Sam D Stout
Biographic Data
| ID | 79371 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sam D Stout |
| GIVEN NAMES | Sam D |
| FAMILY NAME | Stout |
| SIGNATURE | STOUT S D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Missouri |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6678-582X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 200 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1979 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Body size and social status in medieval Alba (Cuneo), Italy
OBJECTIVES: Previous work by Vercellotti et al. in 2011 found significant status-related differences in body size in males but not in females from the Italian bioarchaeological assemblage of San Michele di Trino (8th-14th centuries CE). The purpose of the present work is twofold: (a) to determine if status-related body size differences could be observed in the nearby collection of San Lorenzo di Alba (7th-15th centuries CE) and (b) to add to the …
Exploring the multidimensionality of stature variation in the past through comparisons of archaeological and living populations
Adult stature variation is commonly attributed to differential stress‐levels during development. However, due to selective mortality and heterogeneous frailty, a population's tall stature may be more indicative of high selective pressures than of positive life conditions. This article examines stature in a biocultural context and draws parallels between bioarchaeological and living populations to explore the multidimensionality of stature variati…
Brief communication: Reevaluating osteoporosis in human ribs: The role of intracortical porosity
Osteoporosis is a major health concern in modern society and is continually being evaluated in past populations by quantifying bone loss. Cortical area measures are commonly used in anthropological analyses to assess bone loss in the ribs, but these values are typically based on endosteal expansion and do not account for intracortical bone loss. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using absolute cortical area, compared…
Brief communication: The effects of disuse on the mechanical properties of bone: What unloading tells us about the adaptive nature of skeletal tissue
The intricate link between load environment and skeletal health is exemplified by the severe osteopenia that accompanies prolonged periods of immobilization, frequently referred to as disuse osteoporosis. Investigating the effects disuse has on the structural properties of bone provides a unique opportunity to better understand how mechanical loads influence the adaptation and maintenance of skeletal tissue. Here, we report results from an examin…
Intrapopulation variation in stature and body proportions: Social status and sex differences in an Italian medieval population (Trino Vercellese, VC)
The phenotypic expression of adult body size and shape results from synergistic interactions between hereditary factors and environmental conditions experienced during growth. Variation in body size and shape occurs even in genetically relatively homogeneous groups, due to different occurrence, duration, and timing of growth insults. Understanding the causes and patterns of intrapopulation variation can foster meaningful information on early life…
A distinct region of microarchitectural variation in femoral compact bone: Histomorphology of the endosteal lamellar pocket
Bone is a dynamic tissue, responding locally to differential mechanical loading and systemically to hormonal stimuli. Although the tendency is to consider compact bone a homogenous tissue, regional variations in microarchitecture are known to have quite different properties relating to processes of growth and mechanical loading. Specifically, we investigated an example of microstructural variation of the human, adult femoral endocortex, referred …
Brief communication: Bone remodeling rates in Pleistocene humans are not slower than the rates observed in modern populations: A reexamination of Abbott et al. (1996)
Bone histomorphometry has been applied to the lower limb cortical bone of Pleistocene humans to establish age at death and to determine bone remodeling rates (Abbott et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 226 (1996) 307–313). Both of these procedures require the determination of osteon density and mean osteon size. Previous analyses of Middle and Late Pleistocene human lower limb bones have produced bone remodeling rates that are slower than those determine…
Paget's disease in pre‐contact Florida? Revisiting the Briarwoods site in Gulf coast Florida
This report presents results of a reanalysis addressing the presence of Paget's disease ( Osteitis deformans ) in the pre‐contact Safety Harbour Briarwoods site (8PA66), a burial mound in Pasco County along Gulf coast Florida, dating around 1000–1500 AD. Due to the paucity of published histological and radiological analyses as well as the suspect nature of this Paget's disease report, a new study was conducted. The diagnosis was suspect for three…
Intraskeletal variability in bone mass
For methodological or other reasons, a variety of skeletal elements are analyzed and subsequently used as a basis for describing general bone loss and mass. However, bone loss and mass may not be uniform within and among skeletal elements of the same individual because of biomechanical factors. We test the hypothesis that a homogeneity in bone mass exists among skeletal elements of the same individual. Measures indicative of bone mass were calcul…
Cortical bone remodeling rates in a sample of African American and European American descent groups from the American Midwest: Comparisons of age and sex in ribs
This study employs regression analysis to explore population and sex differences in the pattern of age‐associated bone loss, as reflected by histomorphometric variables that are measures of intracortical and endocortical bone remodeling. A comparison of an African American sample from the Washington Park Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri, and a European American rib sample composed of cadavers, autopsies, and forensic cases from Missouri reveals th…
Histomorphometric age assessment of the Boxgrove 1 tibial diaphysis
Encyclopedia of human biology, 2nd edition
Encyclopedia of human biology, 2nd edition
Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures
Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures. Aidan Cockburn. Eve Cockburn. and Theodore A. Reyman. eds. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 402 pp
Methods for improving the efficiency of estimating total osteon density in the human anterior mid‐diaphyseal femur
In order to preserve whole bone integrity and minimize destruction, paleohistologists often rely on histomorphometric data obtained from small areas (1.5–50 mm2) sampled within the anterior mid-diaphyseal femur. Because bone exhibits significant histological variation, the validity of results based on such sampling is questionable. The accuracy of various subareas (columns, rows, squares approximating dimensions and locations assessed by paleohis…
Methods for improving the efficiency of estimating total osteon density in the human anterior mid-diaphyseal femur
In order to preserve whole bone integrity and minimize destruction, paleohistologists often rely on histomorphometric data obtained from small areas (1.5-50 mm2) sampled within the anterior mid-diaphyseal femur. Because bone exhibits significant histological variation, the validity of results based on such sampling is questionable. The accuracy of various subareas (columns, rows, squares approximating dimensions and locations assessed by paleohis…
Bone remodeling rates and skeletal maturation in three archaeoloqical skeletal populations
Cortical bone remodeling rates for rib samples from three archaeological populations and a modern autopsy sample were determined using an algorithm developed by Frost. (Frost [1987a] Calcif. Tissue Res. 3: 211–237). When plotted against the relative antiquities for population samples, histomorphometric variables; i.e., activation frequency ( μ rc , net bone formation ( net V f,r,t ), and mean annual bone formation rate (V f,r,t ), exhibit a conco…
Bone remodeling rates: A test of an algorithm for estimating missing osteons
Frost (1987a) proposed an algorithm for estimating the number of missing osteons that correspond to observed osteon population densities (OPD). Such an algorithm should allow more accurate estimates of bone remodeling rates for skeletal remains for which in vivo labeling is not possible. In order to validate the algorithm, it was tested on an autopsy sample of 44 ribs. Estimates of activation frequency. ( \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\…
Histological age estimation using rib and clavicle
Histological methods for estimating age at death using osteon population densities for the rib, clavicle, and rib and clavicle combined are presented. Predicting formulas were generated from a sample of 40 individuals of known age, sex, and race. Independent samples of 12 ribs and 7 clavicles were used to test the formulas. Mean differences between known and predicted ages were 1.1 years, 2.6 years, and 3.4 years for the clavicle, rib and clavicl…
Skeletal biology in anthropology
White, Tim D., Human Osteology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991. xix + 455 pp. including appendix, references, and index. $59.95 cloth. Simmons, David J., ed. Nutrition and Bone Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. xiv + 383 pp. including chapter references and index. $59.95 cloth
Percent osteonal bone versus osteon counts: The variable of choice for estimating age at death
Ahlqvist and Damsten's (1969) modification of the Kerley (1965) method for histological age estimation uses percent osteonal bone, rather than actual osteon counts, in order to eliminate the difficulty of distinguishing between intact and fragmentary osteons. Since their method has been developed for the femur only, and several more recent methods have been proposed that utilize percent osteonal bone, a study was undertaken to ascertain the relat…
Where do we go from here
Spencer, Frank, ed. A History of American Physical Anthropology: 1930–1980. New York: Academic Press, 1982. xvi + 495 pp. including 20 essays with separate bibliographies, author index, and subject index. $44.50 cloth
Physical: Prehistoric Tuberculosis in the Americas . Jane E. Buikstra , ed
The application of histophotometric analysis to ancient skeletal remains
Histomorphological Identification of Individuals Among Mixed Skeletons
Exploring the multidimensionality of stature variation in the past through comparisons of archaeological and living populations
Adult stature variation is commonly attributed to differential stress‐levels during development. However, due to selective mortality and heterogeneous frailty, a population's tall stature may be more indicative of high selective pressures than of positive life conditions. This article examines stature in a biocultural context and draws parallels between bioarchaeological and living populations to explore the multidimensionality of stature variati…
Histological age estimation using rib and clavicle
Histological methods for estimating age at death using osteon population densities for the rib, clavicle, and rib and clavicle combined are presented. Predicting formulas were generated from a sample of 40 individuals of known age, sex, and race. Independent samples of 12 ribs and 7 clavicles were used to test the formulas. Mean differences between known and predicted ages were 1.1 years, 2.6 years, and 3.4 years for the clavicle, rib and clavicl…
Intrapopulation variation in stature and body proportions: Social status and sex differences in an Italian medieval population (Trino Vercellese, VC)
The phenotypic expression of adult body size and shape results from synergistic interactions between hereditary factors and environmental conditions experienced during growth. Variation in body size and shape occurs even in genetically relatively homogeneous groups, due to different occurrence, duration, and timing of growth insults. Understanding the causes and patterns of intrapopulation variation can foster meaningful information on early life…
Bone remodeling rates and skeletal maturation in three archaeoloqical skeletal populations
Cortical bone remodeling rates for rib samples from three archaeological populations and a modern autopsy sample were determined using an algorithm developed by Frost. (Frost [1987a] Calcif. Tissue Res. 3: 211–237). When plotted against the relative antiquities for population samples, histomorphometric variables; i.e., activation frequency ( μ rc , net bone formation ( net V f,r,t ), and mean annual bone formation rate (V f,r,t ), exhibit a conco…
Bone remodeling rates: A test of an algorithm for estimating missing osteons
Frost (1987a) proposed an algorithm for estimating the number of missing osteons that correspond to observed osteon population densities (OPD). Such an algorithm should allow more accurate estimates of bone remodeling rates for skeletal remains for which in vivo labeling is not possible. In order to validate the algorithm, it was tested on an autopsy sample of 44 ribs. Estimates of activation frequency. ( \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\…
Intraskeletal variability in bone mass
For methodological or other reasons, a variety of skeletal elements are analyzed and subsequently used as a basis for describing general bone loss and mass. However, bone loss and mass may not be uniform within and among skeletal elements of the same individual because of biomechanical factors. We test the hypothesis that a homogeneity in bone mass exists among skeletal elements of the same individual. Measures indicative of bone mass were calcul…
Brief communication: Reevaluating osteoporosis in human ribs: The role of intracortical porosity
Osteoporosis is a major health concern in modern society and is continually being evaluated in past populations by quantifying bone loss. Cortical area measures are commonly used in anthropological analyses to assess bone loss in the ribs, but these values are typically based on endosteal expansion and do not account for intracortical bone loss. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using absolute cortical area, compared…
Cortical bone remodeling rates in a sample of African American and European American descent groups from the American Midwest: Comparisons of age and sex in ribs
This study employs regression analysis to explore population and sex differences in the pattern of age‐associated bone loss, as reflected by histomorphometric variables that are measures of intracortical and endocortical bone remodeling. A comparison of an African American sample from the Washington Park Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri, and a European American rib sample composed of cadavers, autopsies, and forensic cases from Missouri reveals th…
Histomorphometric age assessment of the Boxgrove 1 tibial diaphysis
Brief communication: The effects of disuse on the mechanical properties of bone: What unloading tells us about the adaptive nature of skeletal tissue
The intricate link between load environment and skeletal health is exemplified by the severe osteopenia that accompanies prolonged periods of immobilization, frequently referred to as disuse osteoporosis. Investigating the effects disuse has on the structural properties of bone provides a unique opportunity to better understand how mechanical loads influence the adaptation and maintenance of skeletal tissue. Here, we report results from an examin…
Percent osteonal bone versus osteon counts: The variable of choice for estimating age at death
Ahlqvist and Damsten's (1969) modification of the Kerley (1965) method for histological age estimation uses percent osteonal bone, rather than actual osteon counts, in order to eliminate the difficulty of distinguishing between intact and fragmentary osteons. Since their method has been developed for the femur only, and several more recent methods have been proposed that utilize percent osteonal bone, a study was undertaken to ascertain the relat…
Body size and social status in medieval Alba (Cuneo), Italy
OBJECTIVES: Previous work by Vercellotti et al. in 2011 found significant status-related differences in body size in males but not in females from the Italian bioarchaeological assemblage of San Michele di Trino (8th-14th centuries CE). The purpose of the present work is twofold: (a) to determine if status-related body size differences could be observed in the nearby collection of San Lorenzo di Alba (7th-15th centuries CE) and (b) to add to the …
Brief communication: Bone remodeling rates in Pleistocene humans are not slower than the rates observed in modern populations: A reexamination of Abbott et al. (1996)
Bone histomorphometry has been applied to the lower limb cortical bone of Pleistocene humans to establish age at death and to determine bone remodeling rates (Abbott et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 226 (1996) 307–313). Both of these procedures require the determination of osteon density and mean osteon size. Previous analyses of Middle and Late Pleistocene human lower limb bones have produced bone remodeling rates that are slower than those determine…
Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures
Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures. Aidan Cockburn. Eve Cockburn. and Theodore A. Reyman. eds. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 402 pp
A distinct region of microarchitectural variation in femoral compact bone: Histomorphology of the endosteal lamellar pocket
Bone is a dynamic tissue, responding locally to differential mechanical loading and systemically to hormonal stimuli. Although the tendency is to consider compact bone a homogenous tissue, regional variations in microarchitecture are known to have quite different properties relating to processes of growth and mechanical loading. Specifically, we investigated an example of microstructural variation of the human, adult femoral endocortex, referred …
Histomorphological Identification of Individuals Among Mixed Skeletons
Histomorphological Identification of Individuals Among Mixed Skeletons
Physical: Prehistoric Tuberculosis in the Americas . Jane E. Buikstra , ed
The application of histophotometric analysis to ancient skeletal remains
Where do we go from here
Spencer, Frank, ed. A History of American Physical Anthropology: 1930–1980. New York: Academic Press, 1982. xvi + 495 pp. including 20 essays with separate bibliographies, author index, and subject index. $44.50 cloth
Percent osteonal bone versus osteon counts: The variable of choice for estimating age at death
Ahlqvist and Damsten's (1969) modification of the Kerley (1965) method for histological age estimation uses percent osteonal bone, rather than actual osteon counts, in order to eliminate the difficulty of distinguishing between intact and fragmentary osteons. Since their method has been developed for the femur only, and several more recent methods have been proposed that utilize percent osteonal bone, a study was undertaken to ascertain the relat…
Histological age estimation using rib and clavicle
Histological methods for estimating age at death using osteon population densities for the rib, clavicle, and rib and clavicle combined are presented. Predicting formulas were generated from a sample of 40 individuals of known age, sex, and race. Independent samples of 12 ribs and 7 clavicles were used to test the formulas. Mean differences between known and predicted ages were 1.1 years, 2.6 years, and 3.4 years for the clavicle, rib and clavicl…
Skeletal biology in anthropology
White, Tim D., Human Osteology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991. xix + 455 pp. including appendix, references, and index. $59.95 cloth. Simmons, David J., ed. Nutrition and Bone Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. xiv + 383 pp. including chapter references and index. $59.95 cloth
Bone remodeling rates: A test of an algorithm for estimating missing osteons
Frost (1987a) proposed an algorithm for estimating the number of missing osteons that correspond to observed osteon population densities (OPD). Such an algorithm should allow more accurate estimates of bone remodeling rates for skeletal remains for which in vivo labeling is not possible. In order to validate the algorithm, it was tested on an autopsy sample of 44 ribs. Estimates of activation frequency. ( \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\…
Bone remodeling rates and skeletal maturation in three archaeoloqical skeletal populations
Cortical bone remodeling rates for rib samples from three archaeological populations and a modern autopsy sample were determined using an algorithm developed by Frost. (Frost [1987a] Calcif. Tissue Res. 3: 211–237). When plotted against the relative antiquities for population samples, histomorphometric variables; i.e., activation frequency ( μ rc , net bone formation ( net V f,r,t ), and mean annual bone formation rate (V f,r,t ), exhibit a conco…
Methods for improving the efficiency of estimating total osteon density in the human anterior mid‐diaphyseal femur
In order to preserve whole bone integrity and minimize destruction, paleohistologists often rely on histomorphometric data obtained from small areas (1.5–50 mm2) sampled within the anterior mid-diaphyseal femur. Because bone exhibits significant histological variation, the validity of results based on such sampling is questionable. The accuracy of various subareas (columns, rows, squares approximating dimensions and locations assessed by paleohis…
Methods for improving the efficiency of estimating total osteon density in the human anterior mid-diaphyseal femur
In order to preserve whole bone integrity and minimize destruction, paleohistologists often rely on histomorphometric data obtained from small areas (1.5-50 mm2) sampled within the anterior mid-diaphyseal femur. Because bone exhibits significant histological variation, the validity of results based on such sampling is questionable. The accuracy of various subareas (columns, rows, squares approximating dimensions and locations assessed by paleohis…
Encyclopedia of human biology, 2nd edition
Encyclopedia of human biology, 2nd edition
Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures
Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures. Aidan Cockburn. Eve Cockburn. and Theodore A. Reyman. eds. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 402 pp
Histomorphometric age assessment of the Boxgrove 1 tibial diaphysis
Cortical bone remodeling rates in a sample of African American and European American descent groups from the American Midwest: Comparisons of age and sex in ribs
This study employs regression analysis to explore population and sex differences in the pattern of age‐associated bone loss, as reflected by histomorphometric variables that are measures of intracortical and endocortical bone remodeling. A comparison of an African American sample from the Washington Park Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri, and a European American rib sample composed of cadavers, autopsies, and forensic cases from Missouri reveals th…
Intraskeletal variability in bone mass
For methodological or other reasons, a variety of skeletal elements are analyzed and subsequently used as a basis for describing general bone loss and mass. However, bone loss and mass may not be uniform within and among skeletal elements of the same individual because of biomechanical factors. We test the hypothesis that a homogeneity in bone mass exists among skeletal elements of the same individual. Measures indicative of bone mass were calcul…
Paget's disease in pre‐contact Florida? Revisiting the Briarwoods site in Gulf coast Florida
This report presents results of a reanalysis addressing the presence of Paget's disease ( Osteitis deformans ) in the pre‐contact Safety Harbour Briarwoods site (8PA66), a burial mound in Pasco County along Gulf coast Florida, dating around 1000–1500 AD. Due to the paucity of published histological and radiological analyses as well as the suspect nature of this Paget's disease report, a new study was conducted. The diagnosis was suspect for three…
Brief communication: Bone remodeling rates in Pleistocene humans are not slower than the rates observed in modern populations: A reexamination of Abbott et al. (1996)
Bone histomorphometry has been applied to the lower limb cortical bone of Pleistocene humans to establish age at death and to determine bone remodeling rates (Abbott et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 226 (1996) 307–313). Both of these procedures require the determination of osteon density and mean osteon size. Previous analyses of Middle and Late Pleistocene human lower limb bones have produced bone remodeling rates that are slower than those determine…
Intrapopulation variation in stature and body proportions: Social status and sex differences in an Italian medieval population (Trino Vercellese, VC)
The phenotypic expression of adult body size and shape results from synergistic interactions between hereditary factors and environmental conditions experienced during growth. Variation in body size and shape occurs even in genetically relatively homogeneous groups, due to different occurrence, duration, and timing of growth insults. Understanding the causes and patterns of intrapopulation variation can foster meaningful information on early life…
A distinct region of microarchitectural variation in femoral compact bone: Histomorphology of the endosteal lamellar pocket
Bone is a dynamic tissue, responding locally to differential mechanical loading and systemically to hormonal stimuli. Although the tendency is to consider compact bone a homogenous tissue, regional variations in microarchitecture are known to have quite different properties relating to processes of growth and mechanical loading. Specifically, we investigated an example of microstructural variation of the human, adult femoral endocortex, referred …
Brief communication: Reevaluating osteoporosis in human ribs: The role of intracortical porosity
Osteoporosis is a major health concern in modern society and is continually being evaluated in past populations by quantifying bone loss. Cortical area measures are commonly used in anthropological analyses to assess bone loss in the ribs, but these values are typically based on endosteal expansion and do not account for intracortical bone loss. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using absolute cortical area, compared…
Brief communication: The effects of disuse on the mechanical properties of bone: What unloading tells us about the adaptive nature of skeletal tissue
The intricate link between load environment and skeletal health is exemplified by the severe osteopenia that accompanies prolonged periods of immobilization, frequently referred to as disuse osteoporosis. Investigating the effects disuse has on the structural properties of bone provides a unique opportunity to better understand how mechanical loads influence the adaptation and maintenance of skeletal tissue. Here, we report results from an examin…
Exploring the multidimensionality of stature variation in the past through comparisons of archaeological and living populations
Adult stature variation is commonly attributed to differential stress‐levels during development. However, due to selective mortality and heterogeneous frailty, a population's tall stature may be more indicative of high selective pressures than of positive life conditions. This article examines stature in a biocultural context and draws parallels between bioarchaeological and living populations to explore the multidimensionality of stature variati…
Body size and social status in medieval Alba (Cuneo), Italy
OBJECTIVES: Previous work by Vercellotti et al. in 2011 found significant status-related differences in body size in males but not in females from the Italian bioarchaeological assemblage of San Michele di Trino (8th-14th centuries CE). The purpose of the present work is twofold: (a) to determine if status-related body size differences could be observed in the nearby collection of San Lorenzo di Alba (7th-15th centuries CE) and (b) to add to the …
Biology (15 works) · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies (15 works) · Anatomy (14 works) · Anatomy (13 works) · Medicine (11 works) · Cortical bone (9 works) · Paleopathology and ancient diseases (9 works) · History (8 works) · Osteon (8 works) · Bone health and osteoporosis research (7 works)