G Eriksson
Biographic Data
| ID | 7823 |
|---|---|
| NAME | G Eriksson |
| GIVEN NAMES | G |
| FAMILY NAME | Eriksson |
| SIGNATURE | ERIKSSON G |
| AFFILIATIONS | Örebro University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1089-5819 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 98 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2009 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
The booming market for functional drinks in China: A multimodal critical discourse analysis of how packaging conveys notions of health
In the context of the rising emphasis on health and healthy dieting in China, this article focuses on the booming market of functional drinks. The global market for such drinks has grown steadily and currently big international producers as well as local companies make huge investments in this field. The study concentrates on how functional drinks are promoted through their packaging design to appeal to Chinese consumers. Using the analytical too…
Introduction to Special Issue on Food Packaging: Marketized health in the world’s cupboards
The subtle codification of science through integrated design: A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the online marketing of vitamin patches
Under neoliberal regimes, diminishing state support and care infrastructures have repositioned health as an individual responsibility (Petersen & Lupton, 1996). As a result, health has become both
How mobile mental health applications promote entrepreneurial ways of life: A multimodal critical discourse analysis of interface design
This study uses multimodal critical discourse analysis to explore the growing market of mental health applications (MHapps), particularly those using sound and music to promote wellbeing. Focusing on NuCalm, Endel and BrainTap, it examines the design and functionalities of their interfaces, revealing the underlying assumptions, values and ideologies embedded in their structures. It finds that these apps are structured around a script of self-mana…
Introduction: Discourse at the intersection of digital design and user agency
Historicizing the marketing of plant-based meat substitutes: A multimodal analysis of Sanitas Nut Food Company advertisements, 1896-1901
This paper historicizes the contemporary meat substitutes trend by analyzing advertisements from the Sanitas Nut Food Company, founded by Dr John Harvey Kellogg, during its first five years of operation (1896-1901). Using visual social semiotics, it explores the rhetorical and multimodal strategies used in the advertisements, finding that Sanitas marketed its meat substitute products by drawing upon four meat myths—normal, natural, necessary, and…
Blurring the Boundaries Between Medicine and Food: The Canny Marketing of Läkerol in Early Twentieth-Century Sweden
This paper explores the early marketing practices (1910-1940) of the Swedish cough drop brand Läkerol, demonstrating how it capitalised on the 'spaces of confusion' posed by the product's liminality between food and medicine to create a slick marketing campaign inspired by the tried-and-tested formulas of the food industry. Advertisements used a range of strategies, such as expert and role model testimonials, humorous and serious newsjacking and …
How cosmetic apps fragmentise and metricise the female face: A multimodal critical discourse analysis
In the present time, we see a rapid development of so-called cosmetic apps promoted by prominent cosmetic companies. Although there is an emerging market for male consumers, these apps are marketed as technological innovations designed to analyse, rate and evaluate mainly women’s facial appearances through the submission of a selfie. Based on the results generated from the selfie, personalised solutions are offered in the form of recommended prod…
The masculinization of domestic cooking: A historical study of Swedish cookbooks for men
This study analyzes how men’s domestic cooking is represented and masculinized in cookbooks, written by men for men and published in 1975, 1992, and 2010, respectively. Departing from the concept of domestic masculinities, it uses the methods of Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis. It asks: what kind of values and ideas connected to men, food, and the home are realized in texts and images? And how are these legitimized and naturalized? As the …
Modern science, moral mothers, and mythical nature: A multimodal analysis of cod liver oil marketing in Sweden, 1920-1930
This paper offers the first case study of the marketing of cod liver oil in Sweden (1920-1930), following the discovery of vitamins A and D. Drawing upon a large dataset of cod liver oil advertisements from the Swedish Newspaper Archive, it uses multimodal critical discourse analysis to investigate how language and other semiotic resources (e.g. image, typography, colour) work together to convey the benefits of cod liver oil intake. It identifies…
Romaphobia in Romanian press: The lifting of work restrictions for Romanian migrants in the European Union
The lifting of work restrictions for Romanian and Bulgarian citizens in the EU, in January 2014, encountered much resistance both in European political discourse and the media, as these migrants became demonised and presented as social and economic threats. In this article, we show how the Romanian press dealt with such discriminatory discourses against the Romanian migrants. We conduct a thorough Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA) of …
Discourse, context & media: Relevance in a changing world
Connoting a neoliberal and entrepreneurial discourse of science through infographics and integrated design: The case of ‘functional’ healthy drinks
Riding on the rising concern of public health and the growing neoliberal self-care agenda, the food market has witnessed a surge in ‘healthy’ food despite the criticism of this food does not help consumers eat more healthily. A growing interest in Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) is how food marketers colonise not only the food discourse but also the broader ideas and values such as health, politics, and environment. Contributing to this growing …
The scientifization of “green” anti-ageing cosmetics in online marketing: A multimodal critical discourse analysis
This paper examines the marketing of trending green cosmetic products containing natural ingredients and coming with claims to keep skin health-enhancing and age-defying benefits. This is fostered by the growing importance of successful ageing and the neoliberal self-care agenda. Adopting the notion of “integrated design” from Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA), this paper looks at the communicative affordances of the web and how marke…
Selling “Healthy” Radium Products With Science: A Multimodal Analysis of Marketing in Sweden, 1910–1940
We study the marketing of radioactive products in Sweden from 1910 to 1940, using a dataset of newspaper and magazine advertisements. We use multimodal critical discourse analysis to show how marketers harnessed the meaning potentials of language and semiotic resources to embed radium in discourses of science and technological development, and thus convince consumers of its health benefits. We find that canny marketers continuously colonized, sha…
The making of healthy and moral snacks: A multimodal critical discourse analysis of corporate storytelling
This paper examines how snack brands represent themselves as producers of healthy food through corporate stories on their websites. The increased emphasis on health in “the new public health era” has created a market for products promoted as healthy or with some kind of wellbeing association. Riding on this trend, many companies have emerged and positioned themselves as providing good food options. Employing the theory of social semiotics and usi…
Discourses of ‘Good Food’: The commercialization of healthy and ethical eating
The mythologization of protein: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of snacks packaging
This paper examines how protein snacks are marketed as good food choices through their packaging and how these packages reproduce a discourse – what we see as a myth – of the benefits of high protein intake. Research shows that consumers believe high protein food has a positive impact on physical performance and body composition, although there is very little evidence of this. Protein foods and beverages are nevertheless one of the fastest growin…
The Impact of the Digital Transformation on Sports Journalism Talk Online
This paper examines the impact of the digital transformation on broadcast practices from a producer/studio participant perspective with a focus on sports journalism online. More specifically, the study targets changes in sports talk and interaction as producers re-shape their communicative activities to fit audiences’ new contexts of reception. It discusses how these changes in practices relate to some of the fundamental assumptions in current br…
Web-TV as a backstage activity: Emerging forms of audience address in the post-broadcast era
Taking off from the Media Talk approach, this paper examines the communicative work of a Swedish sports webcast football show, Superlive , as an emerging form of web-based media format called Web-TV. This analysis is situated in a context in which broadcasting is going through fundamental changes, and broadcasters are rethinking their content in order to face the challenges arriving with recent decades’ technological developments, and especially …
The ‘ordinary-ization’ of televised cooking expertise: A historical study of cooking instruction programmes on Swedish television
Messy interviews: Changing conditions for politicians’ visibility on the web
This article provides an updated analysis relating to John B. Thompson’s argument about political visibility and fragility. It does so in light of recent years’ development of communication technologies and the proliferation of nonbroadcasting media organizations producing TV. Instances of a new mediated encounter for politicians is analyzed in detail – the live web interview – produced and streamed by two Swedish tabloids during election campaig…
Ridicule as a Strategy for the Recontextualization of the Working Class: A multimodal analysis of class-making on swedish reality television
This paper discusses the role of reality television in the ongoing transformation of Swedish working-class discourse. This transformation is linked to a neoliberal political project and concerns a shifting relationship between discourses of exclusion and inclusion. The key argument is that working-class people are now portrayed through 'a moral underclass discourse' in which the working class is devalued and delegitimized, and given moral blame f…
See the error of your ways: Belligerent expertise and the curative power of ‘tough love’
This article examines a particular form of popular expertise, one that uses aggressive, face-threatening confrontations as a means of achieving its goals. The specific case under scrutiny is the Swedish home renovation programme The Angry Carpenter (Sw: Arga snickaren), here considered as an instance of what has been labelled belligerent broadcasting. The analysis demonstrates that belligerent outbursts and emotional displays serve essential, but…
Managing ideological differences in joint political press conferences: A study of the strategic use of the personal pronoun ‘we’
This study focuses on Swedish political press conferences and explores the discursive efforts of politicians to express unity despite diverging ideological views. It concerns the use of the first person pronoun ‘we’ (Swedish. we ) and is influenced by both dialogue theory and linguistic theories, which highlight the meaning of pronouns in context. The data consist of transcribed web broadcasts of press conferences with the leaders of the four pol…
Adversarial moments: A study of short-form interviews in the news
Through an analysis of news journalism in Sweden, the development of a more adversarial, critical or interpretive news journalism is discussed in this article. A frequent form of politicians’ appearances in the news is in short-form interviews in news stories. Such interviews are often reduced to single turns or answers. The aim of this study is to identify the more communicative techniques used, when politicians’ answers are cut and incorporated…
Interviews as Communicative Resources in News and Current Affairs Broadcasts
This study quantitatively establishes the centrality and importance of interviews in news and current affairs broadcasts. We show how segments of interviews (from soundbites to longer recorded, or live, question-and-answer interactions) are deployed as communicative resources in the construction and presentation of news in various ways. The data allow for a cross-national comparison between the United Kingdom and Sweden which points to difference…
The mythologization of protein: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of snacks packaging
This paper examines how protein snacks are marketed as good food choices through their packaging and how these packages reproduce a discourse – what we see as a myth – of the benefits of high protein intake. Research shows that consumers believe high protein food has a positive impact on physical performance and body composition, although there is very little evidence of this. Protein foods and beverages are nevertheless one of the fastest growin…
Biased Interrogations: A multi-methodological approach on bias in election campaign interviews
This study, based on Swedish data from three elections (2002, 2006 and 2010) and on a revised version of Clayman's and Heritage's conceptualization of aggressive questioning, examines bias in election campaign interviews with leading political figures. In the first part of the study, the prevalence of partisan bias is explored, and this analysis confirms that such bias does not exist. Informed by Conversation Analysis, a limited number of intervi…
Ridicule as a Strategy for the Recontextualization of the Working Class: A multimodal analysis of class-making on swedish reality television
This paper discusses the role of reality television in the ongoing transformation of Swedish working-class discourse. This transformation is linked to a neoliberal political project and concerns a shifting relationship between discourses of exclusion and inclusion. The key argument is that working-class people are now portrayed through 'a moral underclass discourse' in which the working class is devalued and delegitimized, and given moral blame f…
Modern science, moral mothers, and mythical nature: A multimodal analysis of cod liver oil marketing in Sweden, 1920-1930
This paper offers the first case study of the marketing of cod liver oil in Sweden (1920-1930), following the discovery of vitamins A and D. Drawing upon a large dataset of cod liver oil advertisements from the Swedish Newspaper Archive, it uses multimodal critical discourse analysis to investigate how language and other semiotic resources (e.g. image, typography, colour) work together to convey the benefits of cod liver oil intake. It identifies…
The scientifization of “green” anti-ageing cosmetics in online marketing: A multimodal critical discourse analysis
This paper examines the marketing of trending green cosmetic products containing natural ingredients and coming with claims to keep skin health-enhancing and age-defying benefits. This is fostered by the growing importance of successful ageing and the neoliberal self-care agenda. Adopting the notion of “integrated design” from Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA), this paper looks at the communicative affordances of the web and how marke…
Live co-produced news: Emerging Forms of News Production and Presentation on the Web
New technologies offer new interactional possibilities for news journalism, but they also pose a challenge to broadcasters who are accustomed to the practices of ‘old’ television news. The web is one such arena where broadcasters are in the process of mastering a sense of sociability and ‘communicative ease’ in relation to audiences. They struggle to find ways to engage audiences in the roles of both viewers and users in line with the technologic…
Connoting a neoliberal and entrepreneurial discourse of science through infographics and integrated design: The case of ‘functional’ healthy drinks
Riding on the rising concern of public health and the growing neoliberal self-care agenda, the food market has witnessed a surge in ‘healthy’ food despite the criticism of this food does not help consumers eat more healthily. A growing interest in Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) is how food marketers colonise not only the food discourse but also the broader ideas and values such as health, politics, and environment. Contributing to this growing …
The Impact of the Digital Transformation on Sports Journalism Talk Online
This paper examines the impact of the digital transformation on broadcast practices from a producer/studio participant perspective with a focus on sports journalism online. More specifically, the study targets changes in sports talk and interaction as producers re-shape their communicative activities to fit audiences’ new contexts of reception. It discusses how these changes in practices relate to some of the fundamental assumptions in current br…
See the error of your ways: Belligerent expertise and the curative power of ‘tough love’
This article examines a particular form of popular expertise, one that uses aggressive, face-threatening confrontations as a means of achieving its goals. The specific case under scrutiny is the Swedish home renovation programme The Angry Carpenter (Sw: Arga snickaren), here considered as an instance of what has been labelled belligerent broadcasting. The analysis demonstrates that belligerent outbursts and emotional displays serve essential, but…
The management of applause and laughter in live political interviews
In the competition for the audience’s attention, TV journalism’s mode of address is becoming more and more important (Ben-Porath, 2007; Ekström, 2000), and interviews with politicians are without doubt a part of this devel-opment. With influences from more entertaining genres, established forms of political debates and interviews are redefined and new ones are produced (see e.g. Clayman, 2006; Lauerbach, 2004). Interviews taking place in front of…
Discourses of ‘Good Food’: The commercialization of healthy and ethical eating
The ‘ordinary-ization’ of televised cooking expertise: A historical study of cooking instruction programmes on Swedish television
The masculinization of domestic cooking: A historical study of Swedish cookbooks for men
This study analyzes how men’s domestic cooking is represented and masculinized in cookbooks, written by men for men and published in 1975, 1992, and 2010, respectively. Departing from the concept of domestic masculinities, it uses the methods of Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis. It asks: what kind of values and ideas connected to men, food, and the home are realized in texts and images? And how are these legitimized and naturalized? As the …
Selling “Healthy” Radium Products With Science: A Multimodal Analysis of Marketing in Sweden, 1910–1940
We study the marketing of radioactive products in Sweden from 1910 to 1940, using a dataset of newspaper and magazine advertisements. We use multimodal critical discourse analysis to show how marketers harnessed the meaning potentials of language and semiotic resources to embed radium in discourses of science and technological development, and thus convince consumers of its health benefits. We find that canny marketers continuously colonized, sha…
Messy interviews: Changing conditions for politicians’ visibility on the web
This article provides an updated analysis relating to John B. Thompson’s argument about political visibility and fragility. It does so in light of recent years’ development of communication technologies and the proliferation of nonbroadcasting media organizations producing TV. Instances of a new mediated encounter for politicians is analyzed in detail – the live web interview – produced and streamed by two Swedish tabloids during election campaig…
The management of applause and laughter in live political interviews
In the competition for the audience’s attention, TV journalism’s mode of address is becoming more and more important (Ben-Porath, 2007; Ekström, 2000), and interviews with politicians are without doubt a part of this devel-opment. With influences from more entertaining genres, established forms of political debates and interviews are redefined and new ones are produced (see e.g. Clayman, 2006; Lauerbach, 2004). Interviews taking place in front of…
Interviews as Communicative Resources in News and Current Affairs Broadcasts
This study quantitatively establishes the centrality and importance of interviews in news and current affairs broadcasts. We show how segments of interviews (from soundbites to longer recorded, or live, question-and-answer interactions) are deployed as communicative resources in the construction and presentation of news in various ways. The data allow for a cross-national comparison between the United Kingdom and Sweden which points to difference…
Politicians in celebrity talk show interviews: The narrativization of personal experiences
This article concerns interviews with politicians taking place on a popular talk show. These interviews are informal and playful in character, and above all are structured around personal narratives of the "real life" or "behind-the-scenes life" of the guest. It is often claimed that such interviews have become more important for the politicians. The approach of the study addressed in the article is influenced by research on conversational storyt…
Follow-up questions in political press conferences
Adversarial moments: A study of short-form interviews in the news
Through an analysis of news journalism in Sweden, the development of a more adversarial, critical or interpretive news journalism is discussed in this article. A frequent form of politicians’ appearances in the news is in short-form interviews in news stories. Such interviews are often reduced to single turns or answers. The aim of this study is to identify the more communicative techniques used, when politicians’ answers are cut and incorporated…
Biased Interrogations: A multi-methodological approach on bias in election campaign interviews
This study, based on Swedish data from three elections (2002, 2006 and 2010) and on a revised version of Clayman's and Heritage's conceptualization of aggressive questioning, examines bias in election campaign interviews with leading political figures. In the first part of the study, the prevalence of partisan bias is explored, and this analysis confirms that such bias does not exist. Informed by Conversation Analysis, a limited number of intervi…
Managing ideological differences in joint political press conferences: A study of the strategic use of the personal pronoun ‘we’
This study focuses on Swedish political press conferences and explores the discursive efforts of politicians to express unity despite diverging ideological views. It concerns the use of the first person pronoun ‘we’ (Swedish. we ) and is influenced by both dialogue theory and linguistic theories, which highlight the meaning of pronouns in context. The data consist of transcribed web broadcasts of press conferences with the leaders of the four pol…
Live co-produced news: Emerging Forms of News Production and Presentation on the Web
New technologies offer new interactional possibilities for news journalism, but they also pose a challenge to broadcasters who are accustomed to the practices of ‘old’ television news. The web is one such arena where broadcasters are in the process of mastering a sense of sociability and ‘communicative ease’ in relation to audiences. They struggle to find ways to engage audiences in the roles of both viewers and users in line with the technologic…
Ridicule as a Strategy for the Recontextualization of the Working Class: A multimodal analysis of class-making on swedish reality television
This paper discusses the role of reality television in the ongoing transformation of Swedish working-class discourse. This transformation is linked to a neoliberal political project and concerns a shifting relationship between discourses of exclusion and inclusion. The key argument is that working-class people are now portrayed through 'a moral underclass discourse' in which the working class is devalued and delegitimized, and given moral blame f…
See the error of your ways: Belligerent expertise and the curative power of ‘tough love’
This article examines a particular form of popular expertise, one that uses aggressive, face-threatening confrontations as a means of achieving its goals. The specific case under scrutiny is the Swedish home renovation programme The Angry Carpenter (Sw: Arga snickaren), here considered as an instance of what has been labelled belligerent broadcasting. The analysis demonstrates that belligerent outbursts and emotional displays serve essential, but…
The ‘ordinary-ization’ of televised cooking expertise: A historical study of cooking instruction programmes on Swedish television
Messy interviews: Changing conditions for politicians’ visibility on the web
This article provides an updated analysis relating to John B. Thompson’s argument about political visibility and fragility. It does so in light of recent years’ development of communication technologies and the proliferation of nonbroadcasting media organizations producing TV. Instances of a new mediated encounter for politicians is analyzed in detail – the live web interview – produced and streamed by two Swedish tabloids during election campaig…
Web-TV as a backstage activity: Emerging forms of audience address in the post-broadcast era
Taking off from the Media Talk approach, this paper examines the communicative work of a Swedish sports webcast football show, Superlive , as an emerging form of web-based media format called Web-TV. This analysis is situated in a context in which broadcasting is going through fundamental changes, and broadcasters are rethinking their content in order to face the challenges arriving with recent decades’ technological developments, and especially …
The making of healthy and moral snacks: A multimodal critical discourse analysis of corporate storytelling
This paper examines how snack brands represent themselves as producers of healthy food through corporate stories on their websites. The increased emphasis on health in “the new public health era” has created a market for products promoted as healthy or with some kind of wellbeing association. Riding on this trend, many companies have emerged and positioned themselves as providing good food options. Employing the theory of social semiotics and usi…
Discourses of ‘Good Food’: The commercialization of healthy and ethical eating
The mythologization of protein: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of snacks packaging
This paper examines how protein snacks are marketed as good food choices through their packaging and how these packages reproduce a discourse – what we see as a myth – of the benefits of high protein intake. Research shows that consumers believe high protein food has a positive impact on physical performance and body composition, although there is very little evidence of this. Protein foods and beverages are nevertheless one of the fastest growin…
The Impact of the Digital Transformation on Sports Journalism Talk Online
This paper examines the impact of the digital transformation on broadcast practices from a producer/studio participant perspective with a focus on sports journalism online. More specifically, the study targets changes in sports talk and interaction as producers re-shape their communicative activities to fit audiences’ new contexts of reception. It discusses how these changes in practices relate to some of the fundamental assumptions in current br…
Romaphobia in Romanian press: The lifting of work restrictions for Romanian migrants in the European Union
The lifting of work restrictions for Romanian and Bulgarian citizens in the EU, in January 2014, encountered much resistance both in European political discourse and the media, as these migrants became demonised and presented as social and economic threats. In this article, we show how the Romanian press dealt with such discriminatory discourses against the Romanian migrants. We conduct a thorough Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA) of …
Discourse, context & media: Relevance in a changing world
Connoting a neoliberal and entrepreneurial discourse of science through infographics and integrated design: The case of ‘functional’ healthy drinks
Riding on the rising concern of public health and the growing neoliberal self-care agenda, the food market has witnessed a surge in ‘healthy’ food despite the criticism of this food does not help consumers eat more healthily. A growing interest in Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) is how food marketers colonise not only the food discourse but also the broader ideas and values such as health, politics, and environment. Contributing to this growing …
The scientifization of “green” anti-ageing cosmetics in online marketing: A multimodal critical discourse analysis
This paper examines the marketing of trending green cosmetic products containing natural ingredients and coming with claims to keep skin health-enhancing and age-defying benefits. This is fostered by the growing importance of successful ageing and the neoliberal self-care agenda. Adopting the notion of “integrated design” from Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA), this paper looks at the communicative affordances of the web and how marke…
Selling “Healthy” Radium Products With Science: A Multimodal Analysis of Marketing in Sweden, 1910–1940
We study the marketing of radioactive products in Sweden from 1910 to 1940, using a dataset of newspaper and magazine advertisements. We use multimodal critical discourse analysis to show how marketers harnessed the meaning potentials of language and semiotic resources to embed radium in discourses of science and technological development, and thus convince consumers of its health benefits. We find that canny marketers continuously colonized, sha…
The masculinization of domestic cooking: A historical study of Swedish cookbooks for men
This study analyzes how men’s domestic cooking is represented and masculinized in cookbooks, written by men for men and published in 1975, 1992, and 2010, respectively. Departing from the concept of domestic masculinities, it uses the methods of Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis. It asks: what kind of values and ideas connected to men, food, and the home are realized in texts and images? And how are these legitimized and naturalized? As the …
Modern science, moral mothers, and mythical nature: A multimodal analysis of cod liver oil marketing in Sweden, 1920-1930
This paper offers the first case study of the marketing of cod liver oil in Sweden (1920-1930), following the discovery of vitamins A and D. Drawing upon a large dataset of cod liver oil advertisements from the Swedish Newspaper Archive, it uses multimodal critical discourse analysis to investigate how language and other semiotic resources (e.g. image, typography, colour) work together to convey the benefits of cod liver oil intake. It identifies…
How cosmetic apps fragmentise and metricise the female face: A multimodal critical discourse analysis
In the present time, we see a rapid development of so-called cosmetic apps promoted by prominent cosmetic companies. Although there is an emerging market for male consumers, these apps are marketed as technological innovations designed to analyse, rate and evaluate mainly women’s facial appearances through the submission of a selfie. Based on the results generated from the selfie, personalised solutions are offered in the form of recommended prod…
Sociology (23 works) · Political science (19 works) · Business (13 works) · Advertising (12 works) · Psychology (12 works) · Computer Science (10 works) · Public relations (10 works) · Art (9 works) · Law (9 works) · Media studies (9 works)