Mae M Ngai
Biographic Data
| ID | 799880 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mae M Ngai |
| GIVEN NAMES | Mae M |
| FAMILY NAME | Ngai |
| SIGNATURE | NGAI M M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Columbia University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 29 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 193 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 29 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Comment to Transpacific Connections in the Civil War Era
Comment to Transpacific Connections in the Civil War Era Mae Ngai (bio) President Abraham Lincoln signed An Act to Prohibit the 'Coolie Trade' by American Citizens in American Vessels into law on February 19, 1862, just a year into the Civil War. The act prohibited American-owned and –operated ships from transporting Chinese subjects "known as coolies" abroad to be "sold ... or to be held to service or labor." Its proponents directly compared the…
The Architecture of Immigration Restriction, 1924
The Immigration Act of 1924 is arguably the most restrictive and racist immigration law ever to have been passed by the US Congress. It was not unprecedented in its restrictive nature—since 1882 Congress had imposed qualitative exclusions on persons deemed likely to become public charges or otherwise morally or physically deficient—or in its racism: notably, the Chinese and Asiatic exclusion laws of the nineteenth and early twentieth century pave…
Thinking Labor Rights through the Coolie Question
In 2014 the conservative Australian Institute of Public Affairs called for the abolition of the minimum wage—at the time AU$16.87, the highest in the industrial world and twice that of the United States. The Australian minimum, enacted in Victoria in 1896, was the first in the world. Other nations copied it, and the International Labor Organization inscribed it as an international convention in 1928. Responding to calls for its abolition, Univers…
Trouble on the Rand
The importation of more than 60,000 Chinese laborers to work in the Witwatersrand gold mines in South Africa between 1904 and 1910 remains an obscure episode in the history of Asian indentured labor in European colonies. Yet the experience of the coolies on the Rand reverberated throughout the Anglo-American world and had lasting consequences for global politics of race and labor. At one level, the Chinese laborers themselves resisted their condi…
Hart-Celler at Fifty
Research Article| September 01 2015 Hart-Celler at Fifty: Lessons for Immigration Reform in Our Time Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Labor (2015) 12 (3): 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2920327 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Mae M. Ngai; Hart-Celler at Fifty: Lessons for Immigration Reform in Our Time. Labor 1 September 20…
Chinese Gold Miners and the "Chinese Question" in Nineteenth-Century California and Victoria
During the second half of the nineteenth century the largest gold deposits yet known in the world were discovered in the American West, Australasia, South Africa, and western Canada. From 1848 to 1891 a series of gold rushes—quick, short-term bonanzas (or failures) for individual miners—swept those regions, drawing hundreds of thousands of gold seekers from around the world. In fewer than fifty years miners and mining companies extracted from the…
Oscar Handlin and Immigration Policy Reform in the 1950s and 1960s
Understanding Contemporary Workers' Struggles
I was not one of David's students, though I wanted to be. I had applied to Yale for graduate school and had gone up to New Haven to meet him beforehand. But I didn't get in. Apparently, the admissions committee (which he wasn't on that year) considered it too risky to admit someone who had worked in the labor movement, in light of the union organizing going on among Yale's graduate students and employees. I thought this was ironic because, althou…
Labor and Global Commodities
Conventionally defined, “global commodities” refer to raw materials and basic foodstuffs—sugar, bananas, cotton, coal, bauxite—that are extracted or grown in one area of the world and sold on the world market for industrial or consumer use elsewhere. Labor historians focusing on the point of extraction/production or tracking the production and circulation of specific global commodities have gained insight into the development of global capitalism…
A Slight Knowledge of the Barbarian Language”
Research Article| January 01 2011 “A Slight Knowledge of the Barbarian Language”: Chinese Interpreters in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century America Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2011) 30 (2): 05–32. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.30.2.0005 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Mae M. Ngai; “A Slight Knowledg…
Chinese Miners, Headmen, and Protectors on the Victorian Goldfields, 1853–1863
‘I have been engaged during this past week in going around the District and enforcing on the Chinese the necessity of taking out the Protection Tickets—but the want of headmen in many parts of the district render this rather a difficult task. Those headmen whom I had appointed having all either been found incompetent for their duties or have refused to interfere in any matter which would render them obnoxious to their fellow countrymen’. Chinese …
The Civil Rights Origins of Illegal Immigration
The present immigration system is based on a core paradox. The method of allocating visas for the admission of permanent residents is based on principles of equality and fairness because all countries have the same quota. Yet visa demand varies widely. The principle of formal equality has disparate effects, being inclusionary for some and exclusionary for others. Four countries persistently max out on their caps—China, India, Mexico, and the Phil…
Fixing America's Broken Immigration System
In January 2008, at the meeting of the American Historical Association, I had coffee with two colleagues, Gary Gerstle and George Sánchez, with whom I share an abiding interest in labor and immigration history, as well as current politics. We hatched an idea to hold a conference on immigration policy reform, which we believed would potentially be back on Congress's agenda after the new administration—we did not know at the time who would be the n…
A estranha carreira do imigrante ilegal
A lei Johnson-Reed de Imigração, de 1924, estabeleceu, pela primeira vez, restrições numéricas, tornando a imigração ilegal um problema central na aplicação da legislação sobre imigração nos Estados Unidos. Este artigo examina o advento da imigração ilegal como um fenômeno de massa e o desenvolvimento de políticas legais e administrativas voltadas para identificação, prisão e deportação de estrangeiros, bem como as reformas que habilitaram alguns…
Working the Boundaries
Nationalism, Immigration Control, and the Ethnoracial Remapping of America in the 1920s
In Strangers in the Land (1955), John Higham wrote, “The anti-foreign wave that flowed without pause for two decades in the early twentieth century... must stand alone in its persistence, in its complexity, and in the massiveness of its institutional deposit... The country would never be the same again, either in its social structure or in its habits of mind” (1). Higham's classic book remains one of the best studies of anti-immigrant thinking in…
Asian American History Forum
This introduction considers the ways that the following articles by Erika Lee, Dorothy Fujita-Rony, Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, and Paul Spickard contribute to new directions in the study of Asian American history and transnationalism
Asian American History
Research Article| July 01 2006 Asian American History: Reflections on the De-centering of the Field Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2006) 25 (4): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.2307/27501746 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Mae M. Ngai; Asian American History: Reflections on the De-centering of the Fi…
Chinese American Transnationalism
This collection is the third volume of essays on the Chinese exclusion era (1882–1943) edited by Sucheng Chan. Each presents historical work that exemplifies the cutting-edge themes and methods of its period. The first, Entry Denied (1990), focused on the legal and institutional dimensions of exclusion. The second, Claiming America (1998), concerned Chinese Americans' claims for inclusion and the making of ethnic identity. The present volume spea…
On the Proletarian Identity of “A Woman Dressed as an Enormous Beetle”
A set of politics that uses rhetoric, imagery, music, and performance to promote interests that are distinctively and explicitly identified with the working class, Burgmann productively suggests, might revitalize the labor movement. Yet the effort to apply lessons from “identity politics” to “class politics” reproduces two problems in contemporary radicalism. First, by reducing the movements of ethno-racial minorities, women, and gays and lesbian…
"Transnationalism and the Transformation of the "Other
Shelley Fisher Fishkin impresses upon us just how profoundly the transnational turn has transformed American studies. One of the most important (and refreshing) aspects of the transnational turn, in my view, is that it foregrounds human agency. At one level, that is because human movement and practices link--indeed, constitute--transnational spaces. At another level, a focus on the transnational, with its emphasis on multiple sites and exchange, …
Impossible Subjects
This book traces the origins of the "illegal alien" in American law and society, explaining why and how illegal migration became the central problem in U.S. immigration policy—a process that profoundly shaped ideas and practices about citizenship, race, and state authority in the twentieth century. Mae Ngai offers a close reading of the legal regime of restriction that commenced in the 1920s—its statutory architecture, judicial genealogies, admin…
The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien
In January 1930 officials of the Bureau of Immigration testified about the Border Patrol before a closed session of the House Immigration Committee. Henry Hull, the commissioner general of immigration, explained that the Border Patrol did not operate “on the border line” but as far as one hundred miles “back of the line.” The Border Patrol, he said, was “a scouting organization and a pursuit organization.... [Officers] operate on roads without wa…
The Legacy of Vincent Chin
June 19, 2002 marked the twentieth anniversary of the killing of Vincent Chin in Detroit, Michigan. On that day in 1982, Chin, a twenty-seven-year-old Chinese American engineer, was brutally murdered by two white men, Ronald Ebens and his step-son, Michael Nitz. Ebens and Nitz had argued with Chin in a bar, where the latter had gone with friends to celebrate his upcoming wedding. Upon leaving the bar, Ebens and Nitz chased Chin to a nearby parkin…
The Politics of Remembering
The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law
Journal Article The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law: A Reexamination of the Immigration Act of 1924 Get access Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai assistant professor of United States history University of Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 86, Issue 1, June 1999, Pages 67-92, https://doi.org/10.2307/2567407 Published: 01 June 1999
The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien
In January 1930 officials of the Bureau of Immigration testified about the Border Patrol before a closed session of the House Immigration Committee. Henry Hull, the commissioner general of immigration, explained that the Border Patrol did not operate “on the border line” but as far as one hundred miles “back of the line.” The Border Patrol, he said, was “a scouting organization and a pursuit organization.... [Officers] operate on roads without wa…
Chinese Gold Miners and the "Chinese Question" in Nineteenth-Century California and Victoria
During the second half of the nineteenth century the largest gold deposits yet known in the world were discovered in the American West, Australasia, South Africa, and western Canada. From 1848 to 1891 a series of gold rushes—quick, short-term bonanzas (or failures) for individual miners—swept those regions, drawing hundreds of thousands of gold seekers from around the world. In fewer than fifty years miners and mining companies extracted from the…
Chinese Miners, Headmen, and Protectors on the Victorian Goldfields, 1853–1863
‘I have been engaged during this past week in going around the District and enforcing on the Chinese the necessity of taking out the Protection Tickets—but the want of headmen in many parts of the district render this rather a difficult task. Those headmen whom I had appointed having all either been found incompetent for their duties or have refused to interfere in any matter which would render them obnoxious to their fellow countrymen’. Chinese …
Impossible Subjects
This book traces the origins of the "illegal alien" in American law and society, explaining why and how illegal migration became the central problem in U.S. immigration policy—a process that profoundly shaped ideas and practices about citizenship, race, and state authority in the twentieth century. Mae Ngai offers a close reading of the legal regime of restriction that commenced in the 1920s—its statutory architecture, judicial genealogies, admin…
"Transnationalism and the Transformation of the "Other
Shelley Fisher Fishkin impresses upon us just how profoundly the transnational turn has transformed American studies. One of the most important (and refreshing) aspects of the transnational turn, in my view, is that it foregrounds human agency. At one level, that is because human movement and practices link--indeed, constitute--transnational spaces. At another level, a focus on the transnational, with its emphasis on multiple sites and exchange, …
A Slight Knowledge of the Barbarian Language”
Research Article| January 01 2011 “A Slight Knowledge of the Barbarian Language”: Chinese Interpreters in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century America Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2011) 30 (2): 05–32. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.30.2.0005 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Mae M. Ngai; “A Slight Knowledg…
Working the Boundaries
Asian American History
Research Article| July 01 2006 Asian American History: Reflections on the De-centering of the Field Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2006) 25 (4): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.2307/27501746 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Mae M. Ngai; Asian American History: Reflections on the De-centering of the Fi…
Trouble on the Rand
The importation of more than 60,000 Chinese laborers to work in the Witwatersrand gold mines in South Africa between 1904 and 1910 remains an obscure episode in the history of Asian indentured labor in European colonies. Yet the experience of the coolies on the Rand reverberated throughout the Anglo-American world and had lasting consequences for global politics of race and labor. At one level, the Chinese laborers themselves resisted their condi…
Chinese American Transnationalism
This collection is the third volume of essays on the Chinese exclusion era (1882–1943) edited by Sucheng Chan. Each presents historical work that exemplifies the cutting-edge themes and methods of its period. The first, Entry Denied (1990), focused on the legal and institutional dimensions of exclusion. The second, Claiming America (1998), concerned Chinese Americans' claims for inclusion and the making of ethnic identity. The present volume spea…
Thinking Labor Rights through the Coolie Question
In 2014 the conservative Australian Institute of Public Affairs called for the abolition of the minimum wage—at the time AU$16.87, the highest in the industrial world and twice that of the United States. The Australian minimum, enacted in Victoria in 1896, was the first in the world. Other nations copied it, and the International Labor Organization inscribed it as an international convention in 1928. Responding to calls for its abolition, Univers…
Oscar Handlin and Immigration Policy Reform in the 1950s and 1960s
The Civil Rights Origins of Illegal Immigration
The present immigration system is based on a core paradox. The method of allocating visas for the admission of permanent residents is based on principles of equality and fairness because all countries have the same quota. Yet visa demand varies widely. The principle of formal equality has disparate effects, being inclusionary for some and exclusionary for others. Four countries persistently max out on their caps—China, India, Mexico, and the Phil…
Fixing America's Broken Immigration System
In January 2008, at the meeting of the American Historical Association, I had coffee with two colleagues, Gary Gerstle and George Sánchez, with whom I share an abiding interest in labor and immigration history, as well as current politics. We hatched an idea to hold a conference on immigration policy reform, which we believed would potentially be back on Congress's agenda after the new administration—we did not know at the time who would be the n…
Nationalism, Immigration Control, and the Ethnoracial Remapping of America in the 1920s
In Strangers in the Land (1955), John Higham wrote, “The anti-foreign wave that flowed without pause for two decades in the early twentieth century... must stand alone in its persistence, in its complexity, and in the massiveness of its institutional deposit... The country would never be the same again, either in its social structure or in its habits of mind” (1). Higham's classic book remains one of the best studies of anti-immigrant thinking in…
The Legacy of Vincent Chin
June 19, 2002 marked the twentieth anniversary of the killing of Vincent Chin in Detroit, Michigan. On that day in 1982, Chin, a twenty-seven-year-old Chinese American engineer, was brutally murdered by two white men, Ronald Ebens and his step-son, Michael Nitz. Ebens and Nitz had argued with Chin in a bar, where the latter had gone with friends to celebrate his upcoming wedding. Upon leaving the bar, Ebens and Nitz chased Chin to a nearby parkin…
Laws Harsh as Tigers
The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law
Journal Article The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law: A Reexamination of the Immigration Act of 1924 Get access Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai assistant professor of United States history University of Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 86, Issue 1, June 1999, Pages 67-92, https://doi.org/10.2307/2567407 Published: 01 June 1999
American Orientalism
Reviews in American History - Volume 28, Number 3, September 2000
Closing the Gate
Journal Article Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act Get access Gyory Andrew, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. xii, 354 pp. $49.95 (cloth). $19.95 (paper). Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai University of Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Legal History, Volume 44, Issue 3, July 2…
The Legacy of Vincent Chin
June 19, 2002 marked the twentieth anniversary of the killing of Vincent Chin in Detroit, Michigan. On that day in 1982, Chin, a twenty-seven-year-old Chinese American engineer, was brutally murdered by two white men, Ronald Ebens and his step-son, Michael Nitz. Ebens and Nitz had argued with Chin in a bar, where the latter had gone with friends to celebrate his upcoming wedding. Upon leaving the bar, Ebens and Nitz chased Chin to a nearby parkin…
The Politics of Remembering
The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien
In January 1930 officials of the Bureau of Immigration testified about the Border Patrol before a closed session of the House Immigration Committee. Henry Hull, the commissioner general of immigration, explained that the Border Patrol did not operate “on the border line” but as far as one hundred miles “back of the line.” The Border Patrol, he said, was “a scouting organization and a pursuit organization.... [Officers] operate on roads without wa…
Impossible Subjects
This book traces the origins of the "illegal alien" in American law and society, explaining why and how illegal migration became the central problem in U.S. immigration policy—a process that profoundly shaped ideas and practices about citizenship, race, and state authority in the twentieth century. Mae Ngai offers a close reading of the legal regime of restriction that commenced in the 1920s—its statutory architecture, judicial genealogies, admin…
On the Proletarian Identity of “A Woman Dressed as an Enormous Beetle”
A set of politics that uses rhetoric, imagery, music, and performance to promote interests that are distinctively and explicitly identified with the working class, Burgmann productively suggests, might revitalize the labor movement. Yet the effort to apply lessons from “identity politics” to “class politics” reproduces two problems in contemporary radicalism. First, by reducing the movements of ethno-racial minorities, women, and gays and lesbian…
"Transnationalism and the Transformation of the "Other
Shelley Fisher Fishkin impresses upon us just how profoundly the transnational turn has transformed American studies. One of the most important (and refreshing) aspects of the transnational turn, in my view, is that it foregrounds human agency. At one level, that is because human movement and practices link--indeed, constitute--transnational spaces. At another level, a focus on the transnational, with its emphasis on multiple sites and exchange, …
Asian American History
Research Article| July 01 2006 Asian American History: Reflections on the De-centering of the Field Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2006) 25 (4): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.2307/27501746 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Mae M. Ngai; Asian American History: Reflections on the De-centering of the Fi…
Chinese American Transnationalism
This collection is the third volume of essays on the Chinese exclusion era (1882–1943) edited by Sucheng Chan. Each presents historical work that exemplifies the cutting-edge themes and methods of its period. The first, Entry Denied (1990), focused on the legal and institutional dimensions of exclusion. The second, Claiming America (1998), concerned Chinese Americans' claims for inclusion and the making of ethnic identity. The present volume spea…
Working the Boundaries
Nationalism, Immigration Control, and the Ethnoracial Remapping of America in the 1920s
In Strangers in the Land (1955), John Higham wrote, “The anti-foreign wave that flowed without pause for two decades in the early twentieth century... must stand alone in its persistence, in its complexity, and in the massiveness of its institutional deposit... The country would never be the same again, either in its social structure or in its habits of mind” (1). Higham's classic book remains one of the best studies of anti-immigrant thinking in…
Asian American History Forum
This introduction considers the ways that the following articles by Erika Lee, Dorothy Fujita-Rony, Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, and Paul Spickard contribute to new directions in the study of Asian American history and transnationalism
A estranha carreira do imigrante ilegal
A lei Johnson-Reed de Imigração, de 1924, estabeleceu, pela primeira vez, restrições numéricas, tornando a imigração ilegal um problema central na aplicação da legislação sobre imigração nos Estados Unidos. Este artigo examina o advento da imigração ilegal como um fenômeno de massa e o desenvolvimento de políticas legais e administrativas voltadas para identificação, prisão e deportação de estrangeiros, bem como as reformas que habilitaram alguns…
The Civil Rights Origins of Illegal Immigration
The present immigration system is based on a core paradox. The method of allocating visas for the admission of permanent residents is based on principles of equality and fairness because all countries have the same quota. Yet visa demand varies widely. The principle of formal equality has disparate effects, being inclusionary for some and exclusionary for others. Four countries persistently max out on their caps—China, India, Mexico, and the Phil…
Fixing America's Broken Immigration System
In January 2008, at the meeting of the American Historical Association, I had coffee with two colleagues, Gary Gerstle and George Sánchez, with whom I share an abiding interest in labor and immigration history, as well as current politics. We hatched an idea to hold a conference on immigration policy reform, which we believed would potentially be back on Congress's agenda after the new administration—we did not know at the time who would be the n…
A Slight Knowledge of the Barbarian Language”
Research Article| January 01 2011 “A Slight Knowledge of the Barbarian Language”: Chinese Interpreters in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century America Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2011) 30 (2): 05–32. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.30.2.0005 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Mae M. Ngai; “A Slight Knowledg…
Chinese Miners, Headmen, and Protectors on the Victorian Goldfields, 1853–1863
‘I have been engaged during this past week in going around the District and enforcing on the Chinese the necessity of taking out the Protection Tickets—but the want of headmen in many parts of the district render this rather a difficult task. Those headmen whom I had appointed having all either been found incompetent for their duties or have refused to interfere in any matter which would render them obnoxious to their fellow countrymen’. Chinese …
Understanding Contemporary Workers' Struggles
I was not one of David's students, though I wanted to be. I had applied to Yale for graduate school and had gone up to New Haven to meet him beforehand. But I didn't get in. Apparently, the admissions committee (which he wasn't on that year) considered it too risky to admit someone who had worked in the labor movement, in light of the union organizing going on among Yale's graduate students and employees. I thought this was ironic because, althou…
Labor and Global Commodities
Conventionally defined, “global commodities” refer to raw materials and basic foodstuffs—sugar, bananas, cotton, coal, bauxite—that are extracted or grown in one area of the world and sold on the world market for industrial or consumer use elsewhere. Labor historians focusing on the point of extraction/production or tracking the production and circulation of specific global commodities have gained insight into the development of global capitalism…
Oscar Handlin and Immigration Policy Reform in the 1950s and 1960s
Hart-Celler at Fifty
Research Article| September 01 2015 Hart-Celler at Fifty: Lessons for Immigration Reform in Our Time Mae M. Ngai Mae M. Ngai Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Labor (2015) 12 (3): 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2920327 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Mae M. Ngai; Hart-Celler at Fifty: Lessons for Immigration Reform in Our Time. Labor 1 September 20…
Chinese Gold Miners and the "Chinese Question" in Nineteenth-Century California and Victoria
During the second half of the nineteenth century the largest gold deposits yet known in the world were discovered in the American West, Australasia, South Africa, and western Canada. From 1848 to 1891 a series of gold rushes—quick, short-term bonanzas (or failures) for individual miners—swept those regions, drawing hundreds of thousands of gold seekers from around the world. In fewer than fifty years miners and mining companies extracted from the…
Political science (24 works) · Law (21 works) · History (18 works) · Law (18 works) · Sociology (17 works) · History (15 works) · Immigration (12 works) · Politics (12 works) · Race, History, and American Society (10 works) · Asian American and Pacific Histories (8 works)