Steffen Nestler
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 79516 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Steffen Nestler |
| NOMBRES | Steffen |
| APELLIDO | Nestler |
| FIRMA | NESTLER S |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Münster |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9724-2441 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 57 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 171 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 57 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2008 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
How will I know if you really like me? Assessing the role of appearance, behavior, and reciprocity for metaliking accuracy in initial social encounters.
In first social encounters, people regularly try to figure out whether others like them. When accurate, these meta-liking judgments enable individuals to more optimally engage in social interactions. Although previous research shows that people do know how much others like them, little is known about the processes leading to accurate meta-liking judgments. In the present, pre-registered research, we aimed to close this gap by investigating the ro…
Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation
Estimating the reliability of round‐robin judgments with social relations confirmatory factor analyses
The social relations model (SRM) is commonly used in psychological research to analyse interdependent data from round‐robin designs, where all members of a group rate each other. Based on the recently suggested social relations confirmatory factor analysis (SR‐CFA), we present general formulas for determining the reliability of composites of round‐robin judgments and also derive simpler variants when specific restrictions are applied to the param…
Estimating Multilevel Structural Equation Models with Random Slopes with Laplace and Variational Approximations
Multilevel structural equation models (MSEMs) are an important statistical approach to analyze hierarchically nested data. While Bayesian methods are commonly used to estimate the MSEM parameters, maximum likelihood (ML) approaches are less often employed because of the computational challenges in the required numerical integration. Building on Rockwood’s reformulation of the MSEM, we investigate two computationally efficient approximation method…
Multivariate Location-Scale Models for Meta-Analysis
Often, primary studies that are pooled in a meta-analysis provide information on several outcomes of interest. Multivariate meta-analysis allows to analyze these outcomes simultaneously and model their relationship, and in addition can be more efficient than separate, univariate meta-analyses. However, standard multivariate meta-analysis models typically assume that the between-study variances and correlations are constant across studies. While i…
Dealing with feelings in adolescence
Adolescence is a period of heightened exposure to both unpleasant and pleasant events, requiring effective emotion regulation. Cognitive reappraisal is particularly beneficial, yet research has typically examined its role either in unpleasant or in pleasant situations, rarely considering both simultaneously within individuals. In this 28-day daily diary study, we investigated whether cognitive reappraisal in unpleasant and pleasant events each un…
A question of perspective
Mind perception - the inference of mind in others - is foundational for social cognition and interaction, but previous research on its underlying dimensions has so far only produced mixed findings. In a prominent study, H.M. Gray et al. (2007) identified two dimensions of mind perception - Agency and Experience -, while more recent work instead suggests three dimensions similar to Body, Heart, and Mind (Malle, 2019; Weisman et al., 2017). Here, w…
Correcting for Differences in Measurement Unreliability in Meta-Analysis of Variances
There is a growing interest of researchers in meta-analytic methods for comparing variances as a means to answer questions on between-group differences in variability. When measurements are fallible, however, the variance of an outcome reflects both the variance of the true scores and the error variance. Consequently, effect sizes based on variances, such as the log variability ratio (lnVR) or the log coefficient of variation ratio (lnCVR), may t…
Speaking about flexibility
Building on prominent theories of emotional aging (Carstensen, 2006; Charles & Luong, 2013), this study investigated age differences in the variability and situational sensitivity of emotion regulation strategies. We hypothesized that, older, as compared to younger, adults would demonstrate greater temporal variability in their use of emotion regulation strategies and adapt them more flexibly to the perceived controllability of daily stressors. O…
Appearing smart, confident and motivated
Which behavioral and visual information do teachers rely on when judging relevant characteristics of their students and which cues should they rely on? Drawing on Brunswik’s Lens Model (Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments, University of California Press, 1956. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520350519 ), we investigated the role of students’ expression of nonverbal behavioral cues (e.g., friendly facial expression) a…
Univariate Autoregressive Structural Equation Models as Mixed-Effects Models
Several variants of the autoregressive structural equation model were suggested over the past years, including, for example, the random intercept autoregressive panel model, the latent curve model with structured residuals, and the STARTS model. The present work shows how to place these models into a mixed-effects model framework and how to estimate them in mixed-effects model software, namely the R package nlme. We also show how nlme can be used…
Latent variable modeling of scientific impact
Statistical modeling of scientific productivity and impact provides insights into bibliometric measures used also to quantify differences between individual scholars. The Q model decomposes the log-transformed impact of a published paper into a researcher capacity parameter and a random luck parameter. These two parameters are then modeled together with the log-transformed number of published papers (i.e., an indicator of productivity) by means o…
A Mixed-Effects Model in Which the Parameters of the Autocorrelated Error Structure Can Differ between Individuals
Research in psychology has seen a rapid increase in the usage of experience sampling methods and daily diary methods. The data that result from using these methods are typically analyzed with a mixed-effects or a multilevel model because it allows testing hypotheses about the time course of the longitudinally assessed variable or the influence of time-varying predictors in a simple way. Here, we describe an extension of this model that does not o…
Routes to momentary self‐esteem in adolescence
OBJECTIVE: This study provides insights into the perceptual processes contributing to positive social experiences and momentary self-esteem in adolescents' initial social interactions. BACKGROUND: A person's self-esteem is shaped by their social experiences. However, little is known about which interpersonal perceptions are linked to momentary self-esteem within social interactions. Identifying two key interpersonal perceptions, we examined diffe…
Fitting Single- and Multiple-Indicator STARTS Models as Dynamic Structural Equation Models
Narcissists’ affective well-being
2,125; total measurements = 116,336). As hypothesized, we found diverging associations between agentic and antagonistic aspects of narcissism with affect levels: Whereas narcissistic admiration was related to more pleasant affective states, narcissistic rivalry was related to less pleasant ones. We also obtained some support for diverging effects of admiration and rivalry on affect variability. However, these associations were largely reduced whe…
Disentangling between‐ and within‐person variation in relationship science
Objective This article provides an overview of the Cross‐Lagged Panel Model (CLPM), Random‐Intercept Cross‐Lagged Panel Model (RI‐CLPM), and Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals (LCM‐SR), highlighting the major issues of the CLPM for relationship science, and discusses dyadic extensions of those three models. Background Understanding interdependencies among people and constructs is a central interest in relationship science. Addressing su…
Do Agency and Communion Explain the Relationship Between Perceiver and Target Effects in Interpersonal Perception? A Meta-Analysis on Generalized Reciprocity
This meta-analysis examines generalized reciprocity, that is, the relationship between how people perceive others and how they are perceived by others. It tests the hypothesis that generalized reciprocity varies as a function of the content domain under investigation. Generalized reciprocity for attributes with primarily communal content (e.g., friendliness) was hypothesized to be more positive than generalized reciprocity for attributes with pri…
Gradient Tree Boosting for Hierarchical Data
Gradient tree boosting is a powerful machine learning technique that has shown good performance in predicting a variety of outcomes. However, when applied to hierarchical (e.g., longitudinal or clustered) data, the predictive performance of gradient tree boosting may be harmed by ignoring the hierarchical structure, and may be improved by accounting for it. Tree-based methods such as regression trees and random forests have already been extended …
Three facets of emotion regulation in old and very old age
The ability to regulate emotions in stressful situations is an important building block for high well-being across the lifespan. Yet, very little is known about how old and very old adults regulate their emotions. In this study, 123 young old adults ( M age = 67.18, SD = 0.94) and 47 very old adults ( M age = 86.70, SD = 1.46) were prompted 6 times a day for 7 consecutive days to report both their stressors and 10 emotion regulation strategies. O…
Regularized 2SLS Estimation of Structural Equation Model Parameters
There is a growing interest among methodological and applied researchers in extending the use of regularization techniques (e.g., lasso regression, the elastic net) to structural equation models (SEMs). To date, most of the extensions have been based on combining the respective penalty function with the standard Maximum Likelihood fit function for SEMs. In the present article, we describe two ways in which the Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) estim…
Perceiver Effects in First Impressions Reflect Generalized Stereotypes
In interpersonal perception, perceivers’ tendencies for judging the average target (perceiver effects) are commonly assumed to reflect generalized stereotypes about “the other.” This is empirically supported by findings of consistent rank-orders of perceiver effects across measurement occasions, but previous studies could not rule out important alternative explanations for consistency. Here, we present a strict test of the generalized stereotype …
The true role that suppressor effects play in condition-based regression analysis
Condition-based regression analysis (CRA) is a statistical method for testing self-enhancement effects. That is, CRA indicates whether, in a set of empirical data, people with higher values on the directed discrepancy self-view S minus reality criterion R (i.e., S-R) tend to have higher values on some outcome variable (e.g., happiness). In a critical comment, Fiedler (2021) claims that CRA yields inaccurate conclusions in data with a suppressor e…
Positivity in peer perceptions over time
People have characteristic ways of perceiving others' personalities. When judging others on several traits, some perceivers tend to form globally positive and others tend to form globally negative impressions. These differences, often termed perceiver effects, have mostly been conceptualized as a static construct that taps perceivers' personal stereotypes about the average other. Here, we assessed perceiver effects repeatedly in small groups of s…
The incremental validity of average states
806) that involved global self- and informant-reports and employed a variety of different experience-sampling methods (time-based with different sampling schedules, event-based). Across all studies, the original results (i.e., no incremental effects of average self-reported states) were replicated. Furthermore, as an extension to the original study, we found that average other-reported states (provided by peers, results based on one study) did in…
Behavioral processes underlying the decline of narcissists’ popularity over time
Following a dual-pathway approach to the social consequences of grandiose narcissism, we investigated the behavioral processes underlying (a) the decline of narcissists' popularity in social groups over time and (b) how this is differentially influenced by the 2 narcissism facets admiration and rivalry. In a longitudinal laboratory study, participants (N = 311) first provided narcissism self-reports using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory an…
Puffed-up but shaky selves
Different theoretical conceptualizations characterize grandiose narcissists by high, yet fragile self-esteem. Empirical evidence, however, has been inconsistent, particularly regarding the relationship between narcissism and self-esteem fragility (i.e., self-esteem variability). Here, we aim at unraveling this inconsistency by disentangling the effects of two theoretically distinct facets of narcissism (i.e., admiration and rivalry) on the two as…
The effects of prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving and temporal discounting in women with frequent food cravings
Trait personality and state variability
Wherever I may roam
Previous studies on self-esteem development show substantial changes as well as interindividual differences in change from adolescence to young adulthood. However, the processes underlying these developmental trajectories are still not well understood. The aim of the present study was to shed light on the macro- and microprocesses of self-esteem development. We investigated a sample of 876 German high school students (M = 16.0 years at Time 1) pa…
Tell me a story and I will tell you who you are! Lens model analyses of personality and creative writing
Is accurate, positive, or inflated self-perception most advantageous for psychological adjustment? A competitive test of key hypotheses
Empirical research on the (mal-)adaptiveness of favorable self-perceptions, self-enhancement, and self-knowledge has typically applied a classical null-hypothesis testing approach and provided mixed and even contradictory findings. Using data from 5 studies (laboratory and field, total N = 2,823), we used an information-theoretic approach combined with Response Surface Analysis to provide the first competitive test of 6 popular hypotheses: that m…
Do accurate personality impressions benefit early relationship development? The bidirectional associations between accuracy and liking
Does forming accurate impressions benefit emerging relationships? In 2 longitudinal studies (Study 1: 235 participants, 534 dyads, 2 time points; Study 2: 122 participants, 3,023 dyads, 7 time points), we examined whether more accurate personality impressions among new acquaintances fostered greater liking over time for both the perceiver and target (accuracy fosters liking hypothesis). Further, we examined whether greater perceiver and target li…
Changing explicit and implicit attitudes
Three experiments investigated predictions concerning asymmetrical patterns of implicit and explicit self-esteem change. Specifically, we investigated the influence of knowledge about the own self that is momentarily salient as well as the influence of affective valence associated with the self in memory on implicit and explicit self-esteem. The latter was induced by evaluative conditioning, the former by directed thinking about oneself. We found…
What is the structure of perceiver effects? On the importance of global positivity and trait-specificity across personality domains and judgment contexts
When judging others' personalities, perceivers differ in their general judgment tendencies. These perceiver effects partly reflect a response bias but are also stable and psychologically important individual differences. However, current insights into the basic structure of perceiver effects are ambiguous with previous research pointing to either a unidimensional structure (i.e., people see others as globally positive vs. negative) or a multidime…
The dual lens model
An integrative framework for the examination of self-other agreement of personality judgments at zero acquaintance is outlined that integrates dualistic approaches to personality, behavior, and personality judgments within the Brunswikian (1956) lens model. The dual lens model (DLM) distinguishes between explicit and implicit self-concepts of personality, controlled and automatic cues, and deliberate and intuitive personality judgments. In a firs…
Narcissists’ affective well-being
2,125; total measurements = 116,336). As hypothesized, we found diverging associations between agentic and antagonistic aspects of narcissism with affect levels: Whereas narcissistic admiration was related to more pleasant affective states, narcissistic rivalry was related to less pleasant ones. We also obtained some support for diverging effects of admiration and rivalry on affect variability. However, these associations were largely reduced whe…
Enhanced versus simply positive
Despite a large body of literature and ongoing refinements of analytical techniques, research on the consequences of self-enhancement (SE) is still vague about how to define SE effects, and empirical results are inconsistent. In this paper, we point out that part of this confusion is due to a lack of conceptual and methodological differentiation between effects of individual differences in how much people enhance themselves (SE) and in how positi…
Being popular in online social networks
The codevelopment of extraversion and friendships
Empirical evidence suggests that people select friends whose extraversion is similar to their own (selection). However, little is known about whether friends influence extraversion development (influence) and about the interaction mechanisms that underlie friendship selection and influence. We examined whether selection and influence explain similarity in extraversion between friends in two independent samples. Similarity in extraversion predicte…
An integrative lens model approach to bias and accuracy in human inferences
The present article integrates research on the accurate inference of personality traits with process models of hindsight bias (the tendency to exaggerate in hindsight what one had said in foresight). Specifically, the article suggests a new model that integrates assumptions of the lens model on accurate personality judgments and accounts that view hindsight effects as a by-product of knowledge updating. We suggest 3 processes that have the potent…
Belief Perseverance
Two studies tested the influence of accessibility experiences on belief perseverance when participants generated few or many reasons about how a reported outcome or an alternative outcome might have turned out. Those participants who had listed many reasons about the reported outcome rated this outcome after debriefing to be less likely - and hence exhibited no belief perseverance - than participants who had listed few reasons or subjects in a st…
The incremental validity of average states
806) that involved global self- and informant-reports and employed a variety of different experience-sampling methods (time-based with different sampling schedules, event-based). Across all studies, the original results (i.e., no incremental effects of average self-reported states) were replicated. Furthermore, as an extension to the original study, we found that average other-reported states (provided by peers, results based on one study) did in…
When scary messages backfire
Disentangling between‐ and within‐person variation in relationship science
Objective This article provides an overview of the Cross‐Lagged Panel Model (CLPM), Random‐Intercept Cross‐Lagged Panel Model (RI‐CLPM), and Latent Curve Model with Structured Residuals (LCM‐SR), highlighting the major issues of the CLPM for relationship science, and discusses dyadic extensions of those three models. Background Understanding interdependencies among people and constructs is a central interest in relationship science. Addressing su…
Positivity in peer perceptions over time
People have characteristic ways of perceiving others' personalities. When judging others on several traits, some perceivers tend to form globally positive and others tend to form globally negative impressions. These differences, often termed perceiver effects, have mostly been conceptualized as a static construct that taps perceivers' personal stereotypes about the average other. Here, we assessed perceiver effects repeatedly in small groups of s…
Can other-derogation be beneficial? Seeing others as low in agency can lead to an agentic reputation in newly formed face-to-face groups
Whenever groups form, members readily and intuitively judge each other's agentic characteristics (e.g., self-confidence or assertiveness). We tested the hypothesis that perceiving others as low in these characteristics triggers agentic interpersonal behavior among perceivers, which benefits their own reputation in terms of agency. We analyzed data from a longitudinal field study (Study 1, n = 109), a multiwave laboratory study (Study 2, n = 311),…
Value Relativism and Perspective Taking are Two Distinct Facets of Wisdom-Related Knowledge
This study provides evidence for the idea that value relativism and perspective taking are two distinct facets of wisdom-related knowledge. Implications for future age-comparative research interested in wisdom are discussed
Hindsight Bias and Causal Attribution
Hindsight bias describes characteristic changes in the perceptions of events or facts once their outcomes are known. This article focuses on one important facet of this, named creeping determinism, denoting enhanced hindsight perceptions of the inevitability of event outcomes. We suggest a systematic link between the literatures on causal attribution and hindsight bias/creeping determinism and introduce a comprehensive causal model theory (CMT) o…
Changing explicit and implicit attitudes
Three experiments investigated predictions concerning asymmetrical patterns of implicit and explicit self-esteem change. Specifically, we investigated the influence of knowledge about the own self that is momentarily salient as well as the influence of affective valence associated with the self in memory on implicit and explicit self-esteem. The latter was induced by evaluative conditioning, the former by directed thinking about oneself. We found…
Hindsight Bias and Causal Attribution
Hindsight bias describes characteristic changes in the perceptions of events or facts once their outcomes are known. This article focuses on one important facet of this, named creeping determinism, denoting enhanced hindsight perceptions of the inevitability of event outcomes. We suggest a systematic link between the literatures on causal attribution and hindsight bias/creeping determinism and introduce a comprehensive causal model theory (CMT) o…
When scary messages backfire
Tell me a story and I will tell you who you are! Lens model analyses of personality and creative writing
Belief Perseverance
Two studies tested the influence of accessibility experiences on belief perseverance when participants generated few or many reasons about how a reported outcome or an alternative outcome might have turned out. Those participants who had listed many reasons about the reported outcome rated this outcome after debriefing to be less likely - and hence exhibited no belief perseverance - than participants who had listed few reasons or subjects in a st…
The dual lens model
An integrative framework for the examination of self-other agreement of personality judgments at zero acquaintance is outlined that integrates dualistic approaches to personality, behavior, and personality judgments within the Brunswikian (1956) lens model. The dual lens model (DLM) distinguishes between explicit and implicit self-concepts of personality, controlled and automatic cues, and deliberate and intuitive personality judgments. In a firs…
An integrative lens model approach to bias and accuracy in human inferences
The present article integrates research on the accurate inference of personality traits with process models of hindsight bias (the tendency to exaggerate in hindsight what one had said in foresight). Specifically, the article suggests a new model that integrates assumptions of the lens model on accurate personality judgments and accounts that view hindsight effects as a by-product of knowledge updating. We suggest 3 processes that have the potent…
The Two Pathways to Being an (Un‐)Popular Narcissist
OBJECTIVE: Narcissism affects social relationships from the very first interactions. The overall positivity of social impressions narcissists evoke is, however, unclear-with previous research reporting positive, negative, or null effects on popularity at short-term acquaintance. Here we postulate a dual-pathway model, which explains the effects of narcissism on (un-)popularity as the result of two opposing behavioral pathways: assertiveness and a…
Being popular in online social networks
The Stigma of Being Overweight
In a job context, we investigated whether controllability of a stigma influences the self-protective effects of attributions to discrimination. Eighty overweight females read a vignette and imagined being rejected for a job because of their (1) personal abilities, (2) sex, (3) being overweight due to a disease, or (4) being overweight from personal causes. Results showed that when the rejection was gender-based, participants blamed themselves les…
The effects of prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving and temporal discounting in women with frequent food cravings
Accurate Judgments of Neuroticism at Zero Acquaintance
Prior studies have consistently found a surprising inaccuracy of people's neuroticism judgments at zero acquaintance. Based on the Realistic Accuracy Model (Funder, 1995), we hypothesize that this is due to a lack of relevance of the situation in which targets are typically observed. Fifty participants were videotaped in a highly trait-relevant (i.e., socially stressful) situation as well as three less relevant situations. An aggregate of self-re…
Behavioral processes underlying the decline of narcissists’ popularity over time
Following a dual-pathway approach to the social consequences of grandiose narcissism, we investigated the behavioral processes underlying (a) the decline of narcissists' popularity in social groups over time and (b) how this is differentially influenced by the 2 narcissism facets admiration and rivalry. In a longitudinal laboratory study, participants (N = 311) first provided narcissism self-reports using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory an…
Wherever I may roam
Previous studies on self-esteem development show substantial changes as well as interindividual differences in change from adolescence to young adulthood. However, the processes underlying these developmental trajectories are still not well understood. The aim of the present study was to shed light on the macro- and microprocesses of self-esteem development. We investigated a sample of 876 German high school students (M = 16.0 years at Time 1) pa…
Likelihood Estimation of the Multivariate Social Relations Model
The social relations model (SRM) is a mathematical model that can be used to analyze interpersonal judgment and behavior data. Typically, the SRM is applied to one (i.e., univariate SRM) or two variables (i.e., bivariate SRM), and parameter estimates are obtained by employing an analysis of variance method. Here, we present an extension of the SRM to an arbitrary number of variables and show how the parameters of this multivariate model can be es…
Value Relativism and Perspective Taking are Two Distinct Facets of Wisdom-Related Knowledge
This study provides evidence for the idea that value relativism and perspective taking are two distinct facets of wisdom-related knowledge. Implications for future age-comparative research interested in wisdom are discussed
Trait personality and state variability
Puffed-up but shaky selves
Different theoretical conceptualizations characterize grandiose narcissists by high, yet fragile self-esteem. Empirical evidence, however, has been inconsistent, particularly regarding the relationship between narcissism and self-esteem fragility (i.e., self-esteem variability). Here, we aim at unraveling this inconsistency by disentangling the effects of two theoretically distinct facets of narcissism (i.e., admiration and rivalry) on the two as…
Testing Similarity Effects with Dyadic Response Surface Analysis
Dyadic similarity effect hypotheses state that the (dis)similarity between dyad members (e.g. the similarity on a personality dimension) is related to a dyadic outcome variable (e.g. the relationship satisfaction of both partners). Typically, these hypotheses have been investigated by using difference scores or other profile similarity indices as predictors of the outcome variables. These approaches, however, have been vigorously criticized for t…
How Do Different Ways of Measuring Individual Differences in Zero‐Acquaintance Personality Judgment Accuracy Correlate With Each Other
OBJECTIVE: This research compares two different approaches that are commonly used to measure accuracy of personality judgment: the trait accuracy approach wherein participants discriminate among targets on a given trait, thus making intertarget comparisons, and the profile accuracy approach wherein participants discriminate between traits for a given target, thus making intratarget comparisons. We examined correlations between these methods as we…
Is accurate, positive, or inflated self-perception most advantageous for psychological adjustment? A competitive test of key hypotheses
Empirical research on the (mal-)adaptiveness of favorable self-perceptions, self-enhancement, and self-knowledge has typically applied a classical null-hypothesis testing approach and provided mixed and even contradictory findings. Using data from 5 studies (laboratory and field, total N = 2,823), we used an information-theoretic approach combined with Response Surface Analysis to provide the first competitive test of 6 popular hypotheses: that m…
Do accurate personality impressions benefit early relationship development? The bidirectional associations between accuracy and liking
Does forming accurate impressions benefit emerging relationships? In 2 longitudinal studies (Study 1: 235 participants, 534 dyads, 2 time points; Study 2: 122 participants, 3,023 dyads, 7 time points), we examined whether more accurate personality impressions among new acquaintances fostered greater liking over time for both the perceiver and target (accuracy fosters liking hypothesis). Further, we examined whether greater perceiver and target li…
Enhanced versus simply positive
Despite a large body of literature and ongoing refinements of analytical techniques, research on the consequences of self-enhancement (SE) is still vague about how to define SE effects, and empirical results are inconsistent. In this paper, we point out that part of this confusion is due to a lack of conceptual and methodological differentiation between effects of individual differences in how much people enhance themselves (SE) and in how positi…
Beyond the Cross-Lagged Panel Model
Response Surface Analysis in Personality and Social Psychology
Response surface analysis (RSA) enables researchers to test complex psychological effects, for example, whether the congruence of two psychological constructs is associated with higher values in an outcome variable. RSA is increasingly applied in the personality and social psychological literature, but the validity of published results has been challenged by some persistent oversimplifications and misconceptions. Here, we describe the mathematica…
Psychology (39 obras) · Social Psychology (35 obras) · Personality (19 obras) · Mathematics (17 obras) · Personality Traits and Psychology (16 obras) · Statistics (16 obras) · Cognitive psychology (15 obras) · Developmental psychology (15 obras) · Mental Health Research Topics (14 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (14 obras)