Ivan Y Sun
Biographic Data
| ID | 79649 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ivan Y Sun |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ivan Y |
| FAMILY NAME | Sun |
| SIGNATURE | SUN I Y |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Delaware |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5679-196X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 78 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 287 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 77 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2003 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Respectful, fearful, and trustworthy policing: Assessing street-identified Black men and women’s tangled attitudes toward the police
OBJECTIVE: Although many studies have examined Black Americans', often in comparison with Whites' and other minorities', perceptions of the police, few studies have focused on the experiences and perspectives of street-identified Black women and men. The main objective of this study is to assess street-identified Black populations' attitudes toward the police. HYPOTHESES: Respectful police perceptions are positively linked to trust in the police …
Organizational support and democratic policing attitudes: A mediation analysis of Taiwanese officers
This study examines the effects of organizational support on officers' attitudes toward the use of force and the protection of suspects' rights both directly and indirectly through psychological factors of self-legitimacy and moral disengagement. Based on data from a survey of 498 officers conducted in the autumn of 2022, this study reveals that organizational support has a positive total relationship with both support for force and respect suspe…
Examining the Relationships Between Different Types of Critical Incident Exposures, Mental Help-Seeking Attitudes, and Occupational Burnout Among Taiwanese Police Officers
Police officers operate in one of the most demanding and high-stress professions. Frequent exposure to critical incidents, coupled with a general reluctance to seek mental health support, contributes to elevated rates of adverse psychological outcomes among police officers. While prior research has examined the impact of critical incident exposure, less is known about how specific types of exposure relate to occupational burnout, and how mental h…
Connecting Body-Worn Camera Attitudes to Stress and Burnout Among Chinese Police Officers
In recent years, body-worn cameras (BWCs) have garnered significant attention in both practical and academic circles. However, few studies have focused on the relationship between police officers’ attitudes toward BWCs and their psychological well-being. Based on the Job Demands–Resources theory and survey data from China, this study investigates the connections between officers’ attitudes toward BWCs and their stress and occupational burnout. Of…
A Comparative Exploration of Perceived Community and Police Adherence to Covid-19 Regulations
Based on an early 2020s survey of 3,500 police officers from nine countries, this paper explores perceived community and police adherence to the COVID-19 regulations. We propose that both public and police perceived adherence with the COVID-19 rules are related not only to individual-level factors (e.g., gender, concern for own health) but also to country-level factors (e.g., quality of governance, protection of citizens’ rights). Our findings re…
Linking Organizational Justice and Psychological Conditions to Chinese Judges’ Turnover Intention
In recent years, more and more Chinese judges have resigned from courts, making the judicial profession less attractive. Many reasons shape judges’ turnover intention, with organizational justice being one of the potentially important yet overlooked contributing factors. Based on survey data collected from 458 judges in a northern Chinese province, this study tests a theoretical framework linking supervisor, peer, and litigant justice directly to…
Testing General Strain Theory Among Institutionalized Chinese Juveniles
Existing research on the general strain theory (GST) rarely paid attention to institutionalized juveniles and has seldom employed situational negative emotion measures. Using survey data collected from 361 incarcerated juveniles in a Chinese reformatory to test GST, this study examined the relationship between three types of strain, including financial, child abuse, and victimization strain, and delinquency, with a focus on the mediating effect o…
Police Officers’ Preferences for Enforcing Covid-19 Regulatory Violations: The Impact of Organizational Support, Psychological Conditions, and Public Compliance
The coronavirus has stirred a wave of studies on policing the pandemic. Nonetheless, officers’ intentions to enforce COVID-related rules and regulations remain under-researched. Drawing upon survey data from 600 police officers in a major Chinese city, this study explores the associations between organizational support, behavioral and psychological conditions, and perceived public compliance and officers’ willingness to intervene in rule violatio…
The Intersectionality of Asian Americans’ Violent and Non-Violent Victimization Before and During the Pandemic
While a spike in victimization against Asian Americans has been noticed during the pandemic, the intersectionality of key sociodemographic traits among Asian American victims has received limited research attention, especially when comparing before and during the pandemic patterns. This study explores the role of intersecting identities, including gender, age, and immigrant status, in violent and non-violent crime victimization among Asian Americ…
Enforcing the unenforceable: Exploring police officer use of discretion in the enforcement of Covid-19 rules and regulations
During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments relied on the police to enforce COVID-19 rules. However, little is known about police enforcement of these norms and use of discretion in this process. The current study draws on a sample of 3,866 police officers from 10 countries across the globe and examines officers’ use of discretion when encountering violations of COVID-19 rules. We assess the relative significance of factors such as the perceptions …
Asian Americans' Reporting of Violent Crime Victimization to the Police
This study examines the association between the characteristics of violent crime incidents and the reporting of victimization to the police among Asian Americans. While numerous studies have demonstrated the gap between reported and unreported violent crime victimization to the police, the role of race has received relatively recent attention in understanding and addressing why certain racial minority groups are less likely to report victimizatio…
Fear and perceived risk of cyber fraud victimization among Chinese University students
Cyber fraud has surfaced as a serious social problem in China, resulting in billions of Chinese yuan worth of financial losses in recent years. The high prevalence and large quantity financial losses from cyber fraud have sparked widespread public concerns about online safety. Based on survey data from over 1000 university students in China, this study explores the prevalence of fear and perceived risk of cyber fraud and its correlates among univ…
Traditional social learning predicts cyber deviance? Exploring the offending versatility thesis in social learning theory
Social learning theory has been widely implemented to understand cyber deviance. Nevertheless, the antecedent scholarship homogenously nested in the perspective of offending specification, leaving the offending versatility thesis unattained. The lack of such studies may undermine the capability of comprehensively understanding the social learning patterns of online offending. Using a sample of 3741 Chinese college students, this study estimated a…
Connecting Supervisor Procedural Justice to Perceived Tensions With Litigants Among Chinese Judges
Recent literature on procedural justice has consistently shown positive organizational outcomes resulting from fair and just treatment by supervisors. This study expands the current literature by assessing the beneficial effect of being treated fairly and justly by supervisors in court settings. Based on survey data from Chinese judges, this study analyzes the direct linkage between supervisor procedural justice and judges’ perceived tensions wit…
Police legitimacy and procedural justice for children and youth: A scoping review of definitions, determinants, and consequences
Introduction Understanding police legitimacy among children and youth is important for building a just and democratic society. Although the volume of studies on police legitimacy among underaged persons has grown in recent decades, the findings on the relationships between police legitimacy and procedural justice and their definitions, associated determinants, and consequences remain heterogeneous across studies and across political and legal con…
Asian Americans' Attitudes Toward the Police in a Time of Heightened Anti-Asian Racism
Drawing upon the theories of system justification and cultural inertia, this study qualitatively assesses Asian American perceptions of the police, focusing on how such perceptions may have been impacted by the rise of anti-Asian racism since the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this study was conducted with Asian Americans in the mid-Atlantic region. Results show that most participants displayed favorable attitudes toward the police, believing t…
Assessing Perceptions of the Police among Street-Identified Black Americans: The Relevance of Neighborhood Conditions
Although public attitudes toward the police have been widely examined over the past several decades, very few quantitative studies have focused on large community samples of street-identified Black populations. Drawing on data collected by a street participatory action research project conducted in two low-income urban Black neighborhoods, this paper examines perceptions of the police as a function of neighborhood and individual correlates among …
More than race? Intragroup differences by gender and age in perceptions of police among street-identified Black men and women
OBJECTIVE: Whereas studies have documented racial differences in attitudes toward police between White and Black Americans, relatively little is known about the intragroup, gender-based variations among urban Black residents involved in criminal activity (i.e., street-identified men and women). HYPOTHESES: We hypothesized Black women would be more likely to believe in police legitimacy and positive intent than men (Hypothesis 1), especially among…
The Distinct Role of Peers and Supervisors in Shaping Officers’ Just and Unjust Interactions with Citizens
This study steps outside the dominant supervisor-centric approach to organizational justice to examine the impact of peer officers on both procedural justice and injustice in officer–citizen interactions. Recent scandals over the failure of officers to not intercede or object to a colleague’s misconduct has led to a growing policy and research interest in peer influence, training, and intervention programs. A structural equation modeling analysis…
Policing pandemic in China: Investigating the roles of organizational adjustment, procedural justice, and police trustworthiness on public compliance
In December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was first detected in Wuhan, China. Soon after, China became the first country in the world to enforce strict lockdown protocols in an effort to mitigate the spread of the disease. This study examines the perceptions of pandemic rules enforcement during the first COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 among 600 Chinese police officers. The analyses reveal that police departments’ prompt and adequate adjustment to the pan…
Telecommunication and cyber fraud victimization among Chinese college students: An application of routine activity theory
Analyzing survey data from 1037 college students in China, a country with the world’s largest number of Internet users and the world’s largest e-commerce market, the current study demonstrates that consistent with previous research, some routine telecom/cyber activities of Chinese college students predict higher odds of being targeted for telecom/cyber fraud, but online routines do not seem to predict the odds of completed victimization resulting…
Strain, depression, and deviant behavior among left-behind and non-left-behind adolescents in China
China's massive rural to urban migration has created a vast number of left-behind children (LBC) whose parents moved to cities for work. Drawing upon data from LBC and non-left-behind children (NLBC) in three Chinese cities, this study tests the applicability of general strain theory in explaining deviant behavior among adolescents. The analysis results show that LBC status is directly related to lower involvement in deviant behavior, whereas it …
Linking Organizational Justice to Organizational Commitment Among Nigerian Police Officers
Organizational commitment is an imperative aspect of occupational attitudes as it signals employees’ willingness to stay with their organization and effectively achieve collective goals. Although recent studies have assessed factors influencing police officers’ organizational commitment, very little is known about the antecedents of police commitment in African countries. Based on a survey of Nigerian police officers, the study assesses the linka…
Political Efficacy, Police Legitimacy, and Public Support for Counterterrorism Measures in China
The threat of terrorism has surfaced as a top priority in national and global security over the past two decades. Drawing upon survey data collected by the Chinese General Social Survey, this study assesses the relationships among political efficacy, police legitimacy, and public support for counterterrorism measures in China. The majority of surveyed Chinese people do not favor aggressive law enforcement actions even when a terrorist attack is i…
Does Trust in Citizens Mediate the Relationship Between Internal and External Procedural Justice: A Comparison Between China and Taiwan Police
This study investigates the roles of trust in citizens and compliance with agency policies in mediating the direct and indirect relationships between internal procedural justice and external procedural justice among Chinese and Taiwanese police officers. Based on survey data collected from 1,253 police officers, this study comparatively analyzes whether supervisory treatment of officers is predictive of trust in citizens and willingness to follow…
Racial Differences in Resolving Conflicts: A Comparison between Black and White Police Officers
This study examined the behavioral differences between Black and White police officers in handling interpersonal conflicts. Observational and survey data from the Project on Policing Neighborhoods and the 1990 census data were used. Actions taken by officers are examined along two behavioral dimensions: coercion and support. Findings show that Black officers are more coercive than their White counterparts in responding to conflicts. Black officer…
Institutional Strength, Social Control and Neighborhood Crime Rates
While the systemic model that today's theories of social disorganization are based on acknowledges that neighborhood-based institutions may vary in their ability to contribute to effective social control, relatively little attention has been given to their role in understanding neighborhood rates of crime. At the same time, there is contradictory evidence about the role of social networks, which have been the focus of much research attention. Thi…
The impact of situational factors, officer characteristics, and neighborhood context on police behavior: A multilevel analysis
Procedural justice during police-citizen encounters: The effects of process-based policing on citizen compliance and demeanor
One country, three populations: Trust in police among migrants, villagers, and urbanites in China
Experiencing Court, Experiencing Race: Perceived Procedural Injustice Among Court Users
Critical race theorists (CRTs) posit that racism is endemic in American society, neutrality is a myth, experiential knowledge of racial minorities should be privileged and race is merely a social construction and is therefore unable to explain attitudes or behaviors. Analyzing a national sample of citizens with recent court experience, the present inquiry draws from these insights as it seeks to understand whether racial/ethnic groups differently…
Citizens’ perceptions of the courts: The impact of race, gender, and recent experience
The Patterns and Influencing Factors of Help-Seeking Decisions among Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence in China
Gender differences in police officers' attitudes: Assessing current empirical evidence
Policing domestic violence: Does officer gender matter
Public Assessments of the Police in Rural and Urban China: A Theoretical Extension and Empirical Investigation
Although the past decade has witnessed the burgeoning of studies on Chinese evaluations of the police, several issues remain under-addressed, including the perceptions of rural residents, the multidimensional nature of assessments of the police, and the effects of social and political activities. This study addresses these concerns by analysing data collected from both rural and urban China. Contrary to Western evidence, villagers were found to d…
Policing in small town America: Dogs, drunks, disorder, and dysfunction
College Students’ Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparative Study of China and the U.S
Arab Americans’ Opinion on Counterterrorism Measures: The Impact of Race, Ethnicity, and Religion
While domestic and international terrorism have become the focal concern of the U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies, little is known about Arab Americans’ attitudes toward counterterrorism policies that center on aggressive law enforcement practices. Using survey data collected from 810 Arab Americans, this study reported the general pattern of support for antiterrorism measures, including surveillance, stop and search, and detention, …
College students' alcohol-related problems: A test of competing theories
Cooperation with Police in China: Surveillance Cameras, Neighborhood Efficacy and Policing
Objective Given the paucity of research on Chinese cooperation with the police and the underdevelopment of knowledge on the influence of surveillance videos on such cooperation, this study investigates the interplay of surveillance cameras and neighborhood collective efficacy, police fairness, and police effectiveness in shaping public willingness to cooperate with the police. Methods Relying on face‐to‐face survey interview data collected from 7…
Linking supervisory procedural accountability to officer procedural accountability in Chinese policing
An important yet severely understudied issue in the procedural justice literature involves the linkage between supervisory procedural accountability within a police agency and officer procedural accountability on the street. Relying on the survey data collected from more than 700 police officers in a large Chinese city, this study finds that the effect of supervisory procedural accountability on officer procedural accountability is principally in…
Preferences for Police Response to Domestic Violence: A Comparison of College Students in Three Chinese Societies
Trust in police: A comparison of China and Taiwan
Public trust has become a critical issue in transitional societies, such as China and Taiwan, where the legitimacy and accountability of the government in general, and legal authorities in particular, have been frequently scrutinized. Based on nationwide random samples, this study tests the explanatory power of three theories, the social structural thesis, the institutional performance thesis, and the cultural thesis, in accounting for public tru…
Support for the death penalty: Chinese and American college students compared
While a substantial number of studies have examined public opinion on the death penalty in the USA, very little research effort has been devoted to assessing Chinese attitudes toward the death penalty in general or comparing Chinese and American attitudes in particular. Using survey data collected from college students in several universities, this study compares and contrasts Chinese and American attitudes toward the death penalty and identifies…
From authoritarian policing to democratic policing: A case study of Taiwan
The literature of democratic policing has neglected the case study of unique geopolitical situation. This study examines Taiwan, one of the few countries that has experienced a relatively peaceful transition from authoritarian policing to democratic policing. While the push from the dangwai movement was necessary, democratisation could not be so peaceful without benign concession from ex-president Chiang Ching-Kuo and his hand-picked successor Li…
Chinese Trust in the Police: The Impact of Political Efficacy and Participation
Objective We assessed the influences of political efficacy and political participation on public perceptions of police trustworthiness in China. Methods Drawing upon approximately 10,000 cases collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), we used multivariate regression to assess the impact of two types of political efficacy, internal efficacy and external efficacy, and three forms of political participation, engaging in community affair…
Who should play a major role in responding to intimate partner violence? A comparison of Chinese and American college students’ preferences
Using survey data collected from 639 students in a Chinese university and an American university, this study assesses students’ preferences for private, parochial, and public responses to intimate partner violence (IPV). The results show that Chinese students are in favor of a parochial approach, whereas American students prefer a criminal justice intervention to IPV. Preferences for different responses to IPV are predicted by locality, responden…
A comparison of Chinese and the U.S. police cadets’ occupational attitudes
Chinese police officers’ attitudes toward domestic violence interventions: Do training and knowledge of the Anti-Domestic Violence Law matter
In March 2016, China’s Anti-Domestic Violence Law became effective. The main objective of this study is to empirically test the effects of training and knowledge on the recent anti-domestic violence legislation on Chinese police officers’ attitudes toward law enforcement interventions into domestic violence. Performing Path Analysis on survey data collected from 623 police officers in Jiangsu, China, this study found that training and knowledge o…
Bringing the field into the criminal justice classroom: Field trips, ride-alongs, and guest speakers
Educators in a number of disciplines rely on field strategies to show their students how to apply concepts they have learned in their coursework. Very little guidance has been provided to criminal justice educators on ways to successfully bring the field into their classroom. Three strategies for bringing “the real world” into criminal justice courses include field trips, police ride-alongs, and the use of guest speakers. Using our experiences an…
Institutional Strength, Social Control and Neighborhood Crime Rates
While the systemic model that today's theories of social disorganization are based on acknowledges that neighborhood-based institutions may vary in their ability to contribute to effective social control, relatively little attention has been given to their role in understanding neighborhood rates of crime. At the same time, there is contradictory evidence about the role of social networks, which have been the focus of much research attention. Thi…
Officer proactivity: A comparison between police field training officers and non-field training officers
Racial Differences in Resolving Conflicts: A Comparison between Black and White Police Officers
This study examined the behavioral differences between Black and White police officers in handling interpersonal conflicts. Observational and survey data from the Project on Policing Neighborhoods and the 1990 census data were used. Actions taken by officers are examined along two behavioral dimensions: coercion and support. Findings show that Black officers are more coercive than their White counterparts in responding to conflicts. Black officer…
Policing in small town America: Dogs, drunks, disorder, and dysfunction
Female Police Officers' Job-Related Attitudes: A Comparative Study of Taiwan and the United States
Although there has been a growing interest recently in the role of women in policing, very few empirical studies have examined female officers' job-related attitudes from a cross-cultural perspective. Using interview and survey data collected from two Taiwanese and two American police departments, this research assesses Taiwanese and American female officers' attitudes toward co-workers, promotion, and citizens. The findings show that Taiwanese f…
Citizens’ perceptions of the courts: The impact of race, gender, and recent experience
Policing domestic violence: Does officer gender matter
Hypotheses
Hypotheses are predictions that specify the relationships among the variables. The role of hypotheses in scientific research is to provide explanations for certain phenomena and to guide the investigation of related others. The development of scientific knowledge hinges ultimately upon the results from hypothesis testing. Formalized hypotheses consist of two types of variables: the independent and dependent variables. The former is the cause and …
Gini Coefficient
The Gini coefficient is the most commonly used measure of inequality. The coefficient is named after the Italian statistician and demographer Corrado Gini (1884–1965), who invented the measure in 1912. While the Gini coefficient is often used to measure income and wealth inequality, it is also widely employed to indicate uneven distribution in other social issues, such as industrial location and development, health care, and racial segregation. T…
Police
Police have been traditionally defined as the social agency of a government that is responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting crime. This definition emphasizes the social control function that police are supposed to perform in a society. It has been severely challenged, however, mainly because of the finding of a small number of studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s. Though police are often portrayed as law enforcer…
Gender differences in policing: An analysis of Taiwanese officers’ attitudes
This study empirically tests whether policewomen and policemen differ in their job‐related attitudes. Using data collected from 108 policewomen and 228 policemen in two Taiwanese police departments, this study assesses gender differences in officers' attitudes toward aggressive enforcement, community building, peer group, and career advancement. The results show that Taiwanese policewomen show stronger support for aggressive enforcement than poli…
College students' alcohol-related problems: A test of competing theories
The impact of situational factors, officer characteristics, and neighborhood context on police behavior: A multilevel analysis
Race, Class or Neighborhood Context: Which Matters More in Measuring Satisfaction with Police?
The primary purpose of this study is to assess the relative effects of race and class, at both individual and neighborhood levels, on public satisfaction with police. Using hierarchical linear modeling on 1,963 individuals nested within 66 neighborhoods, this study analyzes how individual‐level variables, including race, class, age, gender, victimization and contact with police, and neighborhood‐level factors, including racial composition, concen…
Gender differences in police officers' attitudes: Assessing current empirical evidence
Who is better for handling domestic violence? A comparison between Taiwanese female and male Officers
A comparison of Chinese and the U.S. police cadets’ occupational attitudes
Appropriate police response to domestic violence: Comparing perceptions of Chinese and American college students
Support for the death penalty: Chinese and American college students compared
While a substantial number of studies have examined public opinion on the death penalty in the USA, very little research effort has been devoted to assessing Chinese attitudes toward the death penalty in general or comparing Chinese and American attitudes in particular. Using survey data collected from college students in several universities, this study compares and contrasts Chinese and American attitudes toward the death penalty and identifies…
Arab Americans’ Opinion on Counterterrorism Measures: The Impact of Race, Ethnicity, and Religion
While domestic and international terrorism have become the focal concern of the U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies, little is known about Arab Americans’ attitudes toward counterterrorism policies that center on aggressive law enforcement practices. Using survey data collected from 810 Arab Americans, this study reported the general pattern of support for antiterrorism measures, including surveillance, stop and search, and detention, …
Chinese and American college students' preferences for police response to domestic violence
While a number of previous studies have examined citizens’ attitudes towards police response to domestic violence, very few have approached the topic from an international, comparative perspective. Using survey data collected from more than 600 students in a Hong Kong university and an American university, this study empirically assesses students’ attitudes towards proactive and reactive police responses to domestic violence incidents, controllin…
Procedural justice during police-citizen encounters: The effects of process-based policing on citizen compliance and demeanor
Experiencing Court, Experiencing Race: Perceived Procedural Injustice Among Court Users
Critical race theorists (CRTs) posit that racism is endemic in American society, neutrality is a myth, experiential knowledge of racial minorities should be privileged and race is merely a social construction and is therefore unable to explain attitudes or behaviors. Analyzing a national sample of citizens with recent court experience, the present inquiry draws from these insights as it seeks to understand whether racial/ethnic groups differently…
Preferences for Police Response to Domestic Violence: A Comparison of College Students in Three Chinese Societies
Psychology (60 works) · Political science (55 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (54 works) · Social Psychology (45 works) · Criminology (43 works) · Law (43 works) · Policing Practices and Perceptions (43 works) · Sociology (31 works) · Medicine (22 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (21 works)