Dmitri Van Den Bersselaar
Biographic Data
| ID | 80041 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Dmitri Van Den Bersselaar |
| GIVEN NAMES | Dmitri Van Den |
| FAMILY NAME | Bersselaar |
| SIGNATURE | VAN DEN BERSSELAAR D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Liverpool |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5508-6700 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 34 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 113 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 33 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Aeromobility, space and modernity: Civil aviation in postcolonial African history
Dans cet article, nous transposons l’histoire de l’aviation civile africaine dans un aperçu général de l’histoire économique, sociale et politique postcoloniale du continent. L’objectif est d’explorer comment les études de cas empiriques de l’histoire de l’aviation peuvent nous fournir de nouvelles perspectives sur l’histoire contemporaine du continent. Nous proposons que les concepts d’aéromobilité, divisé entre aéromobilité et reconfiguration d…
Local community development and higher education institutions: Moving from the triple helix to the quadruple helix model
This article examines issues of local community development in Rwanda, building on the triple helix model proposed by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorff in the 1990s to draw insights from international perspectives. The authors favour an expanded quadruple helix model which includes the local community as a unit of analysis, alongside higher education institutions (HEIs), the private sector and government. In this fourfold model, the local comm…
White-Collar Workers
The term ‘white-collar work’ describes a broad spectrum of non-manual paid employment, including relatively low-level clerical jobs, mid-level planning and accounting functions, and high-level managerial roles. Whitecollar workers are found in trading, banks and other service industries, in the offices of industrial enterprises, and as part of the civil service. The explicit distinction between white-collar workers and blue-collar workers (those …
THIRTEEN White-Collar Workers
White-Collar Workers
General Labour History of Africa: Workers, Employers and Governments, 20th-21st Centuries
ReligiáƒO Como Patrimá”NIO NA NIGÉRIA: Cristãos Igbos e Religião Tradicional africana
Partindo de uma perspectiva histórica, considerando a chegada dos primeiros missionários anglicanos, em meados do século XIX, entre os Igbos, na Nigéria, abordarei o impacto do cristianismo (incluindo missionários e convertidos) sobre o debate local acerca da identidade Igbo. Argumentarei que a cultura Igbo tradicional e não cristã foi definida por e em resposta aos debates da missão cristã sobre a conversão e o comportamento dos cristãos Igbos. …
Todd Cleveland. Diamonds in the Rough: Corporate Paternalism and African Professionalism on the Mines of Colonial Angola, 1917–1975
The labor history of mining in Africa is well developed, with studies focusing on recruitment and migration; forced and free labor; working conditions and the treatment of workers; living conditions; gender; workers’ culture and leisure time; and skilled labor, foremen, and the development of African management; as well as resistance and trade-union organizing. Todd Cleveland organizes Diamonds in the Rough, his study of labor at Diamang’s diamon…
Nation on Board: Becoming Nigerian at Sea
Não adianta insultar os patrões: Sindicatos, nacionalismo e o ambiente de trabalho em Gana, 1950-1987
http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-9222.2016v8n16p95As lutas pelo controle do local de trabalho não envolvem apenas a força de trabalho e a administração, pois são frequentemente influenciadas por questões políticas mais amplas e pela intervenção direta do Estado. Este trabalho explora a complexa interação entre trabalhadores, força de trabalho organizada, administração, política e governo em Gana durante os períodos colonial e póscolonial, entre 194…
The Rise of Branded Alcoholic Drinks in West Africa
"I want Stork brand," wrote Accra merchant Alexander Bruce in a letter to the Henkes distillery in 1887, ordering 500 cases of gin. 1 According to Bruce, the Stork brand was "very marketable" and sold faster than the other brands he traded in. That this West African trader imported distilled liquor is not surprising, given how well-established the trade in imported liquor had become by the late-nineteenth century. What needs explaining, however, …
Somebody Must Necessarily Go to Bring this Drink’: Gin Smugglers, Chiefs and the State in Colonial Ghana
The rise of smuggling in eastern Ghana is directly related to the establishment of the colonial state. Elderly Ghanaians discuss gin smuggling in the context of a colonial state which tried to curb it, but also emphasize the authority of chiefs and elders who encouraged it. Based on a combination of interviews and archival research, this article first examines the uses of imported gin and suggests why it became one of the most important smuggled …
Literacy's Feedback on Historical Analysis Revisited: Papers in Honor of David Henige
During the course of a long and fruitful career as an historian and librarian, David Henige has made major contributions to the development of the field of African history, as well as to the historical profession in general. His insistence that historians reflect carefully on how they collect, sample and analyze their data, and the lucid way in which he has written about the historian's craft, has not only helped to remind us historians of import…
Doorway to Success?”: Reconstructing African Careers in European Business from Company House Magazines and Oral History Interviews
The largely literate African employees of European businesses during the colonial and postcolonial period have not been studied as a group, unlike miners, railway workers and colonial intermediaries. This group has nevertheless been of great importance. Many of its members became part of the core of the management of African-owned enterprises and organizations, others started their own businesses or became successful politicians. African employee…
Who Belongs to the ‘Star People’? Negotiating Beer and Gin Advertisements in West Africa , 1949– 75
This article explores the different trajectories of advertising for schnapps gin and beer in Ghana and Nigeria during the period of decolonisation and independence up to 1975. It analyses published newspaper advertisements alongside correspondence, advertising briefs, and market research reports found in business archives. Advertising that promoted a ‘modern’ life-style worked for beer, but not for gin. This study shows how advertisements became …
The Next Step for a Journal of Method
For over thirty years, History in Africa: A Journal of Method has been at the forefront of publishing scholarship on textual analysis and criticism of African historical sources, historiographical essays on the literature concerning Africa's past, bibliographical essays on relevant historical topics, reflections on the role of theory in historical investigation, and archive reports. The new editorial team will maintain this profile with an emphas…
Ethnicity and the Making of History in Northern Ghana, by Carola Lentz
Journal Article Ethnicity and the Making of History in Northern Ghana, by Carola Lentz Get access Ethnicity and the Making of History in Northern Ghana, by Carola Lentz. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute, 2006. xii + 346 pp. £29.95 (hardback). ISBN 10 0 7486 2401 5 Dmitri van den Bersselaar Dmitri van den Bersselaar University of Liverpool Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google…
Chapter Three. Becoming the king of drinks
This chapter explains how gin became the King of Drinks. It discusses the various and changing uses of gin against the backdrop of the establishment of colonial rule. Colonialism impacted on particular uses of gin without intending to do so, for example through the introduction of colonial currencies that challenged the particular use of gin bottles as unit of value. The chapter examines the changes in the liquor trade between 1900 and the 1930s,…
Chapter Seven. Schnapps gin from modernity to tradition
This final chapter examines two developments: the confinement of Dutch gin to the sphere of traditional ritual and chiefly power, in actual West African practice as well as in the gin producers' marketing strategies; and the challenge of West African born-again Christianity to the traditional use of gin. It draws out the gradual change from gin as a drink that signified modernity and access to the international world, to a drink that signifies lo…
Chapter Four. ‘Bird Gin’ ANd ‘Money Gin’: Brands and marketing
This chapter explores the complexities of the marketing of Dutch gins in West Africa during the first half of the twentieth century. It introduces the colonial ideology of consumption as an important factor in shaping traders’ and marketers’ understandings of what, and how, to sell to Africans. The chapter looks at the various ways in which gins were marketed to African consumers. It considers marketing strategies, intended uses of the product, u…
Chapter One. Introduction: Foreign imports, local meanings
Throughout the southern parts of Ghana and Nigeria, fading billboards still advertise schnapps gin imported from the Netherlands. Imported gin, along with other imported spirits, and as part a broader popularity of European style and fashion, was used by coastal West African consumers to conspicuously display their knowledge of the ‘foreign’. The mass consumption of foreign imports can be a strategy to overcome alienation and create local identit…
Chapter Two. The rise of Gin
This chapter provides a description of the spread and use of imported liquors in West Africa during the centuries before the spread of gin. The amount of Dutch and German gin that was imported into West Africa as a whole, increased rapidly, and overtook that of rum, in the second half of the nineteenth century. The chapter offers a discussion of the changes in the production of gin in Holland and Germany during the nineteenth-century that made th…
Chapter Six. ‘Your very good health!’ Gin for an independent west Africa
This chapter explores how the challenges and opportunities of the decolonisation period led to changing strategies in the marketing of schnapps. It turns to the challenges brought by the decolonisation period, including the rising competition of cheaper, locally produced schnapps gin brands. This discussion illuminates the changing marketing strategies of Dutch gin producers in West Africa, and also provides insights into local West African moder…
Chapter Five. Poison or medicine? Changing perceptions of dutch gin
The importation of Dutch gin into West Africa was the subject of intense debates throughout the colonial period. This chapter explores the differing and frequently changing opinions of West Africans concerning the importation and uses of Dutch gin. It draws on the interpretations put forward by Emmanuel Akyeampong for Ghana, and Chima Korieh for Nigeria. The chapter considers various contemporary claims about gin’s purity and health benefits. Key…
Farmers and Townspeople in a Changing Nigeria: Abakaliki during colonial times (1905–1960) (review)
Simon Ottenberg, Farmers and Townspeople in a Changing Nigeria: Abakaliki during colonial times (1905–1960). Ibadan: Spectrum Books (pb N3000, £24.95 – 978 029 533 X). 2005, xxi + 364 pp. - Volume 77 Issue 3
Black Business and Economic Power
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The King of Drinks: Schnapps Gin from Modernity to Tradition
Imported schnapps gin has a remarkable history in West Africa. Gin was imported in great quantities between 1880 and World War I, when its consumption showed access to the modern, international world. Subsequently schnapps was transformed into a good that signified traditional, local culture. Today, imported schnapps has high status because of its importance for African ritual and as symbol of the status of chiefs and elders, but actual consumpti…
Imagining Home: Migration and the Igbo Village in Colonial Nigeria
Current attempts at understanding ‘neo-traditionalism’ in Africa stress the limits of invention and warn against according too great a role to colonial intervention. Colonialism nevertheless remains important to our understanding of specific neo-traditionalisms, not only because it forced particular social and economic changes on to African communities but also because of the way that Africans appropriated colonial claims. This article explores h…
General Labour History of Africa: Workers, Employers and Governments, 20th-21st Centuries
Establishing the Facts: P. A. Talbot and the 1921 Census of Nigeria
Most historians writing about twentieth-century Africa have, at one time or other, used colonial statistical data. When we do this, we normally add a disclaimer, pointing out that these statistics are likely to be unreliable, and then proceed to use them anyway. But surely, we should be able to say something more definite about the reliability of these data? If we know more about the process by which these statistics were collected, for which aim…
Creating 'Union Ibo: Missionaries and the Igbo language
The literature of ethnicity in Africa indicates a major role for Christian missionaries in the creation of languages in Africa. It has been argued that certain African ethnic groups owe their existence to the 'invention' of their language by missionaries who created a written dialect-based on one or more vernacular(s)-into which they translated the Bible. This language came to be used for education in mission schools and later also in government …
Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power, and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966 to 1986
Douglas A. Anthony Poison and Medicine: ethnicity, power, and violence in a Nigerian city, 1966 to 1986. Oxford: James Currey (hard covers £45.00, ISBN 0 85255 959 3; paperback £17.95, ISBN 0 85255 954 2) Portsmouth NH: Heinemann (hard covers US24.95, ISBN 0 32507 051 2). 2002265pp. - Volume 74 Issue 4
Who Belongs to the ‘Star People’? Negotiating Beer and Gin Advertisements in West Africa , 1949– 75
This article explores the different trajectories of advertising for schnapps gin and beer in Ghana and Nigeria during the period of decolonisation and independence up to 1975. It analyses published newspaper advertisements alongside correspondence, advertising briefs, and market research reports found in business archives. Advertising that promoted a ‘modern’ life-style worked for beer, but not for gin. This study shows how advertisements became …
Doorway to Success?”: Reconstructing African Careers in European Business from Company House Magazines and Oral History Interviews
The largely literate African employees of European businesses during the colonial and postcolonial period have not been studied as a group, unlike miners, railway workers and colonial intermediaries. This group has nevertheless been of great importance. Many of its members became part of the core of the management of African-owned enterprises and organizations, others started their own businesses or became successful politicians. African employee…
Local community development and higher education institutions: Moving from the triple helix to the quadruple helix model
This article examines issues of local community development in Rwanda, building on the triple helix model proposed by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorff in the 1990s to draw insights from international perspectives. The authors favour an expanded quadruple helix model which includes the local community as a unit of analysis, alongside higher education institutions (HEIs), the private sector and government. In this fourfold model, the local comm…
The Language of Igbo Ethnic Nationalism
Starting from Benedict Anderson’s notion that nationalism evolves around a vernacular readership, this article explores the relation between a nation or ethnic group and ‘its’ language. It analyses the link between ideas about Igbo language and the rise of Igbo ethnic identity in twentieth-century Nigeria. It focuses, first, on how language was introduced as an important marker for ethnic identity, and, second, on how the notion of the existence …
Acknowledging Knowledge: Dissemination and Reception of Expertise in Colonial Africa
At every level, the functioning of African colonial societies depended on the availability and mediation of useful information and knowledge. The majority of the existing literature on “colonial knowledge” focuses on one area of this broad field: the various forms of knowledge about their subjects on which colonial states depended. Most of our attempts to understand such knowledge have tended to analyze colonial knowledge as a system: we have tri…
Somebody Must Necessarily Go to Bring this Drink’: Gin Smugglers, Chiefs and the State in Colonial Ghana
The rise of smuggling in eastern Ghana is directly related to the establishment of the colonial state. Elderly Ghanaians discuss gin smuggling in the context of a colonial state which tried to curb it, but also emphasize the authority of chiefs and elders who encouraged it. Based on a combination of interviews and archival research, this article first examines the uses of imported gin and suggests why it became one of the most important smuggled …
Missionary Knowledge and the State in Colonial Nigeria: On How G. T. Basden became an Expert
Between 1931 and 1937, the Anglican missionary G. T. Basden represented the Igbo people on the Nigerian Legislative Council. The Igbo had not elected Basden as their representative; he had been appointed by the colonial government. Basden's appointment seems remarkable. In 1923 the Legislative Council had been expanded to include seats for Unofficial Members, representing a number of Nigerian areas, with the expressed aim of increasing African re…
Creating 'Union Ibo: Missionaries and the Igbo language
The literature of ethnicity in Africa indicates a major role for Christian missionaries in the creation of languages in Africa. It has been argued that certain African ethnic groups owe their existence to the 'invention' of their language by missionaries who created a written dialect-based on one or more vernacular(s)-into which they translated the Bible. This language came to be used for education in mission schools and later also in government …
The Language of Igbo Ethnic Nationalism
Starting from Benedict Anderson’s notion that nationalism evolves around a vernacular readership, this article explores the relation between a nation or ethnic group and ‘its’ language. It analyses the link between ideas about Igbo language and the rise of Igbo ethnic identity in twentieth-century Nigeria. It focuses, first, on how language was introduced as an important marker for ethnic identity, and, second, on how the notion of the existence …
Black Business and Economic Power
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Establishing the Facts: P. A. Talbot and the 1921 Census of Nigeria
Most historians writing about twentieth-century Africa have, at one time or other, used colonial statistical data. When we do this, we normally add a disclaimer, pointing out that these statistics are likely to be unreliable, and then proceed to use them anyway. But surely, we should be able to say something more definite about the reliability of these data? If we know more about the process by which these statistics were collected, for which aim…
Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power, and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966 to 1986
Douglas A. Anthony Poison and Medicine: ethnicity, power, and violence in a Nigerian city, 1966 to 1986. Oxford: James Currey (hard covers £45.00, ISBN 0 85255 959 3; paperback £17.95, ISBN 0 85255 954 2) Portsmouth NH: Heinemann (hard covers US24.95, ISBN 0 32507 051 2). 2002265pp. - Volume 74 Issue 4
Imagining Home: Migration and the Igbo Village in Colonial Nigeria
Current attempts at understanding ‘neo-traditionalism’ in Africa stress the limits of invention and warn against according too great a role to colonial intervention. Colonialism nevertheless remains important to our understanding of specific neo-traditionalisms, not only because it forced particular social and economic changes on to African communities but also because of the way that Africans appropriated colonial claims. This article explores h…
Missionary Knowledge and the State in Colonial Nigeria: On How G. T. Basden became an Expert
Between 1931 and 1937, the Anglican missionary G. T. Basden represented the Igbo people on the Nigerian Legislative Council. The Igbo had not elected Basden as their representative; he had been appointed by the colonial government. Basden's appointment seems remarkable. In 1923 the Legislative Council had been expanded to include seats for Unofficial Members, representing a number of Nigerian areas, with the expressed aim of increasing African re…
Acknowledging Knowledge: Dissemination and Reception of Expertise in Colonial Africa
At every level, the functioning of African colonial societies depended on the availability and mediation of useful information and knowledge. The majority of the existing literature on “colonial knowledge” focuses on one area of this broad field: the various forms of knowledge about their subjects on which colonial states depended. Most of our attempts to understand such knowledge have tended to analyze colonial knowledge as a system: we have tri…
Chapter Three. Becoming the king of drinks
This chapter explains how gin became the King of Drinks. It discusses the various and changing uses of gin against the backdrop of the establishment of colonial rule. Colonialism impacted on particular uses of gin without intending to do so, for example through the introduction of colonial currencies that challenged the particular use of gin bottles as unit of value. The chapter examines the changes in the liquor trade between 1900 and the 1930s,…
Chapter Seven. Schnapps gin from modernity to tradition
This final chapter examines two developments: the confinement of Dutch gin to the sphere of traditional ritual and chiefly power, in actual West African practice as well as in the gin producers' marketing strategies; and the challenge of West African born-again Christianity to the traditional use of gin. It draws out the gradual change from gin as a drink that signified modernity and access to the international world, to a drink that signifies lo…
Chapter Four. ‘Bird Gin’ ANd ‘Money Gin’: Brands and marketing
This chapter explores the complexities of the marketing of Dutch gins in West Africa during the first half of the twentieth century. It introduces the colonial ideology of consumption as an important factor in shaping traders’ and marketers’ understandings of what, and how, to sell to Africans. The chapter looks at the various ways in which gins were marketed to African consumers. It considers marketing strategies, intended uses of the product, u…
Chapter One. Introduction: Foreign imports, local meanings
Throughout the southern parts of Ghana and Nigeria, fading billboards still advertise schnapps gin imported from the Netherlands. Imported gin, along with other imported spirits, and as part a broader popularity of European style and fashion, was used by coastal West African consumers to conspicuously display their knowledge of the ‘foreign’. The mass consumption of foreign imports can be a strategy to overcome alienation and create local identit…
Chapter Two. The rise of Gin
This chapter provides a description of the spread and use of imported liquors in West Africa during the centuries before the spread of gin. The amount of Dutch and German gin that was imported into West Africa as a whole, increased rapidly, and overtook that of rum, in the second half of the nineteenth century. The chapter offers a discussion of the changes in the production of gin in Holland and Germany during the nineteenth-century that made th…
Chapter Six. ‘Your very good health!’ Gin for an independent west Africa
This chapter explores how the challenges and opportunities of the decolonisation period led to changing strategies in the marketing of schnapps. It turns to the challenges brought by the decolonisation period, including the rising competition of cheaper, locally produced schnapps gin brands. This discussion illuminates the changing marketing strategies of Dutch gin producers in West Africa, and also provides insights into local West African moder…
Chapter Five. Poison or medicine? Changing perceptions of dutch gin
The importation of Dutch gin into West Africa was the subject of intense debates throughout the colonial period. This chapter explores the differing and frequently changing opinions of West Africans concerning the importation and uses of Dutch gin. It draws on the interpretations put forward by Emmanuel Akyeampong for Ghana, and Chima Korieh for Nigeria. The chapter considers various contemporary claims about gin’s purity and health benefits. Key…
Farmers and Townspeople in a Changing Nigeria: Abakaliki during colonial times (1905–1960) (review)
Simon Ottenberg, Farmers and Townspeople in a Changing Nigeria: Abakaliki during colonial times (1905–1960). Ibadan: Spectrum Books (pb N3000, £24.95 – 978 029 533 X). 2005, xxi + 364 pp. - Volume 77 Issue 3
The King of Drinks: Schnapps Gin from Modernity to Tradition
Imported schnapps gin has a remarkable history in West Africa. Gin was imported in great quantities between 1880 and World War I, when its consumption showed access to the modern, international world. Subsequently schnapps was transformed into a good that signified traditional, local culture. Today, imported schnapps has high status because of its importance for African ritual and as symbol of the status of chiefs and elders, but actual consumpti…
Ethnicity and the Making of History in Northern Ghana, by Carola Lentz
Journal Article Ethnicity and the Making of History in Northern Ghana, by Carola Lentz Get access Ethnicity and the Making of History in Northern Ghana, by Carola Lentz. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute, 2006. xii + 346 pp. £29.95 (hardback). ISBN 10 0 7486 2401 5 Dmitri van den Bersselaar Dmitri van den Bersselaar University of Liverpool Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google…
The Next Step for a Journal of Method
For over thirty years, History in Africa: A Journal of Method has been at the forefront of publishing scholarship on textual analysis and criticism of African historical sources, historiographical essays on the literature concerning Africa's past, bibliographical essays on relevant historical topics, reflections on the role of theory in historical investigation, and archive reports. The new editorial team will maintain this profile with an emphas…
Literacy's Feedback on Historical Analysis Revisited: Papers in Honor of David Henige
During the course of a long and fruitful career as an historian and librarian, David Henige has made major contributions to the development of the field of African history, as well as to the historical profession in general. His insistence that historians reflect carefully on how they collect, sample and analyze their data, and the lucid way in which he has written about the historian's craft, has not only helped to remind us historians of import…
Doorway to Success?”: Reconstructing African Careers in European Business from Company House Magazines and Oral History Interviews
The largely literate African employees of European businesses during the colonial and postcolonial period have not been studied as a group, unlike miners, railway workers and colonial intermediaries. This group has nevertheless been of great importance. Many of its members became part of the core of the management of African-owned enterprises and organizations, others started their own businesses or became successful politicians. African employee…
Who Belongs to the ‘Star People’? Negotiating Beer and Gin Advertisements in West Africa , 1949– 75
This article explores the different trajectories of advertising for schnapps gin and beer in Ghana and Nigeria during the period of decolonisation and independence up to 1975. It analyses published newspaper advertisements alongside correspondence, advertising briefs, and market research reports found in business archives. Advertising that promoted a ‘modern’ life-style worked for beer, but not for gin. This study shows how advertisements became …
The Rise of Branded Alcoholic Drinks in West Africa
"I want Stork brand," wrote Accra merchant Alexander Bruce in a letter to the Henkes distillery in 1887, ordering 500 cases of gin. 1 According to Bruce, the Stork brand was "very marketable" and sold faster than the other brands he traded in. That this West African trader imported distilled liquor is not surprising, given how well-established the trade in imported liquor had become by the late-nineteenth century. What needs explaining, however, …
Somebody Must Necessarily Go to Bring this Drink’: Gin Smugglers, Chiefs and the State in Colonial Ghana
The rise of smuggling in eastern Ghana is directly related to the establishment of the colonial state. Elderly Ghanaians discuss gin smuggling in the context of a colonial state which tried to curb it, but also emphasize the authority of chiefs and elders who encouraged it. Based on a combination of interviews and archival research, this article first examines the uses of imported gin and suggests why it became one of the most important smuggled …
Todd Cleveland. Diamonds in the Rough: Corporate Paternalism and African Professionalism on the Mines of Colonial Angola, 1917–1975
The labor history of mining in Africa is well developed, with studies focusing on recruitment and migration; forced and free labor; working conditions and the treatment of workers; living conditions; gender; workers’ culture and leisure time; and skilled labor, foremen, and the development of African management; as well as resistance and trade-union organizing. Todd Cleveland organizes Diamonds in the Rough, his study of labor at Diamang’s diamon…
African history and culture studies (23 works) · History (20 works) · Political science (20 works) · History (14 works) · Sociology (14 works) · Law (13 works) · Colonialism (11 works) · Geography (10 works) · Archaeology (9 works) · Business (9 works)