Roger J Kreuz
Biographic Data
| ID | 81548 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Roger J Kreuz |
| GIVEN NAMES | Roger J |
| FAMILY NAME | Kreuz |
| SIGNATURE | KREUZ R J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Memphis |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6378-1110 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 27 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 155 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 27 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1989 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
What's a Little Sarcasm Between Friends: Exploring the Sarcastic Tone of Voice
Tone of voice has been characterized as a cue to sarcasm. However, researchers have found conflicting evidence regarding the acoustic properties of the sarcastic tone of voice and what social factors may affect their prevalence. The current project was designed to assess whether there is a sarcastic tone of voice employed in naturalistic conversation and if it varies as a function of shared common ground. Participants were recorded in a conversat…
Sarcasm Across Time and Space: Patterns of Usage by Age, Gender, and Region in the United States
Past research has highlighted some differences in how sarcasm is interpreted by different groups of individuals as well as biases in individuals’ expectations regarding who is more likely to use it (e.g., occupation, gender). However, examinations of patterns of sarcasm production have been much less frequent. The current research extends past work highlighting the relationship between sarcasm production and demographic as well as geographic fact…
How Do Different Types of Alignment Affect Perceived Entity Status
Alignment Is a Function of Conversational Dynamics
Two prominent theories of alignment (priming and grounding) are tested in human-human text-only computer interactions. In two experiments, dyads of strangers and dyads of friends conducted conversations using Instant Messenger. These conversations were either neutral in nature or interlocutors were told to disagree on a particular topic. Conversations were assessed for paralinguistic, linguistic, semantic, affective, and typographical alignment. …
Distinguishing Sarcasm From Literal Language: Evidence From Books and Blogging
Sarcasm production and comprehension have been traditionally described in terms of pragmatic factors. Lexical cues have received less attention, but they may be important potential indicators. A major obstacle to examining such features is determining sarcastic intent. One solution is to analyze statements explicitly marked as being sarcastic. This study examined Twitter postings marked with #sarcasm as well as dialog from Google Books containing…
Social and paralinguistic cues to sarcasm
Speakers signal sarcastic intent in a variety of ways, including the words they use and the tone of voice they employ. In this paper, we investigate whether facial cues are also used to indicate sarcastic intent. Participants were audio- and videotaped as they engaged in tasks designed to elicit sarcasm. In order to assess how facial cues differed in terms of common ground, participant pairs were divided into pairs of friends and strangers. We pr…
Regional Variation in the Use of Sarcasm
College students in New York and Tennessee participated in tasks designed to measure their use of sarcasm. They also provided definitions for the terms irony and sarcasm and completed part of a Sarcasm Self-Report Scale. Northern participants generated more sarcastic completions and chose more direct ironic statements than their Southern counterparts did. Regional differences accounted for a unique amount of variance when other demographic factor…
Making Sense of Variation: Pleasantness and Education Ratings of Southern Vowel Variants
An earlier study (Fridland, Bartlett, and Kreuz 2004) showed that listeners in Memphis, Tennessee, judged more perceptually salient those vowel shifts that the local dialect used as opposed to vowel shifts that Memphis had in common with other U.S. dialects. This study examines the perceptions of 209 natives of Memphis in two tasks: recognizing vowel shifts as Southern and rating a range of synthesized variants of ey, E, uw, and ow for level of e…
The Comprehension of Ostensible Speech Acts
Ostensible speech acts (OSAs) have been defined as possessing pretense, mutual recognition, collusion, ambivalence, and an off-record purpose. These researchers also noted that several features occur more often in ostensible than sincere speech (e.g., speaker hedges, violates preparatory conditions). The authors examined the role of these defining and characteristic features in the comprehension of OSAs. Participants read conversations containing…
Do you hear what I hear? Experimental measurement of the perceptual salience of acoustically manipulated vowel variants by Southern speakers in Memphis, TN
For the past twenty-five years, the results of most sociolinguistic research suggest productive changes serve as social indices, uniting and dividing groups of speakers by gender, class, ethnicity, and so forth (Eckert, 1988, 2000; Labov, 1994, 2000; Milroy, 1980; Trudgill, 1974). Although the reoccurrence of patterned use of linguistic variants by different groups within communities appears to suggest a paralinguistic social function for variati…
Asymmetries in the Use of Verbal Irony
Three experiments assessed four variables that may affect verbal irony processing: people's expectations of events, event outcome, evaluations of outcome, and shared common ground. Reading times and rating tasks were used to quantify the interaction of these factors. The failed expectation hypothesis predicts an interaction of expectation, outcome, and evaluation. In contrast, the expectation irrelevance hypothesis states that expectation does no…
The Production and Processing of Verbal Irony
Transcribing Oral Discourse: A Survey and a Model System
Researchers who study discourse must frequently transcribe a variety of paralinguistic dimensions to document the ways in which utterances are spoken. However, there are a large number of such underlying dimensions, and researchers have developed different transcription systems to describe them. The purpose of this article is to offer a model transcription system, based on a 5-year survey of the systems employed in articles appearing in Discourse…
The Production and Processing of Verbal Irony
The articles in this issue of Metaphor and Symbol address the topic of verbal irony from 3 perspectives: adult comprehension and production, child comprehension, and neuropsychological underpinnings. These approaches are complementary and hold the promise of providing converging evidence for testing theories of verbal irony. A discourse goals and heuristics approach to irony production and processing has the potential to explain why ironic statem…
Tag questions and common ground effects in the perception of verbal irony
Understanding metaphor in literature: An empirical approach
Irony in context
Parents’ use of nonliteral language with preschool children
Seventeen parent‐child dyads were videotaped in 30‐min free play sessions. The videotapes were transcribed and coded for nonliteral language addressed to the children. Specifically, parents’ use of indirect requests and other types of figurative language (e.g. metaphor and idiom) was analyzed. Of the nonliteral forms used, indirect requests occurred most frequently; however, parents did use a number of other nonliteral forms with their preschool …
Two Cues for Verbal Irony: Hyperbole and the Ironic Tone of Voice
The study reported here addresses some of the cues that are used in verbal irony. Irony may be accompanied by a slow speaking rate, heavy stress, and nasalization. The importance of this "ironic tone of voice" has been examined in a number of developmental studies, but its importance remains unclear. The ironic tone of voice may be confounded with the presence of hyperbole, or exaggeration. In order to assess its importance, hyperbole is orthogon…
Why Do People Use Figurative Language?
In this article, we examine the discourse goals that are accomplished by the use of eight forms of figurative language: hyperbole, idiom, indirect request, irony, understatement, metaphor, rhetorical question, and simile. Subjects were asked to provide reasons why they would use a particular figure of speech. Based on their responses, a discourse goal taxonomy that includes each of the eight figures was developed. The goal taxonomy indicates that…
On Satire and Parody: The Importance of Being Ironic
The purpose of this article is to discriminate between the concepts of irony, satire, and parody. We argue that satire and parody are literary genres, whereas irony is not; it is a complex rhetorical device sometimes used by these genres. The concept of irony must be understood in terms of four distinct subtypes: Socratic irony, dramatic irony, irony of fate, and verbal irony. Both parody and satire can be described in terms of three features of …
A theory of inference generation during text comprehension
An adequate theory of inference generation should accurately predict whether particular classes of knowledge‐based inferences are generated “on‐line” during text comprehension. This article proposes a theory which can account for available empirical findings in cognitive psychology and discourse processing, including those reported in this issue of Discourse Processes. The proposed “constructionist” theory incorporates: (a) the goals of the reade…
Nonstandard discourse and its coherence
Previous investigations of discourse coherence have emphasized the importance of a variety of coherence mechanisms. The conventional approach to coherence has been to analyze the mechanisms found in standard texts and conversations. This article provides examples from nonstandard linguistic sources, such as experimental writing and schizophrenic speech, to establish the necessity and sufficiency of the coherence mechanisms. We conclude that an as…
When collaboration fails: Consequences of pragmatic errors in conversation
The empirical study of figurative language in literature
Do you hear what I hear? Experimental measurement of the perceptual salience of acoustically manipulated vowel variants by Southern speakers in Memphis, TN
For the past twenty-five years, the results of most sociolinguistic research suggest productive changes serve as social indices, uniting and dividing groups of speakers by gender, class, ethnicity, and so forth (Eckert, 1988, 2000; Labov, 1994, 2000; Milroy, 1980; Trudgill, 1974). Although the reoccurrence of patterned use of linguistic variants by different groups within communities appears to suggest a paralinguistic social function for variati…
Tag questions and common ground effects in the perception of verbal irony
Asymmetries in the Use of Verbal Irony
Three experiments assessed four variables that may affect verbal irony processing: people's expectations of events, event outcome, evaluations of outcome, and shared common ground. Reading times and rating tasks were used to quantify the interaction of these factors. The failed expectation hypothesis predicts an interaction of expectation, outcome, and evaluation. In contrast, the expectation irrelevance hypothesis states that expectation does no…
Regional Variation in the Use of Sarcasm
College students in New York and Tennessee participated in tasks designed to measure their use of sarcasm. They also provided definitions for the terms irony and sarcasm and completed part of a Sarcasm Self-Report Scale. Northern participants generated more sarcastic completions and chose more direct ironic statements than their Southern counterparts did. Regional differences accounted for a unique amount of variance when other demographic factor…
Social and paralinguistic cues to sarcasm
Speakers signal sarcastic intent in a variety of ways, including the words they use and the tone of voice they employ. In this paper, we investigate whether facial cues are also used to indicate sarcastic intent. Participants were audio- and videotaped as they engaged in tasks designed to elicit sarcasm. In order to assess how facial cues differed in terms of common ground, participant pairs were divided into pairs of friends and strangers. We pr…
A theory of inference generation during text comprehension
An adequate theory of inference generation should accurately predict whether particular classes of knowledge‐based inferences are generated “on‐line” during text comprehension. This article proposes a theory which can account for available empirical findings in cognitive psychology and discourse processing, including those reported in this issue of Discourse Processes. The proposed “constructionist” theory incorporates: (a) the goals of the reade…
Making Sense of Variation: Pleasantness and Education Ratings of Southern Vowel Variants
An earlier study (Fridland, Bartlett, and Kreuz 2004) showed that listeners in Memphis, Tennessee, judged more perceptually salient those vowel shifts that the local dialect used as opposed to vowel shifts that Memphis had in common with other U.S. dialects. This study examines the perceptions of 209 natives of Memphis in two tasks: recognizing vowel shifts as Southern and rating a range of synthesized variants of ey, E, uw, and ow for level of e…
The empirical study of figurative language in literature
Alignment Is a Function of Conversational Dynamics
Two prominent theories of alignment (priming and grounding) are tested in human-human text-only computer interactions. In two experiments, dyads of strangers and dyads of friends conducted conversations using Instant Messenger. These conversations were either neutral in nature or interlocutors were told to disagree on a particular topic. Conversations were assessed for paralinguistic, linguistic, semantic, affective, and typographical alignment. …
The Comprehension of Ostensible Speech Acts
Ostensible speech acts (OSAs) have been defined as possessing pretense, mutual recognition, collusion, ambivalence, and an off-record purpose. These researchers also noted that several features occur more often in ostensible than sincere speech (e.g., speaker hedges, violates preparatory conditions). The authors examined the role of these defining and characteristic features in the comprehension of OSAs. Participants read conversations containing…
The Production and Processing of Verbal Irony
The articles in this issue of Metaphor and Symbol address the topic of verbal irony from 3 perspectives: adult comprehension and production, child comprehension, and neuropsychological underpinnings. These approaches are complementary and hold the promise of providing converging evidence for testing theories of verbal irony. A discourse goals and heuristics approach to irony production and processing has the potential to explain why ironic statem…
Transcribing Oral Discourse: A Survey and a Model System
Researchers who study discourse must frequently transcribe a variety of paralinguistic dimensions to document the ways in which utterances are spoken. However, there are a large number of such underlying dimensions, and researchers have developed different transcription systems to describe them. The purpose of this article is to offer a model transcription system, based on a 5-year survey of the systems employed in articles appearing in Discourse…
When collaboration fails: Consequences of pragmatic errors in conversation
Distinguishing Sarcasm From Literal Language: Evidence From Books and Blogging
Sarcasm production and comprehension have been traditionally described in terms of pragmatic factors. Lexical cues have received less attention, but they may be important potential indicators. A major obstacle to examining such features is determining sarcastic intent. One solution is to analyze statements explicitly marked as being sarcastic. This study examined Twitter postings marked with #sarcasm as well as dialog from Google Books containing…
Nonstandard discourse and its coherence
Previous investigations of discourse coherence have emphasized the importance of a variety of coherence mechanisms. The conventional approach to coherence has been to analyze the mechanisms found in standard texts and conversations. This article provides examples from nonstandard linguistic sources, such as experimental writing and schizophrenic speech, to establish the necessity and sufficiency of the coherence mechanisms. We conclude that an as…
How to be sarcastic: The echoic reminder theory of verbal irony.
Les conditions dans lesquelles un enonce est reconnu comme sarcastique varient selon que l'enonce est positif ou negatif. Il est rendu compte de cette asymetrie a l'aide de la theorie «du rappel en echo» (un sarcasme fait alusion a une situation antecedente) dans un cas et aux normes et attentes sociales dans l'autre cas (enonce positif) ― 3 experiences avec des scenaris contenant ou non des «victimes» testent cette hypothese
On Being Ironic: Pragmatic and Mnemonic Implications
Two experiments investigated (a) subjects' intuitions about the communicative functions of irony and (b) how communicative functions affect recall. Previous research (Long, Kreuz, & Church, 1989) suggested that ironic statements allow speakers to fulfill communication goals that are difficult to convey literally. The present research extends these findings by identifying which communication goals (and other factors) influence recall. In Experimen…
On Satire and Parody: The Importance of Being Ironic
The purpose of this article is to discriminate between the concepts of irony, satire, and parody. We argue that satire and parody are literary genres, whereas irony is not; it is a complex rhetorical device sometimes used by these genres. The concept of irony must be understood in terms of four distinct subtypes: Socratic irony, dramatic irony, irony of fate, and verbal irony. Both parody and satire can be described in terms of three features of …
A theory of inference generation during text comprehension
An adequate theory of inference generation should accurately predict whether particular classes of knowledge‐based inferences are generated “on‐line” during text comprehension. This article proposes a theory which can account for available empirical findings in cognitive psychology and discourse processing, including those reported in this issue of Discourse Processes. The proposed “constructionist” theory incorporates: (a) the goals of the reade…
Nonstandard discourse and its coherence
Previous investigations of discourse coherence have emphasized the importance of a variety of coherence mechanisms. The conventional approach to coherence has been to analyze the mechanisms found in standard texts and conversations. This article provides examples from nonstandard linguistic sources, such as experimental writing and schizophrenic speech, to establish the necessity and sufficiency of the coherence mechanisms. We conclude that an as…
When collaboration fails: Consequences of pragmatic errors in conversation
The empirical study of figurative language in literature
Why Do People Use Figurative Language?
In this article, we examine the discourse goals that are accomplished by the use of eight forms of figurative language: hyperbole, idiom, indirect request, irony, understatement, metaphor, rhetorical question, and simile. Subjects were asked to provide reasons why they would use a particular figure of speech. Based on their responses, a discourse goal taxonomy that includes each of the eight figures was developed. The goal taxonomy indicates that…
Two Cues for Verbal Irony: Hyperbole and the Ironic Tone of Voice
The study reported here addresses some of the cues that are used in verbal irony. Irony may be accompanied by a slow speaking rate, heavy stress, and nasalization. The importance of this "ironic tone of voice" has been examined in a number of developmental studies, but its importance remains unclear. The ironic tone of voice may be confounded with the presence of hyperbole, or exaggeration. In order to assess its importance, hyperbole is orthogon…
Irony in context
Parents’ use of nonliteral language with preschool children
Seventeen parent‐child dyads were videotaped in 30‐min free play sessions. The videotapes were transcribed and coded for nonliteral language addressed to the children. Specifically, parents’ use of indirect requests and other types of figurative language (e.g. metaphor and idiom) was analyzed. Of the nonliteral forms used, indirect requests occurred most frequently; however, parents did use a number of other nonliteral forms with their preschool …
Understanding metaphor in literature: An empirical approach
Tag questions and common ground effects in the perception of verbal irony
The Production and Processing of Verbal Irony
Transcribing Oral Discourse: A Survey and a Model System
Researchers who study discourse must frequently transcribe a variety of paralinguistic dimensions to document the ways in which utterances are spoken. However, there are a large number of such underlying dimensions, and researchers have developed different transcription systems to describe them. The purpose of this article is to offer a model transcription system, based on a 5-year survey of the systems employed in articles appearing in Discourse…
The Production and Processing of Verbal Irony
The articles in this issue of Metaphor and Symbol address the topic of verbal irony from 3 perspectives: adult comprehension and production, child comprehension, and neuropsychological underpinnings. These approaches are complementary and hold the promise of providing converging evidence for testing theories of verbal irony. A discourse goals and heuristics approach to irony production and processing has the potential to explain why ironic statem…
Asymmetries in the Use of Verbal Irony
Three experiments assessed four variables that may affect verbal irony processing: people's expectations of events, event outcome, evaluations of outcome, and shared common ground. Reading times and rating tasks were used to quantify the interaction of these factors. The failed expectation hypothesis predicts an interaction of expectation, outcome, and evaluation. In contrast, the expectation irrelevance hypothesis states that expectation does no…
Do you hear what I hear? Experimental measurement of the perceptual salience of acoustically manipulated vowel variants by Southern speakers in Memphis, TN
For the past twenty-five years, the results of most sociolinguistic research suggest productive changes serve as social indices, uniting and dividing groups of speakers by gender, class, ethnicity, and so forth (Eckert, 1988, 2000; Labov, 1994, 2000; Milroy, 1980; Trudgill, 1974). Although the reoccurrence of patterned use of linguistic variants by different groups within communities appears to suggest a paralinguistic social function for variati…
Making Sense of Variation: Pleasantness and Education Ratings of Southern Vowel Variants
An earlier study (Fridland, Bartlett, and Kreuz 2004) showed that listeners in Memphis, Tennessee, judged more perceptually salient those vowel shifts that the local dialect used as opposed to vowel shifts that Memphis had in common with other U.S. dialects. This study examines the perceptions of 209 natives of Memphis in two tasks: recognizing vowel shifts as Southern and rating a range of synthesized variants of ey, E, uw, and ow for level of e…
The Comprehension of Ostensible Speech Acts
Ostensible speech acts (OSAs) have been defined as possessing pretense, mutual recognition, collusion, ambivalence, and an off-record purpose. These researchers also noted that several features occur more often in ostensible than sincere speech (e.g., speaker hedges, violates preparatory conditions). The authors examined the role of these defining and characteristic features in the comprehension of OSAs. Participants read conversations containing…
Regional Variation in the Use of Sarcasm
College students in New York and Tennessee participated in tasks designed to measure their use of sarcasm. They also provided definitions for the terms irony and sarcasm and completed part of a Sarcasm Self-Report Scale. Northern participants generated more sarcastic completions and chose more direct ironic statements than their Southern counterparts did. Regional differences accounted for a unique amount of variance when other demographic factor…
Social and paralinguistic cues to sarcasm
Speakers signal sarcastic intent in a variety of ways, including the words they use and the tone of voice they employ. In this paper, we investigate whether facial cues are also used to indicate sarcastic intent. Participants were audio- and videotaped as they engaged in tasks designed to elicit sarcasm. In order to assess how facial cues differed in terms of common ground, participant pairs were divided into pairs of friends and strangers. We pr…
Distinguishing Sarcasm From Literal Language: Evidence From Books and Blogging
Sarcasm production and comprehension have been traditionally described in terms of pragmatic factors. Lexical cues have received less attention, but they may be important potential indicators. A major obstacle to examining such features is determining sarcastic intent. One solution is to analyze statements explicitly marked as being sarcastic. This study examined Twitter postings marked with #sarcasm as well as dialog from Google Books containing…
Alignment Is a Function of Conversational Dynamics
Two prominent theories of alignment (priming and grounding) are tested in human-human text-only computer interactions. In two experiments, dyads of strangers and dyads of friends conducted conversations using Instant Messenger. These conversations were either neutral in nature or interlocutors were told to disagree on a particular topic. Conversations were assessed for paralinguistic, linguistic, semantic, affective, and typographical alignment. …
How Do Different Types of Alignment Affect Perceived Entity Status
Linguistics (24 works) · Psychology (23 works) · Language, Metaphor, and Cognition (21 works) · Cognitive psychology (14 works) · Irony (13 works) · Communication (10 works) · Computer Science (10 works) · Philosophy (9 works) · Social Psychology (9 works) · Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies (8 works)