Tim J Cole
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 79076 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Tim J Cole |
| NOMBRES | Tim J |
| APELLIDO | Cole |
| FIRMA | COLE T J |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Bristol |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5711-8200 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 107 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 186 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 107 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1867 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
The decline of child stunting in 122 countries
INTRODUCTION: Child stunting, a measure of malnutrition, is a major global health challenge affecting 148.1 million children in 2022. Global stunting rates have declined from 47.2% in 1985 to 22.3% in 2022; however, trends before the mid-1980s are unclear, including whether child stunting was previously prevalent in current high-income countries (HICs). We conducted a systematic review of child growth studies before 1990 to reconstruct historical…
Forty years later
BACKGROUND: As the threat of child malnutrition increases, the focus remains mostly on short-term consequences. Long-term sequelae are increasingly recognised but lack strong evidence, and many studies face methodological limitations. METHOD: A retrospective cohort of survivors of the 1984-1985 Great-Ethiopian Famine was compared with two novel control groups: born post-famine; and age category- and sex-matched controls. Exposure to famine at dif…
Sitar-d
SITAR-d is useful for extracting early adult weight gain from growth data, potentially an important risk factor for obesity-related morbidity. Height also fits better with SITAR-d, reflecting a minority of individuals with delayed development
Malnutrition in infants aged under 6 months
INTRODUCTION: Tackling malnutrition in infants aged under 6 months (u6m) is a major global priority yet evidence around this vulnerable group is weak. We aimed to support the rollout of new 2023 WHO guidelines by examining the burden of infant malnutrition and potential programme caseloads with new enrolment criteria. METHODS: Secondary analysis of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) datasets. We calculated the number of underweight (low weight-f…
Mapping the Emotional Landscapes of the Holocaust
The “spatial turn” in Holocaust studies has led to renewed interest in mapping the Holocaust as both event and experience. This article explores experiments with more multifaceted—and “integrated” (per Saul Friedländer)—mapping of Holocaust space and place to include the emotional dimensions of spatial experience. Drawing on Agnew and Duncan's influential introduction of place as a triad that encompasses location, locale, and sense of place, we s…
Space and Time under Persecution
The associations of preterm birth and low birth weight with childhood growth curves between birth and 12 years
Both BW and GA significantly impacted growth, but low BW more so than early preterm birth. This underscores the need for targeted interventions for low BW children to address potential long-term growth challenges
Citation classic
Survivor and historian building the past together
This article offers an example of historians and survivors working together that moves beyond oral history. Drawing on methods of co-producing knowledge, the article explores a number of themes and concepts - ghetto, camp, mobility, dislocation, space, time - that emerge from the experience of survivor Agnes Kaposi, and the historiographical reflections of historian Tim Cole. While the dialogue is suggestive of new conceptualizations of familiar …
Faster rehabilitation weight gain during childhood is associated with risk of non-communicable disease in adult survivors of severe acute malnutrition
Nutritional rehabilitation during severe acute malnutrition (SAM) aims to quickly restore body size and minimize poor short-term outcomes. We hypothesized that faster weight gain during treatment is associated with greater cardiometabolic risk in adult life. Anthropometry, body composition (DEXA), blood pressure, blood glucose, insulin and lipids were measured in a cohort of adults who were hospitalized as children for SAM between 1963 and 1993. …
Post-malnutrition growth and its associations with child survival and non-communicable disease risk
Objective: To explore patterns of post-malnutrition growth (PMGr) during and after treatment for severe malnutrition and describe associations with survival and non-communicable disease (NCD) risk 7 years post-treatment. Design: Six indicators of PMGr were derived based on a variety of timepoints, weight, weight-for-age z-score and height-for-age z-score (HAZ). Three categorisation methods included no categorisation, quintiles and latent class an…
Life history trade-offs associated with exposure to low maternal capital are different in sons compared to daughters
Background: Environmental exposures in early life explain variability in many physiological and behavioural traits in adulthood. Recently, we showed that exposure to a composite marker of low maternal capital explained the clustering of adverse behavioural and physical traits in adult daughters in a Brazilian birth cohort. These associations were strongly mediated by whether or not the daughter had reproduced by the age of 18 years. Using evoluti…
Use natural logarithms not base 10 logarithms to compare group means
Assessment of height growth in Indian children using growth centiles and growth curves
GAMLSS displays the distribution of height in the population by age and sex, while SITAR effectively and parsimoniously summarises the pattern of height growth in individual children. The two approaches provide distinct, useful information about child growth
The Last Ghetto. An Everyday History of Theresienstadt
Anna Hájková’s history of everyday life in the Theresienstadt ghetto is an intentionally ‘unsentimental analysis’ (p. 242) of this complex place that was a transit, advantage and propaganda ghetto as well as a camp for exchange Jews and a dumping ground for prisoners evacuated on foot from camps further east in the final months of the war. Drawing on a very wide range of sources, Hájková uncovers the deep fractures within this society in extremis…
Pubertal growth in height, sitting height and leg length in achondroplasia
Background: Children with achondroplasia (ACH) appear to lack a pubertal growth spurt in height. Aim To explore the growth spurt in height and its segments sitting height and leg length, in a large sample of ACH cases using growth curve modelling. Subjects and methods: Height and sitting height were measured longitudinally in ACH children, and the data were analysed using the SITAR (SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation) growth model, which…
Geographies of Holocaust rescue
Health Shocks, Recovery, and the First Thousand Days
This article uses the health shock on Japanese civilians of the Second World War to understand the effects of health shocks at different developmental stages on children's long‐run growth pattern and to test whether recovery is possible after an early‐life health shock. We construct a prefecture‐level dataset of mean heights of boys and girls aged 6–19 from 1929 to 2015. Linking the heights recorded at different ages for the same birth cohort, we…
The Geography of the Holocaust in Italy
Holocaust and genocide scholars have long recognized the family as a relevant, if neglected, topic of research. In this article, we examine the spatiotemporal patterns of Jewish arrests during the Holocaust in Italy, concentrating on family patterns and building on previous work on arrest patterns for individuals. Starting from a large historical geographical information system of individual victims, we devised a methodology to identify family gr…
Four decades of socio-economic inequality and secular change in the physical growth of Guatemalans
Objective: To investigate changes in socio-economic inequalities in growth in height, weight, BMI and grip strength in children born during 1955–1993 in Guatemala, a period of marked socio-economic-political change. Design: We modelled longitudinal data on height, weight, BMI and hand grip strength using Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR). Internal Z -scores summarising growth size, timing and intensity (peak growth velocity, e.…
Estimating peak height velocity in individuals
The paper by Boeyer et al. (2020) is seriously flawed. It compares three ways to estimate peak height velocity (PHV) and its timing (aPHV) in individuals: my SITAR growth curve model (Cole et al. 2
Cohort methods and applications in human biology
Cohort studies can broadly be defined as any non-interventional study in which a group of individuals are recruited (at any point in their lives) and followed up over time. Since the inception of t
Tanner’s tempo of growth in adolescence
Background: James Tanner emphasised the "tempo" of growth, i.e. the adolescent spurt as summarised by its timing (age at peak velocity or APV) and intensity (peak velocity, PV). Aim: The paper applies the SITAR growth curve model to pubertal growth data with the aim of clarifying the growth pattern across multiple measurements and the spectrum of APV and PV. Subjects and methods: Data for 7-20 years on ten anthropometric measurements in 619 child…
The Holocaust. Critical Concepts in Historical Studies
Traces of the Holocaust
Introduction 1. Entering and Exiting the Ghetto 2. Holocaust Journeys 3. Placing the Ghetto 4. Debating the Ghetto 5. Exiting and Entering the Ghetto 6. Witnessing Deportations 7. Narrating Ghettoisation Conclusion: The Counter Journeys of Three Eleven Year Olds.
Life course epidemiology
Life course epidemiology may be conceptualised as “the study of long term effects on later health or disease risk of physical or social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood and later adult life.”1 Adolescence, the period between childhood and adulthood defined by the WHO as 10–19 years, has an uneasy status in epidemiology. On the one hand, adolescents, who now number over 1.2 billion worldwide—around 20% of the glo…
Defending Nation, Defending Nature? Militarized Landscapes and Military Environmentalism in Britain, France, and the United States
This article draws together empirical case studies from Britain, France, and the United States to develop the nascent history of landscapes used to prepare for war and national defense. Although environmental historians have explored the environmental impact of war, the military training areas and weapons manufacturing sites that form the focus of this comparative study remain peripheral to the discipline, despite the vast landholdings that milit…
Associations of economic and gender inequality with global obesity prevalence
Birth weight and environmental heat load
Low birth weight, a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality, is caused by different factors in Western and developing‐country populations. In addition to differing in terms of ethnicity, maternal size, maternal nutritional status, and disease load, developing‐country and Western populations are also characterized by different environmental heat loads. Thermodynamic theory predicts that heat stress is mitigated by reduced size of both mother…
Relationship between body mass, lean mass, fat mass, and limb bone cross‐sectional geometry
OBJECTIVES: Estimating body mass from skeletal dimensions is widely practiced, but methods for estimating its components (lean and fat mass) are poorly developed. The ability to estimate these characteristics would offer new insights into the evolution of body composition and its variation relative to past and present health. This study investigates the potential of long bone cross-sectional properties as predictors of body, lean, and fat mass. M…
An ecological systems approach to examining risk factors for early childhood overweight
OBJECTIVE: To use an ecological systems approach to examine individual-, family-, community- and area-level risk factors for overweight (including obesity) in 3-year-old children. METHODS: A prospective nationally representative cohort study conducted in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland. Participants included 13 188 singleton children aged 3 years in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between 2000 and 2002, who had complete height/weight…
Examining the relationship between maternal employment and health behaviours in 5-year-old British children
BACKGROUND: There is little known about potential mechanisms underlying the association between maternal employment and childhood obesity. The relationships between maternal hours worked per week (none, 1-20 hours, 21+ hours) and children's dietary and physical activity/inactivity habits were examined. Where mothers were employed, the relationships between flexible work arrangements and these health behaviours were also examined. METHODS: Data fr…
Geographies Of The Holocaust
1. Geographies of the Holocaust / Alberto Giordano, Anne Kelly Knowles, and Tim Cole 2. Mapping the SS Concentration Camps / Anne Kelly Knowles and Paul B. Jaskot, with Benjamin Perry Blackshear, Michael De Groot, and Alexander Yule 3. Retracing the Hunt for Jews: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Arrests during the Holocaust in Italy / Alberto Giordano and Anna Holian 4. Killing on the Ground and in the Mind: The Spatialities of Genocide in the East…
Nature Was Helping Us”
This article explores what environmental history might contribute to the field of holocaust and genocide studies (and environmental histories of genocide might contribute to the field of environmental histories of war) through examining the complex ways nature functioned materially and imaginatively during the Holocaust and its postwar telling. Drawing on both published and unpublished memoirs and oral history interviews with Jews who survived th…
Nativization and Nationalization
Ghettoization and the Holocaust
The underlying premise of this paper is that the power of geography is of importance in understanding the Final Solution. Ghettoization, as part of the Jewish Holocaust, forms the basis of this article. It begins by locating the particular perspective which we wish to adopt within the context of recent interpretations of ghettoization. Rather than approaching the spatial segregation of Jews into particular places from the usual “top-down” approac…
Relationships of maternal and paternal anthropometry with neonatal body size, proportions and adiposity in an Australian cohort
The patterns of association between maternal or paternal and neonatal phenotype may offer insight into how neonatal characteristics are shaped by evolutionary processes, such as conflicting parental interests in fetal investment and obstetric constraints. Paternal interests are theoretically served by maximizing fetal growth, and maternal interests by managing investment in current and future offspring, but whether paternal and maternal influence…
Birth month associations with height, head circumference, and limb lengths among peruvian children
Associations between season of birth and body size, morbidity, and mortality have been widely documented, but it is unclear whether different parts of the body are differentially sensitive, and if such effects persist through childhood. This may be relevant to understanding the relationship between early life environment and body size and proportions. We investigated associations between birth month and anthropometry among rural highland ( n = 16…
Military presences, civilian absences
This article draws upon environmental history perspectives to reframe the relationship between the military and technology. It assesses military claims dubbed by Woodward (2001) khaki conservation that military land use has prevented the more environmentally damaging practices of intensive agriculture with its use of technologies of fertilizers and pesticides, through a case study of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) Sennybridge Training Area (SENTA)…
Geographies of Holocaust rescue
Holocaust archaeologies
This is an ambitious book that seeks to outline how a range of archaeological methodologies can further our knowledge of the Holocaust. However, that ambition is only achieved in part. The book is
Constructing the 'Jew', Writing the Holocaust
Rather than approaching the study of the Holocaust with a set of assumptions as to what 'Jew' meant (and means), there is a need to recognize that the definition is both historically and geographically situated. To fail to recognize this is to fall into the antisemitic trap of assuming a 'Jewish problem' which demanded a (final?) solution. Drawing on the social science literature of 'race' as social construct, Cole problematizes the Holocaust cat…
The associations of preterm birth and low birth weight with childhood growth curves between birth and 12 years
Both BW and GA significantly impacted growth, but low BW more so than early preterm birth. This underscores the need for targeted interventions for low BW children to address potential long-term growth challenges
Expanding (Environmental) Histories of the Holocaust
This epilogue draws out three ways that environmental histories of the Holocaust might challenge the current historiography to expand its horizons. Firstly, environmental histories of the Holocaust expand the range and nature of actors studied as we seek to understand genocide and its aftermath. Secondly, and closely linked to this, environmental histories of the Holocaust expand the range and nature of sources and methods drawn upon in genocide …
Differential investment in body girths by sex
OBJECTIVES: Life history trade-offs may manifest between competing organs and tissues in the body. Sexual dimorphism in tissue investment is well-established in humans, with sex-associated body shape differences linked to natural and sexual selection. This study uses three-dimensional (3D) photonic scanning to test whether males and females differentially invest energy in various body regions in relation to two independent proxies of growth. MATE…
After the RCT
BACKGROUND: When implemented at scale, the impact on health and health inequalities of public health interventions depends on who receives them in addition to intervention effectiveness. METHODS: The MEND 7-13 (Mind, Exercise, Nutrition...Do it!) programme is a family-based weight management intervention for childhood overweight and obesity implemented at scale in the community. We compare the characteristics of children referred to the MEND prog…
Antiquities of Hastings
A method for assessing age-standardized weight-for-height in children seen cross-sectionally
Weight-for-height standards in children are usually constructed on the basis that the expected weight for a given height does not depend on age, an assumption which is unjustified. The present paper investigates regression standards of age-standardized weight for age-standardized height, the standardization being achieved by expressing weight and height as fractions of the 50th centile for age from a suitable growth standard. The precise choice o…
Sexual maturation and growth pattern in Egyptian boys
The mean ages of attainment of successive stages of puberty were estimated in a cross-sectional sample of 453 Egyptian schoolboys from a semi-urban area of Cairo, ranging in age from 9 to 17 years. The stages of puberty were as defined by Tanner (1962). The mean age of onset of puberty (stage 2) was 11.1 years, assessed either by genitalia or by pubic hair. Stage 5 occurred at 16.2 years, again both for genitalia and pubic hair. The time interval…
Weight/height p compared to weight/height 2 for assessing adiposity in childhood
Data from three American Health Examination Surveys and 11 other published studies were used to investigate the weight-for-height index W/Hp, adjusted for age and sex by expressing it as a fraction of the same ratio for an NCHS standard child. The appropriate power of height p was determined by regressing log weight-for-age on log height-for-age, giving an index of relative weight which is highly correlated with weight but uncorrelated with heigh…
Between- and within-subject variation in nutrient intake from infancy to old age
The British, American NCHS, and Dutch weight standards compared using the LMS method
The LMS method (Cole, 1988) is a method for fitting and summarising growth standards. The standard is represented by three curves plotted against age: The Box–Cox power transformation needed to bring the distribution close to normality (the L Curve), the mean (the M curve), and the coefficient of variation (the S curve), respectively. Individual centiles of the weight distribution at any age can be obtained from the age‐specific L, M, and S value…
Using the LMS method to measure skewness in the NCHS and Dutch National height standards
The American National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and Dutch national height growth standards, unlike previous standards, allowed for skewness when fitting the centile curves. The LMS method (Cole 1988) is a way of summarizing growth standards which monitors the changing skewness of the distribution during childhood. It does so by calculating the Box-Cox power needed to transform the data to normality at each age, and displaying the result…
Smoothing reference centile curves
Reference centile curves show the distribution of a measurement as it changes according to some covariate, often age. The LMS method summarizes the changing distribution by three curves representing the median, coefficient of variation and skewness, the latter expressed as a Box‐Cox power. Using penalized likelihood the three curves can be fitted as cubic splines by non‐linear regression, and the extent of smoothing required can be expressed in t…
The growth of boys in the Stuttgart Carlschule, 1771–93
Height measurements taken in a mixed longitudinal manner on 1084 German-born boys aged 7 to 21+ at the Carlschule Academy in Stuttgart during the period 1771-93 have been examined. The boys can be divided into upper (aristocrat), middle and lower (artisan, servant) classes, nearly all housed and fed in this boarding school. Preece-Baines curves have been fitted to a subsample of 155 boys whose measurements cover at least the period 12-16 years at…
Cross sectional stature and weight reference curves for the UK, 1990.
The current reference curves of stature and weight for the UK were first published in 1966 and have been used ever since despite increasing concern that they may not adequately describe the growth of present day British children. Using current data from seven sources new reference curves have been estimated from birth to 20 years for children in 1990. The great majority of the data are nationally representative. The analysis used Cole's LMS metho…
Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990.
Reference curves for stature and weight in British children have been available for the past 30 years, and have recently been updated. However weight by itself is a poor indicator of fatness or obesity, and there has never been a corresponding set of reference curves to assess weight for height. Body mass index (BMI) or weight/height has been popular for assessing obesity in adults for many years, but its use in children has developed only recent…
Ghettoization and the Holocaust
The underlying premise of this paper is that the power of geography is of importance in understanding the Final Solution. Ghettoization, as part of the Jewish Holocaust, forms the basis of this article. It begins by locating the particular perspective which we wish to adopt within the context of recent interpretations of ghettoization. Rather than approaching the spatial segregation of Jews into particular places from the usual “top-down” approac…
Longitudinal analysis of growth in children with idiopathic short stature
In this study the growth curves of 229 children (145 boys, 84 girls ) with idiopathic short stature (ISS) were analysed in three ways: (1) we compared the results of longitudinal modelling by means of Karlberg's ICP model with those of a cross-sectional analysis; (2) we studied to what extent an individual changes his/her height standard deviation score (SDS) position during childhood; and (3) we constructed height velocity curves for children wi…
Birthweight for length
This study compares how effectively the ponderal index and the body mass index adjust birthweight for length at different gestations, and derives an improved index suitable for all gestations. The study was a cross-sectional survey, in a London teaching hospital, using a total of 999 neonates of 33 weeks gestation or later. Main outcome measures were the ponderal index (birthweight/length3), body mass index (birthweight/length2), and Benn index (…
The Albanians. An ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present
Atlas of Nazi Germany
Relationship between alcohol and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK
Objective: To examine the relationships between alcohol consumption and a range of nutrient intakes and blood status indices in older people. Design: National Diet and Nutrition Survey: cross-sectional survey of nationally representative sample of people aged 65 years or over. Setting: Mainland Britain during 1994/5. Subjects: 1198 people (623 males, 575 females) aged 65 years or over, of whom 925 were living in private households and 273 were li…
Mathematical models of growth in stature throughout childhood
Growth models for predicting child stature are useful to summarize both the pattern and timing of growth in individuals and populations. Jolicoeur el al. described the JPPS model and compared it with the models of Preece and Baines (PB1) and Shohoji and Sasaki (SS). More recently Jolicoeur et al. described the JPA2 model, an extension of the JPPS. Here the JPPS model is studied in greater depth, and with more subjects, compared to the PB1 model a…
Body mass index reference curves for Chinese children
The Hong Kong Growth Survey 1993 provided data for the construction of reference curves for body mass index (BMI) of Chinese children from birth to 18 years. Data on weight and height was obtained from 11797 boys and 12168 girls. The LMS method was used to smooth the percentile curves. These curves showed a definite physiological rising pattern to a peak at 6 months, then fell to a trough at 6 years, before another rise towards adulthood. Compare…
Relationship between cigarette smoking and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK
Objectives To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and a range of nutrient intakes and blood status indices in older people. Design National Diet and Nutrition Survey: cross-sectional survey of nationally representative sample of people aged 65 years and over. Setting Mainland Britain during 1994/95. Subjects 1191 people (619 male, 572 female) aged 65 years and over, of whom 920 were living in private households and 271 were living …
An investigation of ethnic differences in bone mineral, hip axis length, calcium metabolism and bone turnover between West African and Caucasian adults living in the United Kingdom
The aim of the study was to investigate factors relating to calcium and bone metabolism which might explain the low incidence of osteoporotic fracture among Africans. Adult bone mineral status, hip axis length and biochemical indices were investigated in 20 Caucasians (10 male, 10 female) and 19 Gambians (12 male, 7 female) living in the UK. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and BMC adjusted for bone area, body weight and hei…
Centiles of body mass index for Dutch children aged 0–20 years in 1980—a baseline to assess recent trends in obesity
Dutch children in 1980 were relatively free of obesity, so the BMI centiles are a suitable baseline to monitor international trends in obesity since then
Constructing the 'Jew', Writing the Holocaust
Rather than approaching the study of the Holocaust with a set of assumptions as to what 'Jew' meant (and means), there is a need to recognize that the definition is both historically and geographically situated. To fail to recognize this is to fall into the antisemitic trap of assuming a 'Jewish problem' which demanded a (final?) solution. Drawing on the social science literature of 'race' as social construct, Cole problematizes the Holocaust cat…
Secular trends in growth
Since the 19th century there have been clearly documented secular trends to increasing adult height in most European countries, with current rates of 10–30 mm / decade. Over the same period menarcheal age has also fallen steeply, but has now stabilized at approximately 13 years and may be rising again. Height trends tend to be greater in childhood than in adulthood due to the associated advance in maturation, but no trends are apparent before the…
Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide
OBJECTIVE: To develop an internationally acceptable definition of child overweight and obesity, specifying the measurement, the reference population, and the age and sex specific cut off points. DESIGN: International survey of six large nationally representative cross sectional growth studies. SETTING: Brazil, Great Britain, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United States. SUBJECTS: 97 876 males and 94 851 females from birth to 25 ye…
Medicine (70 obras) · Demography (62 obras) · Birth, Development, and Health (46 obras) · Mathematics (35 obras) · Internal Medicine (34 obras) · Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet (34 obras) · Demography (32 obras) · Sociology (31 obras) · Statistics (26 obras) · Biology (23 obras)