William P Stewart
Biographic Data
| ID | 79691 |
|---|---|
| NAME | William P Stewart |
| GIVEN NAMES | William P |
| FAMILY NAME | Stewart |
| SIGNATURE | STEWART W P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5819-9540 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 58 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 504 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 57 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1989 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Values of protected area landscapes shape the behaviors of subsistence users in Interior Alaska
Diverse values expressed by people living around protected areas provide insight into shared reasons why agreements and tensions may exist yet are underrepresented in research with subsistence users. We administered a mixed-mode survey to residents living near Denali National Park and Preserve and Denali State Park in Interior Alaska, USA, to understand how values placed on landscapes by multiple interest groups could lead to actions benefitting …
Bridging senses of place and mobilities scholarships to inform social-ecological systems governance: A research agenda
Uncertainty and change are increasingly commonplace as communities respond to impacts of social-ecological change including climate change, and dangerous levels of pollution. Given the extent of these crises, new approaches are needed to support responses. Here we identify challenges and discuss insights that the nexus of Senses of place (SoP) and mobilities research offers in navigating such uncertainty. We conducted a two-round Delphi, followed…
Understanding the spatial dynamics of values and disvalues in the Kaskaskia River Watershed, USA through a social-ecological lens
Maintaining a resilient and sustainable agro-production system is replete with challenges, because management practices designed to enhance productivity can overlook the range of values derived from ecosystems and concerns about their future. Further complicating the decisions being made about agricultural settings is the variation in social-ecological stressors that shape how diverse community members interpret landscape change. We engaged resid…
The role of moral philosophy in shaping visitors’ fairness perceptions of recreation fees: A case study of Indiana Dunes National Park in the U.S
Although fairness is a dominant concern in the current debate on protected area recreation fees, various conceptualizations of what constitutes fairness exist. This presents a challenge for protected area management as it becomes difficult to develop a universally acceptable fee structure and policy that meet different stakeholders, thereby undermining the financial sustainability of protected areas. The purpose of this study is to understand how…
Moving beyond production: Community narratives for good farming
Integrating social values with GPS tracks through Denali National Park and Preserve
Broad values as the basis for understanding deliberation about protected area management
Green Leisure: Resistance and Revitalization of Urban Neighborhoods
Many cities have addressed urban population shrinkage by adopting strategies to re-purpose vacant lots in ways that leave them beautified and groomed. This study investigates leisure behavior resulting in beautified and groomed vacant lots that resist dominant discourses – referred to as green leisure. We applied a mixed-methods research design with property owners who purchased vacant lots through the Chicago Large Lot Program. Our focus group f…
Place-Making upon Return Home: Influence of Greenway Experiences
Recreation experience has long been studied for its close relationship to human health and personal development. Previous research focused mainly on the experiential and on-site outcomes. This study extends past research to explore the critical role of recreation experience on human development, particularly after people return home. To do so, an experiential-emergent-learning model of recreation experience is proposed and empirically experimente…
A Broaden-and-Build Theoretical Perspective on Dark Tourism Visitors’ Transformative Emotional Journeys
Emotions are at the epicenter of dark tourism, where visitors are confronted with topics relating to death and suffering and experience heightened emotional responses. Using the Broaden-and-Build model as a theoretical lens, we aim to examine the process through which visitors' unpleasant emotions can transform into positive ones at a dark tourism site. The findings from interviews and photo-elicitation with visitors at the Holocaust Museum and E…
Deepening Diversity: A Collection of Teaching Perspectives and Strategies from Social Justice Advocates
Contemporary population trends impact leisure experiences and service delivery, requiring recreation and leisure departments to prepare students to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse clientele. However, with little formal training on how to teach content concerning diverse populations, this can be a daunting task. The panel session Preparing Students to Serve Diverse Populations was featured at the 2018 The Academy of Leisure Sciences (TAL…
Inclusive conservation and the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Tensions and prospects
The draft Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework commits to achievement of equity and justice outcomes and represents a ‘‘relational turn’’ in how we understand inclusive conservation. Although ‘‘inclusivity’’ is drawn on as a means to engage diverse stakeholders, widening the framing of inclusivity can create new tensions with regard to how to manage protected areas. We first offer a set of tensions that emerge in the light of the relational tu…
Values shift in response to social learning through deliberation about protected areas
Producing Regions: Connecting Place-Making with Farming Practices
Social Scientists have spent decades researching the facilitators and barriers to adopt conservation-based farming practices. Recent reviews of the literature have called on researchers to expand spatial scales to consider social processes at a regional or watershed level. As we look to expand spatial scales for research, the literature associated with regional production offers useful insight. In this perspective, we adapt frameworks that recogn…
A Place Meaning Scale for Rural Communities Undergoing Landscape Change
Sense of place provides a strategy to identify qualities of landscape change in rural areas undergoing urban development, yet a scale to assess such qualities has not been developed. Research on place meanings tends to draw from either an interpretivist or positivist approach but does not integrate them. This research integrates the two approaches with a mixed-methods design that resulted in the first scale of regional place meanings for two coun…
Negotiating agricultural change in the Midwestern US: Seeking compatibility between farmer narratives of efficiency and legacy
Place-making in the Corn Belt: The productivist landscapes of the “good farmer”
An Ecological Model of Environmental Justice for Recreation
Socioeconomic and racial-ethnic inequities in access to recreation settings are widely considered environmental justice (EJ) issues. Researchers in leisure, geography, urban planning, and other disciplines have published important theoretical contributions on EJ related to recreation and parks, but such contributions have not been examined conjointly to identify their broader implications. In this article, we use an integrated definition of EJ th…
Elucidating social-ecological perceptions of a protected area system in Interior Alaska: A Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Approach
The Interior of Alaska is one of the few remaining places in the world with intact ecosystems. Protected areas in this region, particularly Denali National Park and Preserve and Denali State Park, are high-profile tourism destinations situated in a rural landscape that is inhabited by a diverse array of stakeholders. Public land management agencies are faced with the challenging task of engaging these rural residents in discussions about their re…
Transferring Vacant Lots to Private Ownership Improves Care and Empowers Residents: Evidence From Chicago
Problem, research strategy, and findings Several U.S. cities have implemented vacant lot greening programs as planning strategies to address decreased tax base, crime, and other issues associated with high land vacancy in marginalized neighborhoods, yet little is known about the benefits of programs that transfer city-owned lots to private owners. Using a mixed methods approach, we studied whether and how private ownership matters for vacant lot …
Resident-led vacant lot greening and crime: Do ownership and visual condition-care matter
Going the Extra Mile: Building Trust and Collaborative Relationships with Study Participants
Research methods to access and engage historically oppressed communities have evolved dramatically. Leisure researchers once aspired to be objective and to remain detached from their participants, but developments in grounded and participatory epistemologies have enabled the development of various kinds of relationships between researchers and study participants. The purposes of this paper were (1) to characterize strategies to build trust and co…
The condition-care scale: A practical approach to monitoring progress in vacant lot stewardship programs
Condition and care are key expressions of landscape stewardship and are especially important in managing vacant urban lands. In this context, visible signs of stewardship have been associated with increased neighborhood sense of place whereas signs of physical disorder reflect perceived and actual crime. To date, assessments of condition/care and disorder using neighborhood audits have shown good reliability in field and virtual assessments but a…
Beyond proximity: Extending the “greening hypothesis” in the context of vacant lot stewardship
Research increasingly shows that greening activity can spur contagious or imitative behavior among nearby neighbors within residential landscapes. Krusky et al. (2015) examined this phenomenon in the context of vacant lots and found support for a “greening hypothesis” that residential yards near vacant lots that were converted to community gardens exhibited higher levels of care than yards near untended vacant lots. Although such activity implies…
Measuring landscape change, lot by lot: Greening activity in response to a vacant land reuse program
Urban vacancy is a persistent problem in many cities across the U.S. and globally. Vacant land greening helps improve neighborhood conditions and initiatives that transfer vacant lots to neighborhood residents can return benefits to where they are most needed. We examined one such initiative, the Chicago Large Lot Program, which allows property owners in high-vacancy areas to purchase 1–2 city-owned vacant lots on their block for $1 each. We deve…
The search for authenticity in the pilgrim experience
A structural equation model of residents’ attitudes for tourism development
Leisure Research for Social Justice: A Response to Henderson
Leisure research based on critical theories is an effective path to social justice for groups and communities that are marginalized or oppressed by those in power. In response to Henderson (2011), who frames our work as postpositivist, we argue critical theories are a more appropriate research paradigm to reflect our philosophical positions. Our inquiry into leisure is informed by an emancipatory vision for social change that aims to enact social…
Leisure as Multiphase Experiences: Challenging Traditions
(1998). Leisure as Multiphase Experiences: Challenging Traditions. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 391-400
Experience Patterns: Capturing the Dynamic Nature of a Recreation Experience
A recreation experience is not static, it varies over the course of an engagement. Yet, most recreation research operationalizes recreation benefits and outcomes as essentially static in nature (i.e., satisfaction). “Experience patterns” capture the dynamic nature of a recreation experience and thus might prove useful as units of analysis in the management and study of recreation resources. The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine prop…
Visualizing Leisure
This essay defines the visual approach through a review of leisure-related literature and draws insights from scholars across the social sciences. Visual leisure is the collection of several approaches to research that recognizes the relevance of vision to ways we make sense of leisure in our lives. It is not about more data or incremental advancement, but on providing a different kind of data that repositions research questions in ways that verb…
Leisure Research to Enhance Social Justice
Several streams of leisure research are directed at furthering an agenda for social justice. These lines of inquiry are motivated by the need to end various kinds of oppression related to one's gender, race, ethnicity, sexual identity, ability, and socio-economic status. Rather than social justice, this special issue is focused on research frameworks that further social justice. Three inter-related research criteria are applied: (1) identificatio…
Social Ethics of Landscape Change: Toward Community-Based Land-Use Planning
Understanding stakeholder values is crucial to the development of a community-based model of landscape change. Be that as it may, engagement techniques are still in their infancies, and land-use planners are struggling for tools to facilitate discourse on public values related to landscape change. Accordingly, this article responds to urgent needs to define planning processes that represent the values of stakeholders, empower communities, and lea…
Number of Encounters and Experience Quality in Grand Canyon Backcountry: Consistently Negative and Weak Relationships
The relationship between encounters and the overall quality of recreation experience is one of the most common research topics in outdoor recreation. Yet after more than three decades of study, there remain divergent opinions about both the nature of this relationship and its implications for use limits. Evidence for a strong influence of encounters on experience quality is weak but it is unclear whether this means the relationship itself is weak…
Writing Leisure: Values and Ideologies of Research
Writing leisure constructs a normative reality about ways in which life should be lived. Leisure research, like all discourses, is embedded in values and situated in ideological contexts. This paper contributes to an on-going dialogue concerned with the impact of ideology on leisure research. The tendencies for discourses of leisure are to provide: (1) idealized visions for end states of society, and (2) roles for research that move society close…
Satisfaction of what? Post hoc versus real‐time construct validity
Post hoc satisfaction (PHS) and real‐time satisfaction (RTS) are alternative ways to operationalize recreation satisfaction. PHS is an appraisal of a recrea‐tionist's current image of the recreation experience assessed after the on‐site activity has occurred. RTS is an appraisal of a recreationist's current state. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between these two constructs and their empirical operations. Satisfaction was as…
An Ecological Model of Environmental Justice for Recreation
Socioeconomic and racial-ethnic inequities in access to recreation settings are widely considered environmental justice (EJ) issues. Researchers in leisure, geography, urban planning, and other disciplines have published important theoretical contributions on EJ related to recreation and parks, but such contributions have not been examined conjointly to identify their broader implications. In this article, we use an integrated definition of EJ th…
Exploring the Role of Tolerance in Recreational Conflict
This study examined the role of individual tolerance within the goal interference model of recreational conflict. Individual tolerance was conceived as a dispositional construct and defined as one's willingness to share resources with members of other activity groups. It was hypothesized that tolerance for out-groups was inversely related to perceived conflict. Also, fulfillment of expectations for encounters with out-groups was thought to influe…
Influence of the Onsite Experience on Recreation Experience Preference Judgments
This study was designed to investigate the impact of actual experience on experience preference. Experience preference measurements were taken before and after a hiking experience. A shift between pre-activity and post-activity experience preference judgments was hypothesized due to the effect of psychological adjustment to reduce dissonance between pre-activity experience preference and the actual experience. Subjects were divided into two group…
A Broaden-and-Build Theoretical Perspective on Dark Tourism Visitors’ Transformative Emotional Journeys
Emotions are at the epicenter of dark tourism, where visitors are confronted with topics relating to death and suffering and experience heightened emotional responses. Using the Broaden-and-Build model as a theoretical lens, we aim to examine the process through which visitors' unpleasant emotions can transform into positive ones at a dark tourism site. The findings from interviews and photo-elicitation with visitors at the Holocaust Museum and E…
Place-making in the Corn Belt: The productivist landscapes of the “good farmer”
Going the Extra Mile: Building Trust and Collaborative Relationships with Study Participants
Research methods to access and engage historically oppressed communities have evolved dramatically. Leisure researchers once aspired to be objective and to remain detached from their participants, but developments in grounded and participatory epistemologies have enabled the development of various kinds of relationships between researchers and study participants. The purposes of this paper were (1) to characterize strategies to build trust and co…
Encountering Heidi: Audiences for a Wilderness Adventurer Identity
In recent times, the wilderness is seen by many as a place for the individual to escape the routines of everyday life and regain contact with one's true self. Ingrained in that escape to the wilderness is the concept of challenging dangerous situations that, if voluntarily faced, can lead to adventure and the attribution of character. The river is one such wilderness place where individuals go to escape civilization and embrace their river-runner…
Values shift in response to social learning through deliberation about protected areas
What predicts the demand and sale of vacant public properties? Urban greening and gentrification in Chicago
Many post-industrial U.S. cities have developed programs to promote the greening of publicly-owned vacant lots, including initiatives in which homeowners can purchase nearby lots and turn them into yards or community gardens. These initiatives can result in greener landscapes in marginalized communities, but we know little about the spatial patterns of vacant land disposition and whether demand for and sale of publicly-owned lots are stronger in …
Solitude at Grand Canyon: An application of expectancy theory
The desire for solitude and its fulfillment at Grand Canyon are examined through the framework of expectancy theory. In order to associate variations in solitude fulfillment with backcountry management policy, motive fulfillment is conceptualized as an effect of the environment. Results indicate that 20% of hikers who desired solitude were not fulfilled. There were variations in solitude fulfillment between three distinct backcountry use zones. M…
Bridging Managers’ Place Meanings and Environmental Governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
This article bridges managers’ place meanings and environmental governance to provide insight on the factors that shape decisions concerning the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Marine Park. Drawing on a thematic analysis and open coding of data from 34 semistructured interviews, we investigated the perspectives of managers from three agencies charged with protecting the GBR. We observed that a plurality of place meanings converged on five themes: (i) st…
Effects of Setting-Based Management on Visitor Experience Outcomes: Differences Across a Management Continuum
Opinions diverge as to whether visitor experiences vary across setting-based management continua. Evidence suggests that recreationists with different experiences profiles have distinct setting preferences but is mixed regarding supporting a link between settings and experiences. This paper explores the relationship between settings and experiences at Grand Canyon National Park. Our analyses examine variation in experiences across three managemen…
On the Prescriptive Utility of Visitor Survey Research: A Rejoinder to Manning
Manning's commentary frames our position as questioning the value of both visitor survey research and policies that restrict use. This is a profound misstatement of our position. Our disagreement with Manning revolves around a narrow issue---the utility of empirical data from visitor surveys as a foundation for making prescriptive decisions about what ought to be, about standards and appropriate park management strategies, such as use limitation.…
Disentangling ecotourism
Solitude at Grand Canyon: An application of expectancy theory
The desire for solitude and its fulfillment at Grand Canyon are examined through the framework of expectancy theory. In order to associate variations in solitude fulfillment with backcountry management policy, motive fulfillment is conceptualized as an effect of the environment. Results indicate that 20% of hikers who desired solitude were not fulfilled. There were variations in solitude fulfillment between three distinct backcountry use zones. M…
Methodological perspectives of festival research studies
Satisfaction of what? Post hoc versus real‐time construct validity
Post hoc satisfaction (PHS) and real‐time satisfaction (RTS) are alternative ways to operationalize recreation satisfaction. PHS is an appraisal of a recrea‐tionist's current image of the recreation experience assessed after the on‐site activity has occurred. RTS is an appraisal of a recreationist's current state. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between these two constructs and their empirical operations. Satisfaction was as…
Experience Patterns: Capturing the Dynamic Nature of a Recreation Experience
A recreation experience is not static, it varies over the course of an engagement. Yet, most recreation research operationalizes recreation benefits and outcomes as essentially static in nature (i.e., satisfaction). “Experience patterns” capture the dynamic nature of a recreation experience and thus might prove useful as units of analysis in the management and study of recreation resources. The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine prop…
Influence of the Onsite Experience on Recreation Experience Preference Judgments
This study was designed to investigate the impact of actual experience on experience preference. Experience preference measurements were taken before and after a hiking experience. A shift between pre-activity and post-activity experience preference judgments was hypothesized due to the effect of psychological adjustment to reduce dissonance between pre-activity experience preference and the actual experience. Subjects were divided into two group…
Exploring the Role of Tolerance in Recreational Conflict
This study examined the role of individual tolerance within the goal interference model of recreational conflict. Individual tolerance was conceived as a dispositional construct and defined as one's willingness to share resources with members of other activity groups. It was hypothesized that tolerance for out-groups was inversely related to perceived conflict. Also, fulfillment of expectations for encounters with out-groups was thought to influe…
Disentangling ecotourism
Experiential Benefits of Japanese Outdoor Recreationists
Recreation and leisure pursuits have become an important part of the lifestyle for many Japanese. Several critiques of Japanese society have indicated a growing individualism concomitant with a leisure-orientation. Outdoor recreation activity provides opportunities to fulfill individual needs and obtain experiential benefits. The empirical portion of this paper translates a portion of the Recreation Experience Preference (REP) scales and applies …
Leisure as Multiphase Experiences: Challenging Traditions
(1998). Leisure as Multiphase Experiences: Challenging Traditions. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 391-400
Emotional Changes During Leisure Activity: A Case of Elderly Japanese in A Community Program
A growing body of literature in the social sciences has been directed at the causes and consequences of emotions. Although common sense suggests that leisure should be associated with increases in positive feelings and decreases in negative feelings, the collective evidence from leisure research is mixed. This study examined the emotional changes of elderly Japanese during programmed leisure activity. Community programs are emerging in Japan to e…
Number of Encounters and Experience Quality in Grand Canyon Backcountry: Consistently Negative and Weak Relationships
The relationship between encounters and the overall quality of recreation experience is one of the most common research topics in outdoor recreation. Yet after more than three decades of study, there remain divergent opinions about both the nature of this relationship and its implications for use limits. Evidence for a strong influence of encounters on experience quality is weak but it is unclear whether this means the relationship itself is weak…
A structural equation model of residents’ attitudes for tourism development
Variability of User-Based Evaluative Standards for Backcountry Encounters
Backcountry visitors are often surveyed regarding their personal evaluative standards (or norms) for acceptable levels of encounters with other groups. In this study, backpackers at Grand Canyon National Park were asked about the acceptability of encounters at several times: at home prior to their trip, once each day during their trip, and at-home after their trip. Thus it was possible to assess spatial and temporal variability within individuals…
On the Prescriptive Utility of Visitor Survey Research: A Rejoinder to Manning
Manning's commentary frames our position as questioning the value of both visitor survey research and policies that restrict use. This is a profound misstatement of our position. Our disagreement with Manning revolves around a narrow issue---the utility of empirical data from visitor surveys as a foundation for making prescriptive decisions about what ought to be, about standards and appropriate park management strategies, such as use limitation.…
Encountering Heidi: Audiences for a Wilderness Adventurer Identity
In recent times, the wilderness is seen by many as a place for the individual to escape the routines of everyday life and regain contact with one's true self. Ingrained in that escape to the wilderness is the concept of challenging dangerous situations that, if voluntarily faced, can lead to adventure and the attribution of character. The river is one such wilderness place where individuals go to escape civilization and embrace their river-runner…
Visualizing Leisure
This essay defines the visual approach through a review of leisure-related literature and draws insights from scholars across the social sciences. Visual leisure is the collection of several approaches to research that recognizes the relevance of vision to ways we make sense of leisure in our lives. It is not about more data or incremental advancement, but on providing a different kind of data that repositions research questions in ways that verb…
Writing Leisure: Values and Ideologies of Research
Writing leisure constructs a normative reality about ways in which life should be lived. Leisure research, like all discourses, is embedded in values and situated in ideological contexts. This paper contributes to an on-going dialogue concerned with the impact of ideology on leisure research. The tendencies for discourses of leisure are to provide: (1) idealized visions for end states of society, and (2) roles for research that move society close…
The search for authenticity in the pilgrim experience
Social Ethics of Landscape Change: Toward Community-Based Land-Use Planning
Understanding stakeholder values is crucial to the development of a community-based model of landscape change. Be that as it may, engagement techniques are still in their infancies, and land-use planners are struggling for tools to facilitate discourse on public values related to landscape change. Accordingly, this article responds to urgent needs to define planning processes that represent the values of stakeholders, empower communities, and lea…
Leisure Research for Social Justice: A Response to Henderson
Leisure research based on critical theories is an effective path to social justice for groups and communities that are marginalized or oppressed by those in power. In response to Henderson (2011), who frames our work as postpositivist, we argue critical theories are a more appropriate research paradigm to reflect our philosophical positions. Our inquiry into leisure is informed by an emancipatory vision for social change that aims to enact social…
Effects of Setting-Based Management on Visitor Experience Outcomes: Differences Across a Management Continuum
Opinions diverge as to whether visitor experiences vary across setting-based management continua. Evidence suggests that recreationists with different experiences profiles have distinct setting preferences but is mixed regarding supporting a link between settings and experiences. This paper explores the relationship between settings and experiences at Grand Canyon National Park. Our analyses examine variation in experiences across three managemen…
Place-Based Conservation: Perspectives from the Social Sciences
Place-based conservation: Perspectives From the Social Sciences
"The concept of 'Place' has become prominent in natural resource management, as professionals increasingly recognize the importance of scale, place-specific meanings, local knowledge, and social-ecological dynamics. Place-Based Conservation: Perspectives from the Social Sciences offers a thorough examination of the topic, dividing its exploration into four broad areas. Part One, Conceptual Issues of Place-Based Conservation, distinguishes and cla…
The Emergence of Place-Based Conservation
Leisure Research to Enhance Social Justice
Several streams of leisure research are directed at furthering an agenda for social justice. These lines of inquiry are motivated by the need to end various kinds of oppression related to one's gender, race, ethnicity, sexual identity, ability, and socio-economic status. Rather than social justice, this special issue is focused on research frameworks that further social justice. Three inter-related research criteria are applied: (1) identificatio…
Political science (32 works) · Psychology (31 works) · Sociology (31 works) · Geography (29 works) · Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management (22 works) · Social Psychology (21 works) · Social Psychology (21 works) · Ecology (18 works) · Environmental resource management (17 works) · Computer Science (15 works)