Jeffrey H Schwartz
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 79815 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Jeffrey H Schwartz |
| NOMBRES | Jeffrey H |
| APELLIDO | Schwartz |
| FIRMA | SCHWARTZ J H |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Pittsburgh |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1591-2008 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 46 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 233 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 45 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 2 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1973 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Moving away from 'the Muddle in the Middle' toward solving the Chibanian puzzle
Rethinking Human Evolution
Contributors from a range of disciplines consider the disconnect between human evolutionary studies and the rest of evolutionary biology. The study of human evolution often seems to rely on scenarios and received wisdom rather than theory and methodology, with each new fossil or molecular analysis interpreted as supporting evidence for the presumed lineage of human ancestry. We might wonder why we should pursue new inquiries if we already know th…
Rethinking Human Evolution
Two tales of one city
The Mythology of Carthaginian Child Sacrifice
Defining Hominidae
Defining Hominidae
Bones, teeth, and estimating age of perinates
Writing about the 'Tophet', a children's cemetery in Carthage, Smithet al.argued in these pages that the age distribution of the children peaks at 1-1.49 months, supplying "another link in the chain of evidence-funerary practices, texts, iconography-that supports the interpretation of the Phoenician Tophets as ritual sites set aside for infant sacrifice" (2011: 871). In this they had challenged Jeffrey Schwartz and colleagues, who previously argu…
Developmental biology and human evolution
The Evolutionary or Modern Evolutionary Synthesis (here identified as the Synthesis) has been portrayed as providing the foundation for uniting a supposed disarray of biological disciplines through the lens of Darwinism fused with population genetics. Rarely acknowledged is that the Synthesis’s success was also largely due to its architects’ effectiveness in submerging British and German attempts at a synthesis by uniting the biological sciences …
Fossil evidence for the origin of Homo sapiens
Our species Homo sapiens has never received a satisfactory morphological definition. Deriving partly from Linnaeus's exhortation simply to "know thyself," and partly from the insistence by advocates of the Evolutionary Synthesis in the mid-20th Century that species are constantly transforming ephemera that by definition cannot be pinned down by morphology, this unfortunate situation has led to huge uncertainty over which hominid fossils ought to …
Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton . M. Anne Katzenberg , Shelley R. Saunders
The morphological distinctiveness of Homo sapiens and its recognition in the fossil record
Species are historically differentiated entities that, osteologically, may be differentiated to inconveniently varying extents. Living Homo sapiens is a distinctive morphological entity that is easily distinguished in both cranial and postcranial morphology from all other living hominoids and from the vast majority of its fossil relatives. In this contribution, we offer several apparent cranial apomorphies of the living species, while recognizing…
Defining Hominidae
Holistic Darwinism
Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics and the Bioeconomics of Evolution. Peter A. Corning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 546 pp
The distinctiveness and systematic context of Homo neanderthalensis
Decisions, Decisions
Although the construction of neo-Darwinism grew out of Thomas Hunt Morgan's melding of Darwinism and Mendelism, his evidence did not soley support a model of gradual change. To the contrary, he was confronted with observations that could have led him to a more “evo-devo” understanding of the emergence of novel features. Indeed, since Morgan was an embryologist before he became a fruit-fly geneticist, one would have predicted that the combination …
Human foot bones from Klasies River main site, South Africa
The Human Fossil Record
Essay Review
Systematics of 'humankind
Systematics of ?humankind
The human chin revisited
The Archaeology of Human Bones
The Archaeology of Human Bones. Simon Mays. New York: Routledge. 1998. 242 pp
Hominids and hybrids
As the first extinct human relatives to have become known to science, the Neanderthals have assumed an almost iconic significance in human evolutionary studies: a significance that has, of course, been greatly enhanced by the very substantial fossil and behavioral record that has accumulated since the original Feldhofer Cave skullcap and partial skeleton were accidentally uncovered, on a pre-Darwinian August day in 1856, by lime miners working in…
Carpal Anatomy and Primate Relationships
A comparative study of skeletonized and wet specimens of a broad sampling of prosimian as well as anthropoid primates provides evidence for the first time of the diversity of morphology and articular relations of the carpals. Phylogenetically, it appears that derived states within Primates support the monophyly of a cheirogaleine-galagine-lorisine clade (marked contact between the os centrale and the hamate), an Old World monkey clade (lack of a …
The human chin revisited
Human foot bones from Klasies River main site, South Africa
Fossil evidence for the origin of Homo sapiens
Our species Homo sapiens has never received a satisfactory morphological definition. Deriving partly from Linnaeus's exhortation simply to "know thyself," and partly from the insistence by advocates of the Evolutionary Synthesis in the mid-20th Century that species are constantly transforming ephemera that by definition cannot be pinned down by morphology, this unfortunate situation has led to huge uncertainty over which hominid fossils ought to …
The Archaeology of Human Bones
The Archaeology of Human Bones. Simon Mays. New York: Routledge. 1998. 242 pp
Aspects of dental development in the orangutan prior to eruption of the permanent dentition
In spite of a resurgence of interest in the interpretation of the sequences of dental development and eruption in various Plio‐Pleistocene hominoids as being either “modern human” or “ape‐like,” the body of comparative material on the extant hominoids remains deficient in critical areas. In concert with recent attempts to rectify this situation, we present the results of our studies on dental morphogenesis in the orangutan. We have focused on the…
Lufengpithecus and its potential relationship to an orang-utan clade
Bonobos
Neontological, biochemical, and paleontological data indicate that the bonobo, Pan paniscus, is a specialized form that possesses relatively small teeth, is quadrupedally adapted, and is only minimally sexually dimorphic. The various specializations of bonobos could be adaptations to ecological restrictions encountered in the terrestrial island of tropical forest that comprises their home range. Bonobos possess specializations quite different fro…
Ramapithecus and Hominid Origins [and Comments and Reply]
The importance of Ramapithecus has traditionally been in the claim that it represents the earliest hominid. It is argued here that the development of Ramapithecus interpretations has been dependent upon the currently accepted theory of hominid origins. In turn, theories of hominid origins have been influenced by the emerging understanding of the ramapithecine adaptive radiation. Recent evidence strongly suggests an ancestry for Pongo among the ra…
Orang-utan Biology
OVERVIEW: HISTORY, TAXONOMY, BEHAVIOUR AND ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION O. Roher-Ertl: On the research history, nomenclature, and taxonomy J. Courtenay, C. Groves & P. Andrews: Inter- or intra-island variation?: an assessment of the differences between Bornean and Sumatran P.S. Rodman: Diversity and consistency in ecology and behaviour J. Marks: The phylogenetic status from a genetic perspective J.H. Schwartz: History, morphology, paleontology, and evo…
Carpal Anatomy and Primate Relationships
A comparative study of skeletonized and wet specimens of a broad sampling of prosimian as well as anthropoid primates provides evidence for the first time of the diversity of morphology and articular relations of the carpals. Phylogenetically, it appears that derived states within Primates support the monophyly of a cheirogaleine-galagine-lorisine clade (marked contact between the os centrale and the hamate), an Old World monkey clade (lack of a …
Observations on the dentition of the Indriidae
A review of the literature reveals a long history of disagreement on the interpretation of the lower deciduous and permanent dentition of the Indriidae. This disagreement has centered on the existence and/or replacement of a canine as a member of the indriid toothcomb. The presence of a pair of canines in the toothcomb of lemurids and lorisids has rarely been questioned, and there is no evidence to indicate that this interpretation is incorrect. …
Tigaran (Point Hope, Alaska) tooth drilling
In a sample of 48 adult Tigarans (1300–1700 A.D.) from Point Hope, Alaska, 33 exhibited various degrees of periodontal disease, which, in 25, resulted in tooth loss (Schwartz, unpublished data). Although extreme examples of tooth wear were prevalent in the sample, carious infection was noted in only one individual, in whom the lower central incisors (I 1 s) had been affected. In the left I 1 infection had spread through the root's apex into the a…
Homologies of the toothcomb
A recently described juvenile specimen of Avahi was supposed to show that indriines have an unreplaced deciduous canine and that the indriine toothcomb was composed only of incisors. To the contrary, this specimen demonstrates quite dramatically a growth phenomenon earlier discussed: in indriines, the anteriormost of the four deciduous lower teeth posterior to the toothcomb migrates mesially toward the toothcomb (Schwartz, '74). In this particula…
The Palaeozoology of Cyprus
This preliminary report reviews the fauna of recently analysed sites in Cyprus and discusses the dietary and cultural significance. Red deer, roe deer and gazelle (previously unidentified for the Neolithic) are tentatively reported for the island, as is the appearance of Equus. In the light of a recent report that the Mediterranean was a salt desert from 6 to 5.5 million years ago, a hypothesis is presented which examines the possible mechanisms …
Moving away from 'the Muddle in the Middle' toward solving the Chibanian puzzle
Two tales of one city
Bones, teeth, and estimating age of perinates
Writing about the 'Tophet', a children's cemetery in Carthage, Smithet al.argued in these pages that the age distribution of the children peaks at 1-1.49 months, supplying "another link in the chain of evidence-funerary practices, texts, iconography-that supports the interpretation of the Phoenician Tophets as ritual sites set aside for infant sacrifice" (2011: 871). In this they had challenged Jeffrey Schwartz and colleagues, who previously argu…
Growth, function and homology
In maturing juvenile lemurs and lorises, it was found that the anteriormost lower deciduous premolar migrates forward and may become associated with the teeth of the toothcomb; this is similar to previous observations on the dentition of indriines. The mesial shift of dp 2 appears to be associated with the eruption of P 2 but, more importantly, also with replacement of the deciduous by the permanent teeth of the toothcomb‐which is a period of fun…
Essay Review
Innervation of the human upper primary dentition
Recent comparisons of humans with apes and early fossil hominids have prompted renewed interest in the study of sequences of dental growth and development. Such comparisons, however, rely on certain assumptions about tooth development and dental homology and the biological reality of distinguishing “deciduous” from “permanent” teeth. In light of earlier suggestions by Schwartz that there might be a correlation between nerves and the stem progenit…
Other Origins
The Palaeozoology of Cyprus
This preliminary report reviews the fauna of recently analysed sites in Cyprus and discusses the dietary and cultural significance. Red deer, roe deer and gazelle (previously unidentified for the Neolithic) are tentatively reported for the island, as is the appearance of Equus. In the light of a recent report that the Mediterranean was a salt desert from 6 to 5.5 million years ago, a hypothesis is presented which examines the possible mechanisms …
Observations on the dentition of the Indriidae
A review of the literature reveals a long history of disagreement on the interpretation of the lower deciduous and permanent dentition of the Indriidae. This disagreement has centered on the existence and/or replacement of a canine as a member of the indriid toothcomb. The presence of a pair of canines in the toothcomb of lemurids and lorisids has rarely been questioned, and there is no evidence to indicate that this interpretation is incorrect. …
Homologies of the toothcomb
A recently described juvenile specimen of Avahi was supposed to show that indriines have an unreplaced deciduous canine and that the indriine toothcomb was composed only of incisors. To the contrary, this specimen demonstrates quite dramatically a growth phenomenon earlier discussed: in indriines, the anteriormost of the four deciduous lower teeth posterior to the toothcomb migrates mesially toward the toothcomb (Schwartz, '74). In this particula…
IV. The Fossil Record
Growth, function and homology
In maturing juvenile lemurs and lorises, it was found that the anteriormost lower deciduous premolar migrates forward and may become associated with the teeth of the toothcomb; this is similar to previous observations on the dentition of indriines. The mesial shift of dp 2 appears to be associated with the eruption of P 2 but, more importantly, also with replacement of the deciduous by the permanent teeth of the toothcomb‐which is a period of fun…
A discussion of dental homology with reference to primates
The inconsistencies which exist when the traditional tooth‐to‐bony‐landmark/tooth‐to‐occlusal‐relationship criteria of identification of teeth are maintained are discussed. It is pointed out how these (e.g., “the canine is the tooth behind the premaxillary‐maxillary suture”) can be falsified. It is also suggested that some mammals, including Tarsius and Homo sapiens , develop homologies of three sets of “teeth,” and that the “adult” antemolar den…
Bonobos
Neontological, biochemical, and paleontological data indicate that the bonobo, Pan paniscus, is a specialized form that possesses relatively small teeth, is quadrupedally adapted, and is only minimally sexually dimorphic. The various specializations of bonobos could be adaptations to ecological restrictions encountered in the terrestrial island of tropical forest that comprises their home range. Bonobos possess specializations quite different fro…
A note on the status of “Adapis” priscus Stehlin, 1916
Reappraisal of the morphology of the type (and only) lower jaw of the Swiss middle Eocene primate “Adapis” priscus shows that it is wrongly attributed to the genus Adapis . Indeed, its closest affinities do not lie with other European primates of the early Tertiary, but rather with the North American genus Smilodectes , to which we transfer the species priscus . The presence in Europe of a species of Smilodectes emphasizes that the separation of …
Ramapithecus and Hominid Origins [and Comments and Reply]
The importance of Ramapithecus has traditionally been in the claim that it represents the earliest hominid. It is argued here that the development of Ramapithecus interpretations has been dependent upon the currently accepted theory of hominid origins. In turn, theories of hominid origins have been influenced by the emerging understanding of the ramapithecine adaptive radiation. Recent evidence strongly suggests an ancestry for Pongo among the ra…
Palatine fenestrae, the orangutan and hominoid evolution
Hominoid Evolution
I review here the history of study of the relationships of extant hominoids (humans and apes) and many of the morphological and other (e.g., molecular, biochemical, and chromosomal) criteria upon which theories of relatedness have been based. Few morphological features emerge as uniting humans and one or both of the African apes, and, contrary to popular opinion, the nonmorphological data do not support a human-African-ape theory of relatedness t…
On Hominoid Evolution
On Chromosomes and Hominoid Phylogeny
Lufengpithecus and its potential relationship to an orang-utan clade
Orang-utan Biology
OVERVIEW: HISTORY, TAXONOMY, BEHAVIOUR AND ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION O. Roher-Ertl: On the research history, nomenclature, and taxonomy J. Courtenay, C. Groves & P. Andrews: Inter- or intra-island variation?: an assessment of the differences between Bornean and Sumatran P.S. Rodman: Diversity and consistency in ecology and behaviour J. Marks: The phylogenetic status from a genetic perspective J.H. Schwartz: History, morphology, paleontology, and evo…
Aspects of dental development in the orangutan prior to eruption of the permanent dentition
In spite of a resurgence of interest in the interpretation of the sequences of dental development and eruption in various Plio‐Pleistocene hominoids as being either “modern human” or “ape‐like,” the body of comparative material on the extant hominoids remains deficient in critical areas. In concert with recent attempts to rectify this situation, we present the results of our studies on dental morphogenesis in the orangutan. We have focused on the…
Innervation of the human upper primary dentition
Recent comparisons of humans with apes and early fossil hominids have prompted renewed interest in the study of sequences of dental growth and development. Such comparisons, however, rely on certain assumptions about tooth development and dental homology and the biological reality of distinguishing “deciduous” from “permanent” teeth. In light of earlier suggestions by Schwartz that there might be a correlation between nerves and the stem progenit…
Sociobiology and scientific reductionism
Kaye, Howard. The Social Meaning of Modern Biology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. ix + 184 pp. including references. No price. Oyama, Susan. The Ontogeny of Information. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. v + 206 pp. including notes, bibliography, name and subject indices. $34.50 cloth, $12.95 paper
Other Origins
Tigaran (Point Hope, Alaska) tooth drilling
In a sample of 48 adult Tigarans (1300–1700 A.D.) from Point Hope, Alaska, 33 exhibited various degrees of periodontal disease, which, in 25, resulted in tooth loss (Schwartz, unpublished data). Although extreme examples of tooth wear were prevalent in the sample, carious infection was noted in only one individual, in whom the lower central incisors (I 1 s) had been affected. In the left I 1 infection had spread through the root's apex into the a…
Significance of some previously unrecognized apomorphies in the nasal region of Homo neanderthalensis.
For many years, the Neanderthals have been recognized as a distinctive extinct hominid group that occupied Europe and western Asia between about 200,000 and 30,000 years ago. It is still debated, however, whether these hominids belong in their own species, Homo neanderthalensis, or represent an extinct variant of Homo sapiens. Our ongoing studies indicate that the Neanderthals differ from modern humans in their skeletal anatomy in more ways than …
Development of the orangutan permanent dentition
This study examines dental formation and alveolar emergence in a large cross-sectional sample composed primarily of wild-reared orangutans (N = 89) in order to provide information on the development of the permanent dentition in this hominoid and to address questions of variation in individual tooth formation, between teeth and between individuals. All specimens have been radiographed in lateral aspect and stages of crown and root formation recor…
Carpal Anatomy and Primate Relationships
A comparative study of skeletonized and wet specimens of a broad sampling of prosimian as well as anthropoid primates provides evidence for the first time of the diversity of morphology and articular relations of the carpals. Phylogenetically, it appears that derived states within Primates support the monophyly of a cheirogaleine-galagine-lorisine clade (marked contact between the os centrale and the hamate), an Old World monkey clade (lack of a …
Hominids and hybrids
As the first extinct human relatives to have become known to science, the Neanderthals have assumed an almost iconic significance in human evolutionary studies: a significance that has, of course, been greatly enhanced by the very substantial fossil and behavioral record that has accumulated since the original Feldhofer Cave skullcap and partial skeleton were accidentally uncovered, on a pre-Darwinian August day in 1856, by lime miners working in…
The human chin revisited
Biology (33 obras) · Evolutionary biology (18 obras) · Archaeology (16 obras) · Paleontology (15 obras) · Evolution and Paleontology Studies (14 obras) · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (14 obras) · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies (13 obras) · Primate Behavior and Ecology (13 obras) · Zoology (12 obras) · Biological evolution (11 obras)