Leslie Elliott Armijo
Biographic Data
| ID | 791388 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Leslie Elliott Armijo |
| GIVEN NAMES | Leslie Elliott |
| FAMILY NAME | Armijo |
| SIGNATURE | ARMIJO L E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Portland State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5202-204X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 162 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 25 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1994 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Sovereign Debt
The paper posits a powerful mutuality of interests between global multilateralism and independent regionalism in the global South. The more-or-less liberal international order established following the Second World War struggles to retain political and financial support from advanced industrial countries. Since the underlying source of this tension reflects a structural shift in the interstate distribution of power capabilities toward rising glob…
The Monetary and Financial Powers of States
This project transforms international financial statistics into a form useful for global political analysis. The authors first theorise four distinct faces of a sovereign state's monetary and financial power resources: its international Creditor, Network, Currency, and Governance Capabilities. Each of these capabilities implies resources that incumbent political leaders potentially may employ to persuade, induce, or coerce others in pursuit of th…
Explaining infrastructure underperformance in Brazil
Brazil’s infrastructure underperforms compared to that of peer emerging economies. Why? The political institutions of coalitional presidentialism with strong federalism undermine rational national planning. Politicians’ incentives to distribute ‘pork’ combine with sector-specific oligopoly characteristics, offering fertile ground for corruption. Yet the greatest challenge is low infrastructure investment, a consequence of weak private capital mar…
The Varieties of Collective Financial Statecraft
GIVEN THEIR RISING CAPABILITIES AND similar frustrations with the existing system, the emerging economic powers of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and, since December 2010, South Africa) are bound to have an impact on global economic governance, whether individually, as in the case of China, or collectively. Many scholars and policymakers have been skeptical that this eclectic group of five, dispersed around the world and only bound by t…
Can International Relations and Comparative Politics Be Policy Relevant? Theory and Methods for Incorporating Political Context
How might one bring international relations (IR) and comparative politics (CP) observations into the public policy (PP) literature's predominant intellectual framing of policy, in which the normal analytical unit is a specific policy sector or type of regulatory institution? This article offers a practical framework to incorporate IR and CP directly into PP analyses. We present theory and methods for composing carefully structured, multiyear, ana…
Theorizing the Financial Statecraft of Emerging Powers
‘Financial statecraft’, or the intentional use of credit, investment and currency levers by the incumbent governments of creditor – and sometimes debtor – states for both international economic and political advantage, has a long history, ranging from money doctors to currency wars. A neorealist, zero-sum framing of international monetary relations is not inevitable, yet casts a persistent shadow especially during periods of prospective interstat…
Equality and Regional Finance in the Americas
This article explores competing definitions of equality embedded in contending visions for regional finance in the Americas. The U.S. free market-oriented project envisions extension of a NAFTA-like regulatory framework hemispherewide, promising Latin Americans better financial services, credit, and investment in exchange for strong financial property protections and (implicitly) dramatically reduced financial policy autonomy for their government…
Brazil, the Entrepreneurial and Democratic BRIC
By most objective metrics, Brazil is the least imposing of the BRICs countriesless populous than China and India, slower-growing in recent years than China, India, or Russia, and the only member of the group lacking nuclear weapons. We argue that Brazil's material capabilities are more significant than commonly supposed. Moreover, Brazil's democratic transition in the mid-1980s, along with that of its neighbors, has for the first time enabled Bra…
Two dimensions of democracy and the economy
Does democracy influence economic policymaking and outcomes? Our study investigates the implications of Dahl's two dimensions of democracy ('polyarchy'): contestation/competition and inclusion/participation. We hypothesize that increases in democratic competition inspire policy incrementalism, thus lowering growth volatility and generating fewer deep crises. Meanwhile, increases in substantive democratic inclusion – genuine political voice, or de…
Policy Responses to Globalization
Policy Responses to GlobalizationDamned If You Do, Worse If You Don’t Leslie Elliott Armijo (bio) Meeting the Employment Challenge: Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico in the Global Economy. By Janine BergChristoph ErnstPeter Auer. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006. Pp. 247. $55.00 cloth. Living with Debt: How to Limit the Risks of Sovereign Finance; Economic and Social Progress in Latin America, 2007 Report. Coordinated by Eduardo Borensztei…
Does Democratization Alter the Policy Process? Trade Policymaking in Brazil
This article explores the implications of transitions to democracy for the economic policymaking process in developing countries. Democracy is supposed to give citizens oversight of their political leaders, while providing leaders with electoral incentives to respect citizens' preferences. Consequently, a shift from authoritarian to democratic rule ought to alter policymaking. Using the case of Brazilian trade policy, this article examines change…
Leadership, Responsibility, Perhaps Democracy
Leadership, Responsibility, Perhaps DemocracyNew Thinking about Latin American Development Leslie Elliott Armijo (bio) Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Prosperity in East Asia and Latin America. By Diane E. Davis . (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. 421. $80.00 cloth, $29.00 paper.) The Limits of Stabilization: Infrastructure, Public Deficits, and Growth in Latin America. Edited by William Easterly and Luis Servén . (…
The Financing of Politics
The Financing of Politics: Latin American and European Perspectives. Edited by Eduardo Posada-Carbó and Carlos Malamud. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2005. 266p. $65.00 cloth, $19.95 paper. Edited books are never consistent across all chapters, but like this one, they can be fun. The book's organization is straightforward: a brief introduction, three increasingly specific theoretical chapters, and seven country case studies cov…
Compared to What
A rich and plausible academic literature has delineated reasons to believe Brazil's democratic political institutions-including electoral rules, the political party system, federalism, and the rules of legislative procedure-are suboptimal from the viewpoints of democratic representativeness and policy-making effectiveness. The authors concur that specific peculiarities of Brazilian political institutions likely complicate the process of solving s…
Mass democracy
Lamenting Weak Governance
International Financial Governance under Stress by Geoffrey Underhill and Xiaoke Zhang is too obviously a conference volume. The seventeen chapters, plus introduction and conclusion, are uneven. Nonetheless, the volume does contain worthwhile analyses and interesting stories, accessible to those who are familiar with the major contemporary debates about international finance. The book is organized thematically but not rigorously. The sections dea…
Le rôle des institutions politiques dans les crises financières de l'Argentine et du Brésil
VARIA Philippe Faucher, Leslie Elliott armijo — Currency crises an decision making frameworks : The politics of bouncing back in Argentina and Brazil This paper seeks to explain why exchange rate crises of rather similar causes and magnitudes can be so much harder for one emerging market country to absorb and bounce back from than for its neighbour. Brazil was able to recover readily from its recent forced devaluation and associated domestic fina…
Crises cambiais e estrutura decisória
Dans cet article, on cherche à comprendre pourquoi dans des pays à économie de marché émergente les crises cambiales - aux causes et ampleur assez semblables - peuvent être beaucoup plus dures à absorber et à éliminer dans un pays que chez son voisin. On examine ici trois exemples récents de crises: en Argentine ( fin de 2001) et au Brésil (début de 1999 et moitié de 2002). On conclut que la différence résulte surtout de la structure des institut…
We Have a Consensus
By the 1990s, to the astonishment of many observers, most Latin American countries had reformed their systems of national economic governance along market lines. Many analysts of this shift have assumed that it circumvented normal political processes, presuming that such reforms could not be popular. Explanations emphasizing economic crisis, external assistance, and politically insulated executives illustrate this approach. Through a qualitative …
The Political Geography of World Financial Reform
Since the devastating East Asian crisis of 1997-99 we have seen many headlines, and the formation of numerous blue ribbon and multinational commissions, asserting the need to the world's financial architecture, the latter phrase having replaced the more mundane monetary and exchange rate arrangements. The purpose of this essay is to demystify some of the major reform proposals, and to understand which countries and interests back them. I suggest …
Markets and Democracy in Latin America
The authors analyze the constraints faced by Latin American countries as they seek both to consolidate fragile democratic regimes and to restore economic dynamism
Center-state relations in India and Brazil
This article asks: "When and why do state governments oppose (or support) privatization programs initiated by the central government?" We examined national privatization initiatives in the 1990s in India and Brazil in the areas of electricity and banking and the different responses from state governments in each of the largest financial and industrial centers in their countries, the states of Maharastra and São Paulo. Possible explanations for st…
Inflation and Insouciance
The politics of inflation typically have been cast as reflecting an underlying “collective-action problem,” in which actions that would benefit the entire group are irrational from the viewpoint of each individual. Everyone would be better off without inflation. But in the absence of a mechanism that would permit social groups such as workers and owners to construct a lasting bargain, each group finds itself structurally obliged to push for highe…
Indebted Development
The Problems of Simultaneous Transitions
The Problems of Simultaneous Transitions Leslie Elliott Armijo (bio), Thomas J. Biersteker (bio), and Abraham F. Lowenthal (bio) Almost everywhere, command economies and overtly authoritarian politics are in retreat. Constitutional democracy and market capitalism now hold sway, at least as ideals, even in places where these concepts were anathema less than a decade ago. This is as true for Central and Eastern Europe as it is for Latin America, su…
Compared to What
A rich and plausible academic literature has delineated reasons to believe Brazil's democratic political institutions-including electoral rules, the political party system, federalism, and the rules of legislative procedure-are suboptimal from the viewpoints of democratic representativeness and policy-making effectiveness. The authors concur that specific peculiarities of Brazilian political institutions likely complicate the process of solving s…
Theorizing the Financial Statecraft of Emerging Powers
‘Financial statecraft’, or the intentional use of credit, investment and currency levers by the incumbent governments of creditor – and sometimes debtor – states for both international economic and political advantage, has a long history, ranging from money doctors to currency wars. A neorealist, zero-sum framing of international monetary relations is not inevitable, yet casts a persistent shadow especially during periods of prospective interstat…
The Problems of Simultaneous Transitions
The Problems of Simultaneous Transitions Leslie Elliott Armijo (bio), Thomas J. Biersteker (bio), and Abraham F. Lowenthal (bio) Almost everywhere, command economies and overtly authoritarian politics are in retreat. Constitutional democracy and market capitalism now hold sway, at least as ideals, even in places where these concepts were anathema less than a decade ago. This is as true for Central and Eastern Europe as it is for Latin America, su…
We Have a Consensus
By the 1990s, to the astonishment of many observers, most Latin American countries had reformed their systems of national economic governance along market lines. Many analysts of this shift have assumed that it circumvented normal political processes, presuming that such reforms could not be popular. Explanations emphasizing economic crisis, external assistance, and politically insulated executives illustrate this approach. Through a qualitative …
Brazil, the Entrepreneurial and Democratic BRIC
By most objective metrics, Brazil is the least imposing of the BRICs countriesless populous than China and India, slower-growing in recent years than China, India, or Russia, and the only member of the group lacking nuclear weapons. We argue that Brazil's material capabilities are more significant than commonly supposed. Moreover, Brazil's democratic transition in the mid-1980s, along with that of its neighbors, has for the first time enabled Bra…
Mass democracy
Does Democratization Alter the Policy Process? Trade Policymaking in Brazil
This article explores the implications of transitions to democracy for the economic policymaking process in developing countries. Democracy is supposed to give citizens oversight of their political leaders, while providing leaders with electoral incentives to respect citizens' preferences. Consequently, a shift from authoritarian to democratic rule ought to alter policymaking. Using the case of Brazilian trade policy, this article examines change…
Two dimensions of democracy and the economy
Does democracy influence economic policymaking and outcomes? Our study investigates the implications of Dahl's two dimensions of democracy ('polyarchy'): contestation/competition and inclusion/participation. We hypothesize that increases in democratic competition inspire policy incrementalism, thus lowering growth volatility and generating fewer deep crises. Meanwhile, increases in substantive democratic inclusion – genuine political voice, or de…
The Political Geography of World Financial Reform
Since the devastating East Asian crisis of 1997-99 we have seen many headlines, and the formation of numerous blue ribbon and multinational commissions, asserting the need to the world's financial architecture, the latter phrase having replaced the more mundane monetary and exchange rate arrangements. The purpose of this essay is to demystify some of the major reform proposals, and to understand which countries and interests back them. I suggest …
The Varieties of Collective Financial Statecraft
GIVEN THEIR RISING CAPABILITIES AND similar frustrations with the existing system, the emerging economic powers of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and, since December 2010, South Africa) are bound to have an impact on global economic governance, whether individually, as in the case of China, or collectively. Many scholars and policymakers have been skeptical that this eclectic group of five, dispersed around the world and only bound by t…
The Monetary and Financial Powers of States
This project transforms international financial statistics into a form useful for global political analysis. The authors first theorise four distinct faces of a sovereign state's monetary and financial power resources: its international Creditor, Network, Currency, and Governance Capabilities. Each of these capabilities implies resources that incumbent political leaders potentially may employ to persuade, induce, or coerce others in pursuit of th…
Explaining infrastructure underperformance in Brazil
Brazil’s infrastructure underperforms compared to that of peer emerging economies. Why? The political institutions of coalitional presidentialism with strong federalism undermine rational national planning. Politicians’ incentives to distribute ‘pork’ combine with sector-specific oligopoly characteristics, offering fertile ground for corruption. Yet the greatest challenge is low infrastructure investment, a consequence of weak private capital mar…
Center-state relations in India and Brazil
This article asks: "When and why do state governments oppose (or support) privatization programs initiated by the central government?" We examined national privatization initiatives in the 1990s in India and Brazil in the areas of electricity and banking and the different responses from state governments in each of the largest financial and industrial centers in their countries, the states of Maharastra and São Paulo. Possible explanations for st…
Equality and Regional Finance in the Americas
This article explores competing definitions of equality embedded in contending visions for regional finance in the Americas. The U.S. free market-oriented project envisions extension of a NAFTA-like regulatory framework hemispherewide, promising Latin Americans better financial services, credit, and investment in exchange for strong financial property protections and (implicitly) dramatically reduced financial policy autonomy for their government…
Crises cambiais e estrutura decisória
Dans cet article, on cherche à comprendre pourquoi dans des pays à économie de marché émergente les crises cambiales - aux causes et ampleur assez semblables - peuvent être beaucoup plus dures à absorber et à éliminer dans un pays que chez son voisin. On examine ici trois exemples récents de crises: en Argentine ( fin de 2001) et au Brésil (début de 1999 et moitié de 2002). On conclut que la différence résulte surtout de la structure des institut…
Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Sovereign Debt
The paper posits a powerful mutuality of interests between global multilateralism and independent regionalism in the global South. The more-or-less liberal international order established following the Second World War struggles to retain political and financial support from advanced industrial countries. Since the underlying source of this tension reflects a structural shift in the interstate distribution of power capabilities toward rising glob…
Can International Relations and Comparative Politics Be Policy Relevant? Theory and Methods for Incorporating Political Context
How might one bring international relations (IR) and comparative politics (CP) observations into the public policy (PP) literature's predominant intellectual framing of policy, in which the normal analytical unit is a specific policy sector or type of regulatory institution? This article offers a practical framework to incorporate IR and CP directly into PP analyses. We present theory and methods for composing carefully structured, multiyear, ana…
Policy Responses to Globalization
Policy Responses to GlobalizationDamned If You Do, Worse If You Don’t Leslie Elliott Armijo (bio) Meeting the Employment Challenge: Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico in the Global Economy. By Janine BergChristoph ErnstPeter Auer. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006. Pp. 247. $55.00 cloth. Living with Debt: How to Limit the Risks of Sovereign Finance; Economic and Social Progress in Latin America, 2007 Report. Coordinated by Eduardo Borensztei…
The Problems of Simultaneous Transitions
The Problems of Simultaneous Transitions Leslie Elliott Armijo (bio), Thomas J. Biersteker (bio), and Abraham F. Lowenthal (bio) Almost everywhere, command economies and overtly authoritarian politics are in retreat. Constitutional democracy and market capitalism now hold sway, at least as ideals, even in places where these concepts were anathema less than a decade ago. This is as true for Central and Eastern Europe as it is for Latin America, su…
Indebted Development
Inflation and Insouciance
The politics of inflation typically have been cast as reflecting an underlying “collective-action problem,” in which actions that would benefit the entire group are irrational from the viewpoint of each individual. Everyone would be better off without inflation. But in the absence of a mechanism that would permit social groups such as workers and owners to construct a lasting bargain, each group finds itself structurally obliged to push for highe…
Center-state relations in India and Brazil
This article asks: "When and why do state governments oppose (or support) privatization programs initiated by the central government?" We examined national privatization initiatives in the 1990s in India and Brazil in the areas of electricity and banking and the different responses from state governments in each of the largest financial and industrial centers in their countries, the states of Maharastra and São Paulo. Possible explanations for st…
Markets and Democracy in Latin America
The authors analyze the constraints faced by Latin American countries as they seek both to consolidate fragile democratic regimes and to restore economic dynamism
The Political Geography of World Financial Reform
Since the devastating East Asian crisis of 1997-99 we have seen many headlines, and the formation of numerous blue ribbon and multinational commissions, asserting the need to the world's financial architecture, the latter phrase having replaced the more mundane monetary and exchange rate arrangements. The purpose of this essay is to demystify some of the major reform proposals, and to understand which countries and interests back them. I suggest …
We Have a Consensus
By the 1990s, to the astonishment of many observers, most Latin American countries had reformed their systems of national economic governance along market lines. Many analysts of this shift have assumed that it circumvented normal political processes, presuming that such reforms could not be popular. Explanations emphasizing economic crisis, external assistance, and politically insulated executives illustrate this approach. Through a qualitative …
Lamenting Weak Governance
International Financial Governance under Stress by Geoffrey Underhill and Xiaoke Zhang is too obviously a conference volume. The seventeen chapters, plus introduction and conclusion, are uneven. Nonetheless, the volume does contain worthwhile analyses and interesting stories, accessible to those who are familiar with the major contemporary debates about international finance. The book is organized thematically but not rigorously. The sections dea…
Le rôle des institutions politiques dans les crises financières de l'Argentine et du Brésil
VARIA Philippe Faucher, Leslie Elliott armijo — Currency crises an decision making frameworks : The politics of bouncing back in Argentina and Brazil This paper seeks to explain why exchange rate crises of rather similar causes and magnitudes can be so much harder for one emerging market country to absorb and bounce back from than for its neighbour. Brazil was able to recover readily from its recent forced devaluation and associated domestic fina…
Crises cambiais e estrutura decisória
Dans cet article, on cherche à comprendre pourquoi dans des pays à économie de marché émergente les crises cambiales - aux causes et ampleur assez semblables - peuvent être beaucoup plus dures à absorber et à éliminer dans un pays que chez son voisin. On examine ici trois exemples récents de crises: en Argentine ( fin de 2001) et au Brésil (début de 1999 et moitié de 2002). On conclut que la différence résulte surtout de la structure des institut…
Mass democracy
Compared to What
A rich and plausible academic literature has delineated reasons to believe Brazil's democratic political institutions-including electoral rules, the political party system, federalism, and the rules of legislative procedure-are suboptimal from the viewpoints of democratic representativeness and policy-making effectiveness. The authors concur that specific peculiarities of Brazilian political institutions likely complicate the process of solving s…
Leadership, Responsibility, Perhaps Democracy
Leadership, Responsibility, Perhaps DemocracyNew Thinking about Latin American Development Leslie Elliott Armijo (bio) Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Prosperity in East Asia and Latin America. By Diane E. Davis . (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. 421. $80.00 cloth, $29.00 paper.) The Limits of Stabilization: Infrastructure, Public Deficits, and Growth in Latin America. Edited by William Easterly and Luis Servén . (…
The Financing of Politics
The Financing of Politics: Latin American and European Perspectives. Edited by Eduardo Posada-Carbó and Carlos Malamud. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2005. 266p. $65.00 cloth, $19.95 paper. Edited books are never consistent across all chapters, but like this one, they can be fun. The book's organization is straightforward: a brief introduction, three increasingly specific theoretical chapters, and seven country case studies cov…
Policy Responses to Globalization
Policy Responses to GlobalizationDamned If You Do, Worse If You Don’t Leslie Elliott Armijo (bio) Meeting the Employment Challenge: Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico in the Global Economy. By Janine BergChristoph ErnstPeter Auer. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006. Pp. 247. $55.00 cloth. Living with Debt: How to Limit the Risks of Sovereign Finance; Economic and Social Progress in Latin America, 2007 Report. Coordinated by Eduardo Borensztei…
Does Democratization Alter the Policy Process? Trade Policymaking in Brazil
This article explores the implications of transitions to democracy for the economic policymaking process in developing countries. Democracy is supposed to give citizens oversight of their political leaders, while providing leaders with electoral incentives to respect citizens' preferences. Consequently, a shift from authoritarian to democratic rule ought to alter policymaking. Using the case of Brazilian trade policy, this article examines change…
Brazil, the Entrepreneurial and Democratic BRIC
By most objective metrics, Brazil is the least imposing of the BRICs countriesless populous than China and India, slower-growing in recent years than China, India, or Russia, and the only member of the group lacking nuclear weapons. We argue that Brazil's material capabilities are more significant than commonly supposed. Moreover, Brazil's democratic transition in the mid-1980s, along with that of its neighbors, has for the first time enabled Bra…
Two dimensions of democracy and the economy
Does democracy influence economic policymaking and outcomes? Our study investigates the implications of Dahl's two dimensions of democracy ('polyarchy'): contestation/competition and inclusion/participation. We hypothesize that increases in democratic competition inspire policy incrementalism, thus lowering growth volatility and generating fewer deep crises. Meanwhile, increases in substantive democratic inclusion – genuine political voice, or de…
Equality and Regional Finance in the Americas
This article explores competing definitions of equality embedded in contending visions for regional finance in the Americas. The U.S. free market-oriented project envisions extension of a NAFTA-like regulatory framework hemispherewide, promising Latin Americans better financial services, credit, and investment in exchange for strong financial property protections and (implicitly) dramatically reduced financial policy autonomy for their government…
Theorizing the Financial Statecraft of Emerging Powers
‘Financial statecraft’, or the intentional use of credit, investment and currency levers by the incumbent governments of creditor – and sometimes debtor – states for both international economic and political advantage, has a long history, ranging from money doctors to currency wars. A neorealist, zero-sum framing of international monetary relations is not inevitable, yet casts a persistent shadow especially during periods of prospective interstat…
Can International Relations and Comparative Politics Be Policy Relevant? Theory and Methods for Incorporating Political Context
How might one bring international relations (IR) and comparative politics (CP) observations into the public policy (PP) literature's predominant intellectual framing of policy, in which the normal analytical unit is a specific policy sector or type of regulatory institution? This article offers a practical framework to incorporate IR and CP directly into PP analyses. We present theory and methods for composing carefully structured, multiyear, ana…
Explaining infrastructure underperformance in Brazil
Brazil’s infrastructure underperforms compared to that of peer emerging economies. Why? The political institutions of coalitional presidentialism with strong federalism undermine rational national planning. Politicians’ incentives to distribute ‘pork’ combine with sector-specific oligopoly characteristics, offering fertile ground for corruption. Yet the greatest challenge is low infrastructure investment, a consequence of weak private capital mar…
The Varieties of Collective Financial Statecraft
GIVEN THEIR RISING CAPABILITIES AND similar frustrations with the existing system, the emerging economic powers of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and, since December 2010, South Africa) are bound to have an impact on global economic governance, whether individually, as in the case of China, or collectively. Many scholars and policymakers have been skeptical that this eclectic group of five, dispersed around the world and only bound by t…
The Monetary and Financial Powers of States
This project transforms international financial statistics into a form useful for global political analysis. The authors first theorise four distinct faces of a sovereign state's monetary and financial power resources: its international Creditor, Network, Currency, and Governance Capabilities. Each of these capabilities implies resources that incumbent political leaders potentially may employ to persuade, induce, or coerce others in pursuit of th…
Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Sovereign Debt
The paper posits a powerful mutuality of interests between global multilateralism and independent regionalism in the global South. The more-or-less liberal international order established following the Second World War struggles to retain political and financial support from advanced industrial countries. Since the underlying source of this tension reflects a structural shift in the interstate distribution of power capabilities toward rising glob…
Political science (22 works) · Economics (18 works) · Law (18 works) · Politics (18 works) · Political economy (13 works) · International Development and Aid (10 works) · Law (10 works) · Global Financial Crisis and Policies (9 works) · Latin Americans (8 works) · Democracy (7 works)