Anthony Mulac
Biographic Data
| ID | 80718 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Anthony Mulac |
| GIVEN NAMES | Anthony |
| FAMILY NAME | Mulac |
| SIGNATURE | MULAC A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Santa Barbara |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 34 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 599 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 34 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1974 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2013 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
The gender-linked language effect: An Empirical Test of a General Process Model
Empirical support for the gender-as-culture hypothesis: An intercultural analysis of male/female language differences
This investigation provided a test of the gender-as-culture, or 'two cultures', hypothesis proposed by Maltz and Borker (1982) to explain male/female differences in language use. Analysis of previous empirical investigations located 16 language features that had consistently been shown to indicate communicator gender and these were tested within the framework of the four dimensions of intercultural style proposed by Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey (199…
Men's behavior toward women after viewing sexually-explicit films: Degradation makes a difference
Past research indicates that short-term exposure to nonviolent sexual media stimuli can produce cognitive changes in men which, in turn, can affect their behavior toward women. This study explored differences among these behavioral effects based upon sexual degradation in film content and male viewers' gender schematicity, as an extension of the study of cognitive effects reported in Jansma, Linz, Mulac, and Imrich (1997). Seventy-one men viewed …
Empirical support for the gender-as-culture hypothesis. An intercultural analysis of male/female language differences
Female and Male Managers' and Professionals' Criticism Giving: Differences in Language Use and Effects
Study 1 investigated differences in the language used by 86 female and male middle managers and career professionals during role plays of criticism that they had recently voiced to a colleague. Discriminant analysis revealed significant differences in language use, permitting 72% accurate gender reclassification. The language features more indicative of men were number of words, negations, questions, judgmental adjectives, references to emotion, …
Men's interactions with women after viewing sexually explicit films: Does degradation make a difference
Short‐term exposure to nonviolent sexual media stimuli can produce cognitive changes in men, which, in turn, can affect their attitudes toward women. This study sought to build on past research by reliably distinguishing between (a) sexually explicit and non‐sexual films and (b) sexually explicit films that are either degrading or non‐degrading to women. We tested whether men's viewing of these materials affects their judgment of women in subsequ…
Men's and Women's Use of Intensifiers and Hedges in Problem-Solving Interaction: Molar and Molecular Analyses
(1995). Men's and Women's Use of Intensifiers and Hedges in Problem-Solving Interaction: Molar and Molecular Analyses. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 93-116
Gender-Preferential Language Use in Spouse and Stranger Interaction
Research on sex differences in the communication practices of men and women often ignores the contexts in which communication takes place. By comparing women and men as they interact with both strangers and spouses, the authors present a more nuanced view of gender differences in social interaction. The authors discuss gender-preferential language and present data on social interaction in same-sex, mixed-sex and marital dialogues. Results of a ro…
Effects of gender-linked language differences in adults' written discourse: Multivariate tests of language effects
A quantitative perspective on the gramaticization of epistemic parentheticals in English
The discourse conditions for the use of the complementizer that in conversational English
The gender-linked language effect in primary and secondary students' impromptu essays
Men's and Women's Talk in Same-Gender and Mixed-Gender Dyads: Power or Polemic
One hundred and eight university students (54 men and 54 women) were recorded in 108, eight-minute, problem-solving interactions under two dyadic conditions: (a) same-gender, and (b) mixed-gender. Interactants were coded during each minute for: (a) amount of Talk, (b) Mean Length Utterance (MLU) and (c) Rate. MANOVA results for Talk indicated that men in mixedgender dyads talked more than did men and women in same-gender dyads, and they in turn t…
Male/female language differences and effects in same‐sex and mixed‐sex dyads: The gender‐linked language effect
Ninety‐six university students (48 males, 48 females) were randomly assigned a partner (whom they did not know well), forming two dyad conditions: (a) same‐sex, and (b) mixed‐sex. The 48 dyads were audiotape‐recorded in 20‐minute problem solving interactions, from which 300‐word language samples were transcribed for analysis. In Study 1, 9 trained observers coded 12 language variables previously shown to distinguish male from female language use.…
Lexical diversity and magnitude of convergent versus divergent style shifting: Perceptual and evaluative consequences
Speech Evaluation Differences as a Function of Perspective (Participant Versus Observer) and Presentational Medium
Using 40 naturally occurring conversations (20 same sex and 20 mixed sex), the purpose of this study was to examine differences among speech behavior-social evaluation relationships as a function of whether the evaluator's perspective was that of a participant or an observer and, if the latter, whether the presentational medium involved an audiovisual, audio-only, or transcriptual recording. Speech behaviors examined included conversants' speech …
Speech Accommodation Theory: The First Decade and Beyond
(1987). Speech Accommodation Theory: The First Decade and Beyond. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 10, Communication Yearbook 10, pp. 13-48
Male/Female Gaze in Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Dyads Gender-Linked Differences and Mutual Influence
In this study, 108 university students (54 men and 54 women) were each videotaped in two 8-minute problem-solving dyadic interactions: (1) same-sex, and (2) mixed-sex. Trained observers coded the interactions for simultaneous, moment-to-moment gaze and talk behavior of both interactants. MANOVA results for three dyad types (male/male, female/female, and male/female) measured on 10 dyad gaze/talk variables showed that F/F dyads exhibited more mutu…
Male/female language differences and attributional consequences in a public speaking situation: Toward an explanation of the gender‐linked language effect
One‐minute transcripts of 30 university students' first in‐class public speeches earlier (Mulac & Lundell, 1982a) demonstrated the Gender‐Linked Language Effect: females rated higher on Socio‐Intellectual Status and Aesthetic Quality; males higher on Dynamism. For the present study, these transcripts were analyzed linguistically by 11 trained coders for 35 language features selected as potential discriminators of speaker gender. Discriminant anal…
Linguistic Contributors to the Gender-Linked Language Effect
Forty Speakers (20 male, 20 female), ranging from 11 to 69 years of age, described landscape photographs orally to a researcher. Orthographic transcripts were analysed for 31 linguistic variables. A discriminant analysis showed that a combination of 17 variables predicted speaker gender with 87.5% accuracy. The 17 gender-discriminating language variables were used in multiple regression analyses to predict previously found (Mulac & Lundell, 1980)…
Comparison of the gender-linked language effect and sex role stereotypes
Male/Female Language Differences and Attributional Consequences in Children's Television
Children's television programs from public and commercial networks were videotaped: PBS—Mr. Rogers's Neighborhood, Sesame Street, and Villa Alegra; Commercial—Action programs, Comedy/Adventure programs, and Commercials. Random 2–3 minute segments were transcribed and the dialogue of individual characters printed for analysis. In Analysis 1,11 trained linguistic coders assessed 48 transcripts (45–110 words) for 3 7 language variables previously fo…
A molecular view of powerful and powerless speech styles: Attributional consequences of specific language features and communicator intentions
Two studies are reported. The first study examined the extent to which seven forms of language were perceived as powerful and effective when used by an interviewee in a hypothetical job interview. Results suggested a five‐level model of linguistic power and effectiveness, which is independent of communicator sex. The second study examined the same seven linguistic features but in this case two dissimilar intentions were attributed to the intervie…
Attributional Consequences of Powerful and Powerless Speech Styles in a Crisis-Intervention Context
This study examined effects of power of speech style and stylistic reciprocity in a particular interpersonal context. Speakers were an actor and an actress both of whom portrayed a 'client' and a 'counsellor' in a hypothetical 'crisis intervention' episode. The primary concern was with observers' evaluations of the relatively powerful counsellor and powerless client when they matched or mismatched powerful or powerless styles. Respondents were 13…
Feminism as a predictor of mass media use
Male/female language differences and effects in same‐sex and mixed‐sex dyads: The gender‐linked language effect
Ninety‐six university students (48 males, 48 females) were randomly assigned a partner (whom they did not know well), forming two dyad conditions: (a) same‐sex, and (b) mixed‐sex. The 48 dyads were audiotape‐recorded in 20‐minute problem solving interactions, from which 300‐word language samples were transcribed for analysis. In Study 1, 9 trained observers coded 12 language variables previously shown to distinguish male from female language use.…
A molecular view of powerful and powerless speech styles: Attributional consequences of specific language features and communicator intentions
Two studies are reported. The first study examined the extent to which seven forms of language were perceived as powerful and effective when used by an interviewee in a hypothetical job interview. Results suggested a five‐level model of linguistic power and effectiveness, which is independent of communicator sex. The second study examined the same seven linguistic features but in this case two dissimilar intentions were attributed to the intervie…
Empirical support for the gender-as-culture hypothesis. An intercultural analysis of male/female language differences
The discourse conditions for the use of the complementizer that in conversational English
Speech Accommodation Theory: The First Decade and Beyond
(1987). Speech Accommodation Theory: The First Decade and Beyond. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 10, Communication Yearbook 10, pp. 13-48
Male/female language differences and attributional consequences in a public speaking situation: Toward an explanation of the gender‐linked language effect
One‐minute transcripts of 30 university students' first in‐class public speeches earlier (Mulac & Lundell, 1982a) demonstrated the Gender‐Linked Language Effect: females rated higher on Socio‐Intellectual Status and Aesthetic Quality; males higher on Dynamism. For the present study, these transcripts were analyzed linguistically by 11 trained coders for 35 language features selected as potential discriminators of speaker gender. Discriminant anal…
Speech Evaluation Differences as a Function of Perspective (Participant Versus Observer) and Presentational Medium
Using 40 naturally occurring conversations (20 same sex and 20 mixed sex), the purpose of this study was to examine differences among speech behavior-social evaluation relationships as a function of whether the evaluator's perspective was that of a participant or an observer and, if the latter, whether the presentational medium involved an audiovisual, audio-only, or transcriptual recording. Speech behaviors examined included conversants' speech …
Empirical support for the gender-as-culture hypothesis: An intercultural analysis of male/female language differences
This investigation provided a test of the gender-as-culture, or 'two cultures', hypothesis proposed by Maltz and Borker (1982) to explain male/female differences in language use. Analysis of previous empirical investigations located 16 language features that had consistently been shown to indicate communicator gender and these were tested within the framework of the four dimensions of intercultural style proposed by Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey (199…
Linguistic Contributors to the Gender-Linked Language Effect
Forty Speakers (20 male, 20 female), ranging from 11 to 69 years of age, described landscape photographs orally to a researcher. Orthographic transcripts were analysed for 31 linguistic variables. A discriminant analysis showed that a combination of 17 variables predicted speaker gender with 87.5% accuracy. The 17 gender-discriminating language variables were used in multiple regression analyses to predict previously found (Mulac & Lundell, 1980)…
Differences in perceptions created by syntactic‐semantic productions of male and female speakers
Speakers from four age groups—sixth graders, university freshmen and sophomores, graduate teaching assistants, and people in their 50's and 60's—were audiotape recorded during spontaneous photograph‐elicited monologues, with 45‐second segments transcribed for later rating. University students read the anonymous transcripts and indicated their perceptions of the speakers on the Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale. (SDAS). Data were of high reliabilit…
Men's and Women's Use of Intensifiers and Hedges in Problem-Solving Interaction: Molar and Molecular Analyses
(1995). Men's and Women's Use of Intensifiers and Hedges in Problem-Solving Interaction: Molar and Molecular Analyses. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 93-116
Assessment and application of the revised speech dialect attitudinal scale
In a series of seven experiments, audience members employed the Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale (SDAS) in its revised, 12‐item form to rate speakers presented via several media. Speakers were selected for their differences in dialectal variates. Evidence of construct validity was provided by factor analyses, yielding a remarkably consistent three‐factor solution: Socio‐Intellectual Status, Aesthetic Quality, and Dynamism. Concurrent validity was…
Male/Female Gaze in Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Dyads Gender-Linked Differences and Mutual Influence
In this study, 108 university students (54 men and 54 women) were each videotaped in two 8-minute problem-solving dyadic interactions: (1) same-sex, and (2) mixed-sex. Trained observers coded the interactions for simultaneous, moment-to-moment gaze and talk behavior of both interactants. MANOVA results for three dyad types (male/male, female/female, and male/female) measured on 10 dyad gaze/talk variables showed that F/F dyads exhibited more mutu…
Gender-Preferential Language Use in Spouse and Stranger Interaction
Research on sex differences in the communication practices of men and women often ignores the contexts in which communication takes place. By comparing women and men as they interact with both strangers and spouses, the authors present a more nuanced view of gender differences in social interaction. The authors discuss gender-preferential language and present data on social interaction in same-sex, mixed-sex and marital dialogues. Results of a ro…
The gender-linked language effect in primary and secondary students' impromptu essays
Effects of gender-linked language differences in adults' written discourse: Multivariate tests of language effects
Effects of selected American regional dialects upon regional audience members
Speakers displaying three regional dialects (General American, Appalachian, and Bostonian) were recorded during spontaneous monologues. These speech samples were presented by transcript or audiotape to audiences drawn from each of the speakers’ regions, and rated on the Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale‐21. Transcript scores, although showing some dialect differences, failed to demonstrate substantial trends favoring the syntax and semantics of an…
Effects of phonological speech foreignness upon three dimensions of attitude of selected American listeners
The development and evaluation of the multi‐dimensional Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale is described. Use of this semantic differential by townspeople and university students to rate audiotape recordings of European and American speakers’ spontaneous English monologues provided data of high reliability and consistent factor structure. Results indicated that native‐born speakers were rated significantly higher than their foreign‐born counterparts…
An Empirical Test of the Gender-Linked Language Effect in a Public Speaking Setting
This study tested the gender-linked language effect in a public speaking setting by having university students and older non-students rate transcripts of beginning public speaking students' first in-class speech. The resulting Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale (SDAS) data were of high reliability and across rater groups yielded a consistent factor structure: Socio-Intellectual Status, Aesthetic Quality, and Dynamism. The significant MANOVA and pla…
Comparison of the gender-linked language effect and sex role stereotypes
Attributional Consequences of Powerful and Powerless Speech Styles in a Crisis-Intervention Context
This study examined effects of power of speech style and stylistic reciprocity in a particular interpersonal context. Speakers were an actor and an actress both of whom portrayed a 'client' and a 'counsellor' in a hypothetical 'crisis intervention' episode. The primary concern was with observers' evaluations of the relatively powerful counsellor and powerless client when they matched or mismatched powerful or powerless styles. Respondents were 13…
Men's interactions with women after viewing sexually explicit films: Does degradation make a difference
Short‐term exposure to nonviolent sexual media stimuli can produce cognitive changes in men, which, in turn, can affect their attitudes toward women. This study sought to build on past research by reliably distinguishing between (a) sexually explicit and non‐sexual films and (b) sexually explicit films that are either degrading or non‐degrading to women. We tested whether men's viewing of these materials affects their judgment of women in subsequ…
Men's and Women's Talk in Same-Gender and Mixed-Gender Dyads: Power or Polemic
One hundred and eight university students (54 men and 54 women) were recorded in 108, eight-minute, problem-solving interactions under two dyadic conditions: (a) same-gender, and (b) mixed-gender. Interactants were coded during each minute for: (a) amount of Talk, (b) Mean Length Utterance (MLU) and (c) Rate. MANOVA results for Talk indicated that men in mixedgender dyads talked more than did men and women in same-gender dyads, and they in turn t…
Men's behavior toward women after viewing sexually-explicit films: Degradation makes a difference
Past research indicates that short-term exposure to nonviolent sexual media stimuli can produce cognitive changes in men which, in turn, can affect their behavior toward women. This study explored differences among these behavioral effects based upon sexual degradation in film content and male viewers' gender schematicity, as an extension of the study of cognitive effects reported in Jansma, Linz, Mulac, and Imrich (1997). Seventy-one men viewed …
Lexical diversity and magnitude of convergent versus divergent style shifting: Perceptual and evaluative consequences
Behavioral assessment of speech anxiety
The development and evaluation of an instrument for the behavioral assessment of speech anxiety is described. The BASA consists of eighteen behavioral variables which are separately rated on a ten‐point scale for degree of severity manifested during discrete speech segments. Testing of the BASA on videotape‐recorded classroom speeches of male college students provided evidence supporting its reliability and validity. Four orthogonal BASA factors …
Effects of phonological speech foreignness upon three dimensions of attitude of selected American listeners
The development and evaluation of the multi‐dimensional Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale is described. Use of this semantic differential by townspeople and university students to rate audiotape recordings of European and American speakers’ spontaneous English monologues provided data of high reliability and consistent factor structure. Results indicated that native‐born speakers were rated significantly higher than their foreign‐born counterparts…
Assessment and application of the revised speech dialect attitudinal scale
In a series of seven experiments, audience members employed the Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale (SDAS) in its revised, 12‐item form to rate speakers presented via several media. Speakers were selected for their differences in dialectal variates. Evidence of construct validity was provided by factor analyses, yielding a remarkably consistent three‐factor solution: Socio‐Intellectual Status, Aesthetic Quality, and Dynamism. Concurrent validity was…
Effects of obscene language upon three dimensions of listener attitude
Male and female university students and non‐students heard audiotapes containing a combination of two antagonistic persuasive speeches on the energy crisis: one with 12 obscene phrases, one with 12 parallel, non‐obscene phrases; one by a male speaker, one by a female; one pro‐environmentalists, one pro‐oil companies. Listener attitude was assessed on three dimensions using the Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale. Analyses indicated that speakers wer…
Effects of selected American regional dialects upon regional audience members
Speakers displaying three regional dialects (General American, Appalachian, and Bostonian) were recorded during spontaneous monologues. These speech samples were presented by transcript or audiotape to audiences drawn from each of the speakers’ regions, and rated on the Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale‐21. Transcript scores, although showing some dialect differences, failed to demonstrate substantial trends favoring the syntax and semantics of an…
Effects of Intonation Pattern of Synthesized and Natural Speech Upon Listener Resolution of Semantic Ambiguity
The semantically ambiguous phrase, "I thought so," was tape-recorded using three sources: (1) a professional radio announcer, (2) a computer speech synthesizer employing within-word intonation glides, and (3) a computer speech synthesizer without glides. Each subject heard four intonation patterns from one source and marked the "speaker's" apparent intended meaning for each utterance: (A) "and I was right," (B) "but I was wrong," or (C) "Can't te…
The effects of social interaction on group idea generation
The literature on small group problem solving provides strong support for the proposition that social interaction has a detrimental effect on idea generation by group members. The present investigation, like previous research, found that “real” groups vocalized fewer total ideas and fewer good ideas when they were required to “think out loud” than did individuals formed into “nominal” groups. However, when idea generation was measured by written …
Differences in perceptions created by syntactic‐semantic productions of male and female speakers
Speakers from four age groups—sixth graders, university freshmen and sophomores, graduate teaching assistants, and people in their 50's and 60's—were audiotape recorded during spontaneous photograph‐elicited monologues, with 45‐second segments transcribed for later rating. University students read the anonymous transcripts and indicated their perceptions of the speakers on the Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale. (SDAS). Data were of high reliabilit…
An Empirical Test of the Gender-Linked Language Effect in a Public Speaking Setting
This study tested the gender-linked language effect in a public speaking setting by having university students and older non-students rate transcripts of beginning public speaking students' first in-class speech. The resulting Speech Dialect Attitudinal Scale (SDAS) data were of high reliability and across rater groups yielded a consistent factor structure: Socio-Intellectual Status, Aesthetic Quality, and Dynamism. The significant MANOVA and pla…
Feminism as a predictor of mass media use
A molecular view of powerful and powerless speech styles: Attributional consequences of specific language features and communicator intentions
Two studies are reported. The first study examined the extent to which seven forms of language were perceived as powerful and effective when used by an interviewee in a hypothetical job interview. Results suggested a five‐level model of linguistic power and effectiveness, which is independent of communicator sex. The second study examined the same seven linguistic features but in this case two dissimilar intentions were attributed to the intervie…
Attributional Consequences of Powerful and Powerless Speech Styles in a Crisis-Intervention Context
This study examined effects of power of speech style and stylistic reciprocity in a particular interpersonal context. Speakers were an actor and an actress both of whom portrayed a 'client' and a 'counsellor' in a hypothetical 'crisis intervention' episode. The primary concern was with observers' evaluations of the relatively powerful counsellor and powerless client when they matched or mismatched powerful or powerless styles. Respondents were 13…
Comparison of the gender-linked language effect and sex role stereotypes
Male/Female Language Differences and Attributional Consequences in Children's Television
Children's television programs from public and commercial networks were videotaped: PBS—Mr. Rogers's Neighborhood, Sesame Street, and Villa Alegra; Commercial—Action programs, Comedy/Adventure programs, and Commercials. Random 2–3 minute segments were transcribed and the dialogue of individual characters printed for analysis. In Analysis 1,11 trained linguistic coders assessed 48 transcripts (45–110 words) for 3 7 language variables previously fo…
Male/female language differences and attributional consequences in a public speaking situation: Toward an explanation of the gender‐linked language effect
One‐minute transcripts of 30 university students' first in‐class public speeches earlier (Mulac & Lundell, 1982a) demonstrated the Gender‐Linked Language Effect: females rated higher on Socio‐Intellectual Status and Aesthetic Quality; males higher on Dynamism. For the present study, these transcripts were analyzed linguistically by 11 trained coders for 35 language features selected as potential discriminators of speaker gender. Discriminant anal…
Linguistic Contributors to the Gender-Linked Language Effect
Forty Speakers (20 male, 20 female), ranging from 11 to 69 years of age, described landscape photographs orally to a researcher. Orthographic transcripts were analysed for 31 linguistic variables. A discriminant analysis showed that a combination of 17 variables predicted speaker gender with 87.5% accuracy. The 17 gender-discriminating language variables were used in multiple regression analyses to predict previously found (Mulac & Lundell, 1980)…
Speech Accommodation Theory: The First Decade and Beyond
(1987). Speech Accommodation Theory: The First Decade and Beyond. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 10, Communication Yearbook 10, pp. 13-48
Male/Female Gaze in Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Dyads Gender-Linked Differences and Mutual Influence
In this study, 108 university students (54 men and 54 women) were each videotaped in two 8-minute problem-solving dyadic interactions: (1) same-sex, and (2) mixed-sex. Trained observers coded the interactions for simultaneous, moment-to-moment gaze and talk behavior of both interactants. MANOVA results for three dyad types (male/male, female/female, and male/female) measured on 10 dyad gaze/talk variables showed that F/F dyads exhibited more mutu…
Male/female language differences and effects in same‐sex and mixed‐sex dyads: The gender‐linked language effect
Ninety‐six university students (48 males, 48 females) were randomly assigned a partner (whom they did not know well), forming two dyad conditions: (a) same‐sex, and (b) mixed‐sex. The 48 dyads were audiotape‐recorded in 20‐minute problem solving interactions, from which 300‐word language samples were transcribed for analysis. In Study 1, 9 trained observers coded 12 language variables previously shown to distinguish male from female language use.…
Lexical diversity and magnitude of convergent versus divergent style shifting: Perceptual and evaluative consequences
Speech Evaluation Differences as a Function of Perspective (Participant Versus Observer) and Presentational Medium
Using 40 naturally occurring conversations (20 same sex and 20 mixed sex), the purpose of this study was to examine differences among speech behavior-social evaluation relationships as a function of whether the evaluator's perspective was that of a participant or an observer and, if the latter, whether the presentational medium involved an audiovisual, audio-only, or transcriptual recording. Speech behaviors examined included conversants' speech …
Men's and Women's Talk in Same-Gender and Mixed-Gender Dyads: Power or Polemic
One hundred and eight university students (54 men and 54 women) were recorded in 108, eight-minute, problem-solving interactions under two dyadic conditions: (a) same-gender, and (b) mixed-gender. Interactants were coded during each minute for: (a) amount of Talk, (b) Mean Length Utterance (MLU) and (c) Rate. MANOVA results for Talk indicated that men in mixedgender dyads talked more than did men and women in same-gender dyads, and they in turn t…
The gender-linked language effect in primary and secondary students' impromptu essays
A quantitative perspective on the gramaticization of epistemic parentheticals in English
The discourse conditions for the use of the complementizer that in conversational English
Psychology (32 works) · Social Psychology (24 works) · Developmental psychology (18 works) · Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies (16 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Linguistics (15 works) · Discourse Analysis in Language Studies (13 works) · Dynamism (12 works) · Computer Science (9 works) · Communication in Education and Healthcare (8 works)