from the Jomon period in Japan. The skeleton is of a female who died at a young adult age. The skeleton had characteristic features seen in SpA as follows: (1) polyarticular arthritis; (2) erosions accompanying some bone formation; (3) enthesial ossificat…
Bone histomorphology of the Dederiyeh Neanderthal child
To clarify bone formation and growth in Neanderthal children, we prepared a femoral midshaft cross-section of the Dederiyeh 1 Neanderthal child (ca. 2 years old) discovered in Syria, and compared its bone histomorphology with that of modern children aged 0–6 years. Bone histomorphometry was performed with regard to six parameters, i.e. cortical width, percent osteonal bone, osteon population density, non-Haversian canal population density, second…
Dental Morphology of a Child Skeleton from the Hamashiriya Shell-mound, Aomori Prefecture, Japan
青森県下北半島浜尻屋貝塚の2002年の発掘調査において,中世に属する1体の小児人骨が出土した。本研究では,歯冠の計測値および非計測的形質について日本列島の各時代の集団との比較分析を行うことで,浜尻屋人骨の帰属集団を探った。歯冠サイズに関しては,浜尻屋人骨はアイヌと中世本土日本人の双方にオーバーラップしており,そのどちらに近いかを明らかにすることは難しかった。一方,非計測的形質に関しては,上顎前歯部の弱いシャベル形質や,下顎第二乳臼歯に見られたmiddle trigonid crestは,より縄文人的すなわちアイヌ的な形質特性を意味するものと思われた。以上を踏まえると,浜尻屋人骨は少なくとも渡来的形質を持った本土日本人ではなく,アイヌ,もしくは縄文・アイヌ的形質を備えた本土日本人のどちらかに属する可能性が高いと考えられた
Characterization of biological diversity through analysis of discrete cranial traits
In the present study, the frequency distributions of 20 discrete cranial traits in 70 major human populations from around the world were analyzed. The principal‐coordinate and neighbor‐joining analyses of Smith's mean measure of divergence (MMD), based on trait frequencies, indicate that 1) the clustering pattern is similar to those based on classic genetic markers, DNA polymorphisms, and craniometrics; 2) significant interregional separation and…
Ethnogenesis and craniofacial change in Japan from the perspective of nonmetric traits
To examine population affinities in light of the ‘dual structure model’, frequencies of 21 \nnonmetric cranial traits were analyzed in 17 prehistoric to recent samples from Japan and five from \ncontinental northeast Asia. Eight bivariate plots, each representing a different bone or region of the \nskull, as well as cluster analysis of 21-trait mean measures of divergence using multidimensional scaling \nand additive tree techniques, revealed goo…
Cranial Affinities of the Epi-Jomon Inhabitants in Hokkaido, Japan
A close resemblance between the prehistoric Jomon and modern Ainu in skeletal morphology is now widely accepted. To confirm that the Ainu are actually descended from the Jomon, all available skulls of the Epi-Jomon period in Hokkaido, roughly contemporaneous with the Yayoi and Kofun periods in mainland Japan (ca. 300 BC-700 AD), were intensively investigated in terms of metric and nonmetic variations. Craniometric analyses based on Mahalanobis' D…
Characterization of biological diversity through analysis of discrete cranial traits
In the present study, the frequency distributions of 20 discrete cranial traits in 70 major human populations from around the world were analyzed. The principal‐coordinate and neighbor‐joining analyses of Smith's mean measure of divergence (MMD), based on trait frequencies, indicate that 1) the clustering pattern is similar to those based on classic genetic markers, DNA polymorphisms, and craniometrics; 2) significant interregional separation and…
Neanderthal infant burial from the Dederiyeh cave in Syria
Une sépulture bien préservée d'un enfant Néandertal fut trouvée en 1993 dans la grotte de Dederyeh en Syrie. Les restes de cet enfant, environ deux ans d'âge, ont été dégagés dans les dépôts moustériens. La position du dos, les bras étendus et les jambes fléchies indiquent une sépulture intentionelle. Cette sépulture apporte de nouvelles données sur l'association entre les Néandertals et l'industrie de type Tabun В ainsi que sur la distribution d…
Ainu and Ryukyuan Cranial Nonmetric Variation: Evidence which Disputes the Ainu-Ryukyu Common Origin Theory
Presence or absence of 22 nonmetric traits was recorded in the crania from the islands of Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima of the Ryukyu Islands. Their trait-frequency patterns were compared with the samples from East/Southeast Asia and the world using Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD) statistic, principal coordinate analysis, and neighbor-joining clustering algorithm. The results indicated that the Ryukyuan samples aligned with the East/Sout…
Nonmetric cranial variation in human skeletal remains associated with Okhotsk culture
Population affinities and biological variation in human skeletal series associated with the Okhotsk culture from Hokkaido and Sakhalin Islands from the 5th to 12th centuries AD are investigated using 19 nonmetric cranial traits. The Okhotsk crania have a higher frequency of the supraorbital foramen than the Hokkaido Ainu and Jomon, while the frequency of the transverse zygomatic suture vestige in the Okhotsk is as high as in the Jomon. The mean m…
Terminal Pleistocene human skeleton from Hang Cho Cave, northern Vietnam: Implications for the biological affinities of Hoabinhian people
An excavation at the cave site of Hang Cho in northern Vietnam resulted in the discovery of a terminal Pleistocene human skeleton in a relatively good state of preservation. The material culture from this site belongs to the pre-ceramic Hoabinhian period. An AMS radiocarbon date on a tooth sample extracted from this individual gives a calibrated age of 10450 ± 300 years BP. In discussions of the population history of Southeast Asia, it has been r…
Morphometric affinity of the late Neolithic human remains from Man Bac, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam: Key Skeletons With Which to Debate the 'Two Layer' Hypothesis
The excavation of the Man Bac site (c. 3800-3500 years BP) in Ninh Binh Province, Northern Vietnam, yielded a large mortuary assemblage. A total of 31 inhumations were recovered during the 2004-2005 excavation. Multivariate comparisons using cranial and dental metrics demonstrated close affinities of the Man Bac people to later early Metal Age Dong Son Vietnamese and early and modern samples from southern China including the Neolithic to Western …
Morphologic and Genetic Evidence for the Kinship of Juvenile Skeletal Specimens from a 2,000 Year-old Double Burial of the Usu-Moshiri Site, Hokkaido, Japan
This paper presents a case study of a double burial at the 2,000 year-old Usu-Moshiri Epi-Jomon site in Hokkaido, Japan, using detailed odontometric analysis in conjunction with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis in order to more precisely assess their kinship. Consanguinity between the two juveniles found in this burial was suggested by the archaeological context as well as by preliminary morphological studies of the skeletons. Mitochondrial DNA…
Flatness of Facial Skeletons of Ryukyuans
Following the method of Yamaguchi (1973), a series of facial flatness measurements were taken from crania from the islands of Amami, Okinawa and Sakishima of the Ryukyu Islands. These measurements were compared with each other and with measurements of cranial series from other Japanese Islands, insular and continental Northeast Asia and Europe. Among the three Ryukyuan samples, the facial skeletons of Sakishima are least flattened. Nevertheless, …
The Neanderthal Remains from Dederiyeh Cave, Syria: Interim Report
Dederiyeh No. 2, a large cave site in northwestern Syria, was chosen for excavation after an extensive reconnaissance survey in the Afrin region in 1987 under the Syrian-Japan joint expedition. The cave is about 60km NW of Aleppo, the second largest city of Syria. The preliminary excavations of 1989 and 1990 uncovered a number of fragmentary human remains as well as rich lithic and faunal assemblages. The lithic industries of the cave are compose…
Discovery of a second human molar and cranium fragment in the late Middle to Late Pleistocene cave of Ma U'Oi (Northern Vietnam)
Interpretation of craniometric variation in northeastern Japan, the Tohoku region
It is now generally held that the Neolithic Jomon people with generalized craniofacial features occupied the entire Japanese archipelago. Around 2300–1300 years BP, migrants from somewhere in eastern Asia to the southwestern part of Japan admixed with the indigenous Jomon descendants. Based on this population history, it is expected to find clinal variation of genetic as well as phenotypic traits over space and time, as well as population groups …
Kinship analysis of the Jomon skeletons unearthed from a double burial at the Usu-Moshiri site, Hokkaido, Japan
Kinship analysis was performed on a Jomon double burial from the Usu-Moshiri site in Hokkaido, Japan, using odontometric data in conjunction with mitochondrial DNA data. Q-mode correlations with respect to tooth crown measurements indicated a low similarity between the two adult female skeletons found from this burial. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed that these individuals were not maternal relatives. Consequently, judging from both…
Population history of northern Vietnamese inferred from nonmetric cranial trait variation
In this study, nine nonmetric cranial traits were recorded for ancient human remains excavated at early prehistoric (the late Pleistocene, early Holocene, and Pre-Pottery Neolithic) and late prehistoric (the Neolithic and early Iron age) archeological sites in northern Vietnam. The comparative samples consist of prehistoric and early historic crania from the lower Yangtze River basin, together with recent cranial series from Vietnam, Thailand, So…
Bone histomorphology of the Dederiyeh Neanderthal child
To clarify bone formation and growth in Neanderthal children, we prepared a femoral midshaft cross-section of the Dederiyeh 1 Neanderthal child (ca. 2 years old) discovered in Syria, and compared its bone histomorphology with that of modern children aged 0–6 years. Bone histomorphometry was performed with regard to six parameters, i.e. cortical width, percent osteonal bone, osteon population density, non-Haversian canal population density, second…
Bony Bridging of the Mylohyoid Groove of the Human Mandible
Bony bridging of the mylohyoid groove of the mandible (mylohyoid bridging) is one of the minor cranial variants and its frequencies in human groups have been used for population studies. Its value as a genetic marker, however, has not yet been established. Formalin-fixed human lower jaws of 16 individuals and human mandibles of 2, 158 individuals were morphologically and statistically examined. The findings indicate that the two basic types of my…
Severe developmental defects of enamel in a human skeleton of the Final Jomon age from the Nakazawahama shell-mound, Iwate, Japan
In an adult human skeleton of the Final Jomon age excavated at the Nakazawahama shell-mound in Iwate Prefecture, northeastern Japan, grooved enamel defects (about 2 mm in width) were observed circumferentially around the dental crowns of the upper left central incisor, upper right lateral incisor, and upper right canine. Observations of the crown surface using a stereomicroscope and evaluations of soft X-ray images revealed severe developmental d…
Intra- and Interobserver Errors in Facial Flatness Measurements
This study examines intra-and interobserver errors in the facial flatness measurements defined by Yamaguchi (1973) using two-way ANOVA with replication.The sample used consists of 10 recent Japanese skulls from Tohoku District.These skulls are measured twice by each of 6 observers.The interactions between skulls and observers are significant in the frontal chord, the simotic subtense, and the zygomaxillary chord.In the latter 2 items, interobserv…
Nonmetric cranial variation and the populational affinities of the Pacific peoples
Nonmetric traits of Hawaiian and Chamorro skulls were examined for evidence bearing on their populational affinities. Distance analyses reveal that the Hawaiian and Chamorro people, although not very near each other, are both closer to the East Asian than to the Jomon‐Ainu or to the Arctic peoples. Our study of nonmetric cranial variation does not suggest an affinity between the Jomon and Pacific peoples. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Histomorphological species identification of tiny bone fragments from a Paleolithic site in the Northern Japanese Archipelago
Bone histomorphology is an effective method for species identification of fragmentary osseous remains. The 1997–1998 excavations of the Kashiwadai 1 Upper Paleolithic site (ca. 22–20.5 kyBP) in Hokkaido (the northern island of the Japanese Archipelago) yielded tiny bone fragments, which had been burned to white and broken into pieces less than 1 cm in size, making their species identification by gross morphology alone impossible. For the purpose …
Isotopic evidence of dietary variability in subadults at the Usu-moshiri site of the Epi-Jomon culture, Japan
Supraorbital foramen and hypoglossal canal bridging revisited: Their Worldwide Frequency Distribution
The frequency distribution of supraorbital foramen (SOF) and hypoglossal canal bridging (HGCB) is investigated using the data of 71 cranial samples from various regions of the world. These two traits are confirmed to be effective in distinguishing between major human populations in the world. The unique incidence pattern of a low frequency of SOF and a high frequency of HGCB places the Jomon/Ainu in Japan in an outlying position in regard to majo…
Metric and Non-metric Characters of the Jomon Skulls from the Ebishima Shell-Mound in Northeastern Honshu, Japan
The metric and non-metric data on 32 human skulls excavated at the Ebishima (alias Kaitori) shell-mound in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, are provided for future anthropological analyses. The skeletal remains date back to the Late and/or Latest phases (ca. 2, 500 B.C. to ca. 300 B.C.) of the Jomon period. Preliminary comparisons of cranial measurements among five Jomon local populations indicate that, in both sexes, the Jomon people of the Tohoku distr…
A population study of the jugular foramen bridging of the human cranium
The author previously proposed a simple standard for diagnosing the jugular foramen bridging in man. The incidence of this bridging trait was investigated according to that standard in nine cranial series of East Indians, Micronesians, Japanese, Ainu, Mongols, Aleuts, Alaskan Eskimos, Canadian Eskimos, and Ontario Iroquois. No sex difference in incidence of the trait was recognized. Side difference in trait incidence was also slight but was stati…
Aural Exostoses in the Human Skeletal Remains Excavated in Hokkido
Frequencies of the aural exostoses were examined in the crania of the recent Ainu and the remains of pre-Ainu periods in Hokkaido as well as the modern Japanese in Kanto district.Since slight excrescences or tumefactions, especially on the anterior wall, are too ambiguous to be objectively diagnosed, the minimum sizes for the diagnosis were defined on the anterior and the posterior walls respectively of the external auditory canal as shown in Fig…
Non-Metrical Cranial Traits in the Hokkaido Ainu and the Northern Japanese of Recent Times
Twenty-three non-metrical cranial traits were investigated in two recent Ainu and two recent Japanese population samples of Northern Japan origin.The incidences of the traits were analyzed with respect to sex and group differences.The results were discussed chiefly from the viewpoint of the hyperostotic-hypostotic dichotomy advocated by OSSENBERG (1970), taking age differences and mutual correlations affecting the trait incidences into consider-a…
Appearance of Bony Bridging of the Hypoglossal Canal during the Fetal Period
Bony bridging of the hypoglossal canal was observed in 10% of 160 Japanese fetal crania. The incidence was slightly lower than that in any Japanese adult cranial series compared. The anatomical nature of the bridging in fetuses was substantially the same as that in adults. It was inferred that in the majority of cases the bridging trait makes its appearance during the fetal period. These findings were discussed from the anthropological point of v…
Prehistoric Jomon Skulls from the Satohama Shell-Mound in Miyato Island: 松本彦七郎博士発掘資料
A total of 18 human skeletal remains of the Latest Jomon period had been uncovered by the late Prof. H. MATSUMOTO in 1918 and 1919 at the Satohama shell-mound, Miyato Island, Miyagi Prefecture, Tohoku District (Table 1). Of these skeletal remains, seven adult skulls (4 male and 3 female) and one adolescent female skull were measured and described (Table 2 and Table 3).These skulls possessed the following craniological features characteristic of J…
A Metrical Analysis of Jomon Crania from the Tohoku District
The metrical data of 29 adult male crania of the Middle to Final Jomon periods from various sites in the Tohoku district were compiled and averaged. The names of the sites, numbers of crania and authors responsible for the measurements are given in Table 1. The locations of the sites are illustrated in Fig. 2
A Human Skull from the Medieval Suzaki-Tate Site, Hokkaido
An adult male skull (K-25) was found at a medieval castle site (Suzaki-tate) in Kamino-kuni-cho, southern Hokkaido. The skull was covered with a ceramic mortar of Suzu-Ware dated in the mid-fifteenth century A.D.The morphology of the K-25 skull, both metrically and non-metrically, was far closer to that of the Japanese crania in Honshu than to that of the Ainu crania in Hokkaido.The cranial features generally accepted as characteristic of the med…
A Human Skeletal Remain from the Shikanohama: Site on Sabusawa Island, Shiogama, Miyagi Prefecture
One of the skeletons of the human skeletal collection of the late Prof. H. MATSUMOTO of Tohoku Imperial University has not been considered to be a skeleton of Jomon origin from the morphological point of view. This skeletal remain consists of only a skull and left femur, on both of which are written in red paint the labels "Urato Sabusawajima Shikanohama ". Although no one knows the archaeological background of this skeleton, the site yielding th…
On the So-called "Isolated Bone Fragment" in the Maxillary Sinus Found in Jomon Skulls from Hokkaido
Unusual bone proliferations within both maxillary sinuses of two skulls (No.2-child and No. 6-adult) belonging to the Late Jomon period excavated from the shell-mound of the Mitsuya cave site in southern Hokkaido were described and discussed from the palaeopathological point of view.Smooth surfaced bone proliferation in the maxillary sinus was characterized by a large and ellipsoid bone mass which had many bone-bridges or foot-like processes comb…
A study of the facial flatness in several cranial series from East Asia and North America
Three sets of facial flatness measurements were taken of five Mongoloid cranial series from North America, and two Mongoloid and one Caucasoid cranial series from East Asia. The data of the Ainu and Japanese quoted from YAMAGUCHI (1973) were also used as a comparison. The definitions of measurements and indices of flatness were the same as described by YAMAGUCHI (l, c.). Correlation between sexes measured by the SPEARMAN rank correlation coeffici…
A population study of the jugular foramen bridging of the human cranium
The author previously proposed a simple standard for diagnosing the jugular foramen bridging in man. The incidence of this bridging trait was investigated according to that standard in nine cranial series of East Indians, Micronesians, Japanese, Ainu, Mongols, Aleuts, Alaskan Eskimos, Canadian Eskimos, and Ontario Iroquois. No sex difference in incidence of the trait was recognized. Side difference in trait incidence was also slight but was stati…
Supraorbital foramen and hypoglossal canal bridging: The two most suggestive nonmetric cranial traits in discriminating major racial groupings of man
Anatomical and developmental characteristics of the supraorbital foramen and hypoglossal canal bridging were reviewed. Scoring of the foramen on the supraorbital margin opening to the orbital cavity as the supraorbital foramen was recommended in order to simplify the criterion for trait judgement. The two traits were classified in the hyperostotic category on the basis of their developmental nature. Incidence data of the two traits were compared …
Incidences of nonmetric cranial variants in several population samples from East Asia and North America
Incidence data of nonmetric cranial variants were presented for the Mongolian, Alaskan Eskimo, Canadian Eskimo, Aleut, Ontario Iroquois, Japanese, and Ainu samples. Since the SMITH'S MMDs based on the data of male series were highly correlated with those based on the data of pooledsex series, the latter MMDs were employed for interpopulation comparisons. The results of the cluster analysis and principal co-ordinates analysis faithfully reflected …
Interobserver error in scoring nonmetric cranial traits
Interobserver errors in scoring presence or absence were investigated for 31 nonmetric cranial traits based on a sample of 203 almost complete Polynesian skulls using the correlation coefficients of attributes. The * 5 coefficients for all 31 traits were statistically significant at the 0.01 level. When the * value of + 0.7 was regarded as the critical point for assessing interobserver replicability, 20 traits were selected. Since the MMD on thes…
Population history of Japan as viewed from cranial nonmetric variation
Incidence data of cranial nonmetric traits were analysed in eight population samples from Japan, ranging in age from 4,000 B.P. to the present time. The trait frequencies were extremely homogeneous in the Japanese samples during the last 600 years from early medieval to modern times when no significant gene flow from overseas was evident in Japan. It was inferred that the incidence pattern of cranial nonmetric traits faithfully reflected the Japa…
A Human Skeleton of the Satsumon Period from the Shimodanosawa Site, Akkeshi-cho, Eastern Hokkaido
北海道東部の厚岸町下田ノ沢遺跡より,1966年,1体の擦文時代人骨が発見された。人骨は頭骨ほぼ全体と体幹•体肢骨の一部が,人類学的研究に耐え得る状態に保存されていた。年齢,性別は成年女性である。頭骨の計測値に基づいた距離計算では,アイヌよりも東北日本人にやや近いという結果が得られたが,歯の計測値に基づく距離計算と頭骨の非計測的小変異に基づく分析の結果は,本人骨が明らかにアイヌに帰属することを示した。体幹•体肢骨の計測と観察の結果もこれを支持するものであった。頭骨の非計測的小変異では,関節面を有する典型的な第3後頭顆の発現が注目された。分析結果を総合的に解釈すると,下田ノ沢擦文時代人骨の形質は,近世北海道アイヌのそれと基本的に変わるところがないと結論される
Consistency of Nonmetric Cranial Trait Expression during the Last 2,000 Years in the Habitants of the Central Islands of Japan
Incidences of 22 nonmetric cranial traits were compared through uni-and multi-variate procedures between seven cranial series from the central islands of Japan covering the past 4, 000 years of Japanese population history. The results indicated that there is a clear difference in the incidence of nonmetric traits between the native Jomon and the immigrant Yayoi, but thereafter, the incidence has remained stable over the 2, 000 years from the Yayo…
Nonmetric cranial variation and the populational affinities of the Pacific peoples
Nonmetric traits of Hawaiian and Chamorro skulls were examined for evidence bearing on their populational affinities. Distance analyses reveal that the Hawaiian and Chamorro people, although not very near each other, are both closer to the East Asian than to the Jomon‐Ainu or to the Arctic peoples. Our study of nonmetric cranial variation does not suggest an affinity between the Jomon and Pacific peoples. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
The Neanderthal Remains from Dederiyeh Cave, Syria: Interim Report
Dederiyeh No. 2, a large cave site in northwestern Syria, was chosen for excavation after an extensive reconnaissance survey in the Afrin region in 1987 under the Syrian-Japan joint expedition. The cave is about 60km NW of Aleppo, the second largest city of Syria. The preliminary excavations of 1989 and 1990 uncovered a number of fragmentary human remains as well as rich lithic and faunal assemblages. The lithic industries of the cave are compose…
Neanderthal infant burial from the Dederiyeh cave in Syria
Une sépulture bien préservée d'un enfant Néandertal fut trouvée en 1993 dans la grotte de Dederyeh en Syrie. Les restes de cet enfant, environ deux ans d'âge, ont été dégagés dans les dépôts moustériens. La position du dos, les bras étendus et les jambes fléchies indiquent une sépulture intentionelle. Cette sépulture apporte de nouvelles données sur l'association entre les Néandertals et l'industrie de type Tabun В ainsi que sur la distribution d…
Cranial variation in prehistoric human skeletal remains from the Marianas
Nonmetric cranial variation and facial flatness of the Pacific and circum-Pacific populations are investigated. The peoples of the Marianas, eastern Polynesia and Hawaii form a cluster and show affinities in terms of nonmetric cranial variation with the Southeast and East Asians rather than with the Jomon-Ainu, a view which is widely supported by others. Facial flatness analysis also indicates that Polynesians have different patterns of facial pr…
Ainu and Ryukyuan Cranial Nonmetric Variation: Evidence which Disputes the Ainu-Ryukyu Common Origin Theory
Presence or absence of 22 nonmetric traits was recorded in the crania from the islands of Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima of the Ryukyu Islands. Their trait-frequency patterns were compared with the samples from East/Southeast Asia and the world using Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD) statistic, principal coordinate analysis, and neighbor-joining clustering algorithm. The results indicated that the Ryukyuan samples aligned with the East/Sout…
Influence of the Interproximal Attrition of Teeth on the Formation of Neanderthal Retromolar Space
Sixteen Neanderthal mandibles together with those of five European middle Pleistocene Homo specimens, and over one hundred prehistoric Jomon crania from Japan were examined to clarify whether the presence of large retromolar space, one of the unique facial features of Neanderthals, is at least in part a consequence of forward migration of the teeth caused by heavy interproximal attrition. When the Neanderthal and the Jomon samples were divided ac…
Intra- and Interobserver Errors in Facial Flatness Measurements
This study examines intra-and interobserver errors in the facial flatness measurements defined by Yamaguchi (1973) using two-way ANOVA with replication.The sample used consists of 10 recent Japanese skulls from Tohoku District.These skulls are measured twice by each of 6 observers.The interactions between skulls and observers are significant in the frontal chord, the simotic subtense, and the zygomaxillary chord.In the latter 2 items, interobserv…
Flatness of Facial Skeletons of Ryukyuans
Following the method of Yamaguchi (1973), a series of facial flatness measurements were taken from crania from the islands of Amami, Okinawa and Sakishima of the Ryukyu Islands. These measurements were compared with each other and with measurements of cranial series from other Japanese Islands, insular and continental Northeast Asia and Europe. Among the three Ryukyuan samples, the facial skeletons of Sakishima are least flattened. Nevertheless, …
Bony Bridging of the Mylohyoid Groove of the Human Mandible
Bony bridging of the mylohyoid groove of the mandible (mylohyoid bridging) is one of the minor cranial variants and its frequencies in human groups have been used for population studies. Its value as a genetic marker, however, has not yet been established. Formalin-fixed human lower jaws of 16 individuals and human mandibles of 2, 158 individuals were morphologically and statistically examined. The findings indicate that the two basic types of my…
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