Diego Garzia
Biographic Data
| ID | 825820 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Diego Garzia |
| GIVEN NAMES | Diego |
| FAMILY NAME | Garzia |
| SIGNATURE | GARZIA D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Lausanne |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8767-4099 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 46 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 557 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 46 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2012 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 16 |
Priming common European and democratic values does not reduce affective polarization
Growing concerns about affective polarization have led scholars to develop depolarizing interventions (i.e., experimental manipulations designed to reduce partisan animosity) with promising results in the United States. However, these interventions remain untested in Europe’s multi-party systems. This study adapts depolarization interventions highlighting commonalities among political parties and voters to the European context. We test these inte…
How Many People Use Voting Advice Applications? Survey Evidence From 15 Democracies Worldwide
In this short note, we offer an update on previous assessments of voting advice application (VAA) usage with representative samples from National Election Studies in established democracies worldwide. We map the spread of VAAs among the voting population in those countries in which post-election surveys asked their respondents whether they had used VAAs during the national election campaign. Our empirical base encompasses data from 48 elections h…
Voting Advice Applications: Methodological Innovations, Behavioural Effects, and Research Perspectives
Voting advice applications (VAAs) are widely used digital tools that match voters’ policy preferences with party or candidate positions. Since their emergence in the 1980s and rapid expansion alongside internet dissemination, VAAs have spread to more than 80 countries and generated growing academic interest. This thematic issue advances the field by analysing behavioural effects, user diversity, design innovations, including AI-driven conversatio…
Leader Effects in an Era of Negative Politics: Who Has a Negativity Bias
It is well known that voters’ evaluation of candidates on leadership traits influences their overall candidate assessment and vote choice (i.e., leader effects). It remains unclear, however, whether positive or negative leader trait evaluations are most influential. We argue that especially in current-day political reality—in which ideological and affective polarization are skyrocketing and the political climate is fueled with negativity, high le…
Ripping the public apart? Politicians’ dark personality and affective polarization
Growing evidence exists about the importance of dark personality traits – narcissism, psychopathy and Machiavellianism – in political leaders, broadly leading to heightened political aggressiveness and partisan conflict. Building on this expanding research agenda, we study the possible association between dark personality in politicians and deepened affective polarization – that is, increased affective distance between partisan groups coupled wit…
Incivility Does Not Exist: An Experimental Assessment on the Drivers of Incivility Perceptions and their Effects on Candidate Evaluations
Building upon the definition of incivility as norm-violating conduct, this Stage-2 Registered Report argues that incivility does not exist per se as an objective reality but only as a subjective and context-dependent perception. We leverage data from a conjoint survey experiment (United States; N=1,884), manipulating the characteristics of an “uncivil” attack—who went uncivil, how, and when—to test how a range of contextual factors and individual…
Meloni’s party wins in a record-high abstention election. The 2024 European parliament election in Italy
The 2024 European elections in Italy were a crucial test both for the ruling centre-right coalition led by Giorgia Meloni, and for the centre-left opposition, striving to establish an alternative bloc. Amid growing political disengagement, with abstention surpassing 50% for the first time, the elections saw gains for Meloni’s Brothers of Italy (FdI) and the Democratic Party (PD) alongside the Green-Left Alliance (AVS). Conversely, the Five Star M…
In-Party Love, Out-Party Hate, and Affective Polarization in Twelve Established Democracies
Recent research has mapped levels of affective polarization worldwide. However, our current knowledge of the longitudinal patterns of in- and out-party affect, the two constitutive terms of affective polarization, remains limited. This manuscript expands the comparative and longitudinal scope of existing studies using national election study data from 143 elections across 12 Western democracies collected since the 1960s. The analysis expands prev…
Affective Polarization towards Parties and Leaders, and Electoral Participation in 13 Parliamentary Democracies, 1980–2019
Comparative research on affective polarization provides evidence that this phenomenon is present also in parliamentary democracies. Although it has been typically understood as the difference in levels of affect toward in- and out-parties, more recent research has established the relevance of polarized feelings toward party leaders as objects of affective polarization also in parliamentary systems. While several studies have cross-sectionally exa…
Introduction to the Debate: How Does Political Science Matter? The Relevance and Impact of the Discipline
This debate aims at discussing the broader social relevance of political science research, a debate that has not yet taken place in Switzerland although it has been ongoing internationally. In this introduction, we highlight the main questions raised by the debate and illustrate the various contributions. With this debate we hope to stimulate further contributions on the topic in the future
Patterns of Affective Polarization toward Parties and Leaders across the Democratic World
Research indicates that affective polarization pervades contemporary democracies worldwide. Although some studies identify party leaders as polarizing agents, affective polarization has been predominantly conceptualized as a product of in-/out-party feelings. This study compares levels of party affective polarization (PAP) and leader affective polarization (LAP) cross-nationally, using data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. Applyin…
The dark side of the mood. Candidate evaluation, voter perceptions, and the driving role of (dark) personality traits
The Italian parliamentary election of 2022: The Populist Radical Right Takes Charge
Published online: 24 November 2022
Affective Polarization in Comparative and Longitudinal Perspective
Existent research shows that affective polarization has been intensifying in some publics, diminishing in others, and remaining stable in most. We contribute to this debate by providing the most encompassing comparative and longitudinal account of affective polarization so far. We resort to a newly assembled dataset able to track partisan affect, with varying time series, in eighteen democracies over the last six decades. We present results based…
Three sides of the same coin? comparing party positions in VAAs, expert surveys and manifesto data
Published online: 28 Sep 2021
For a Research Agenda on Negative Politics
This thematic issue deals with the “negative” side of politics, more specifically with dynamics of political aggressiveness and ideological opposition in voters and elites. Why do candidates “go negative” on their rivals? To what extent are voters entrenched into opposing camps parted by political tribalism? And are these dynamics related to the (dark) personality of candidates and the expression of emotions in voters? A series of contributions w…
Negativity and Political Behavior: A Theoretical Framework for the Analysis of Negative Voting in Contemporary Democracies
Recent developments in Western societies have motivated a growing consideration of the role of negativity in public opinion and political behavior research. In this article, we review the scant (and largely disconnected) scientific literature on negativity and political behavior, merging contributions from social psychology, public opinion, and electoral research, with a view on developing an integrated theoretical framework for the study of nega…
The Electoral Consequences of Affective Polarization? Negative Voting in the 2020 US Presidential Election
About one third of American voters cast a vote more “against” than “for” a candidate in the 2020 Presidential election. This pattern, designated by negative voting, has been initially understood by rational choice scholarship as a product of cognitive dissonance and/or retrospective evaluations. This article revisits this concept through the affective polarization framework in the light of the rise of political sectarianism in American society. B…
Super Mario 2: Comparing the technocrat-led Monti and Draghi governments in Italy
This article aims to offer some analytical tools for putting the newly formed Draghi government in perspective. As Mario Draghi is in many ways the technocrat par excellence, this article provides a comparison of his cabinet with the technocratic Monti government of 2011–2013. We list the similarities and differences between the two cabinets, highlighting that they are both technocrat-led but that the difference in their policy-mandates triggers …
From party to leader mobilization? The personalization of voter turnout
Partisan dealignment has been frequently advanced as a pivotal driver of the personalization of voting behavior. As voters’ long-term attachments with parties have eroded, it is argued that partisanship has lost importance relative to short-term factors, like voters’ evaluations of party leaders. Such theoretical reasoning has been applied recurrently in research dedicated to explaining vote choice. However, we hypothesize that dealignment can do…
Italy in times of protest and negative voting: An introduction
The classic heuristics of voting behaviour have been eroded overtime especially in well-established democracies. Ideology, party identification, and social class have been gradually replaced by short-period factors. In particular, the personalization has represented an innovative variable that significantly contributes to explain voting behaviour. Cross-pressures between party identification, candidate assessments and issue preferences paved the …
Negative personalization and voting behavior in 14 parliamentary democracies, 1961-2018
The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion
Electoral persuasion rests at the center of the democratic process. Politicians, parties, interest groups, members of the media, and citizens themselves are constantly communicating with one another about electorally relevant topics. These communications will ultimately influence—although not always in predictable ways—voters’ choices and, therefore, election outcomes and the direction of government. Scholarship on this important topic has explod…
Mapping Parties’ Positions on Foreign and Security Issues in the EU, 2009–2014
This article offers a comparative analysis of parties’ position on foreign and security issues in the EU28 across the EP elections of 2009 and 2014. First, we map the position of the parties on selected foreign policy and security issues in both 2009 and 2014. Second, we measure the extent to which party positions on such issues remained stable across these five years. Third, we offer an explanatory analysis of the competing factors potentially a…
Leader Effects and Voting for the Populist Radical Right in Western Europe
Charismatic leaders are often assumed to drive the electoral success of populist radical right parties. Yet, little attention is given to how voter evaluations of leaders influence individual voting behavior. To our knowledge, no systematic and comparative tests of this empirical question exist. In this paper, we test to what extent voters’ support for populist radical right parties is fueled by leaders' appreciation. In order to examine leader e…
Partisan dealignment and the personalisation of politics in West European parliamentary democracies, 1961–2018
Partisan dealignment is recurrently presented in the literature as one of the main drivers of the ‘personalisation of politics’. Yet, on the one hand, the claim that leader effects on voting behaviour are increasing across time is short on comparative evidence. On the other hand, there is limited empirical evidence that such an increase is due to dealignment. This article explores the longitudinal relationship between partisan dealignment, leader…
Affective Polarization in Comparative and Longitudinal Perspective
Existent research shows that affective polarization has been intensifying in some publics, diminishing in others, and remaining stable in most. We contribute to this debate by providing the most encompassing comparative and longitudinal account of affective polarization so far. We resort to a newly assembled dataset able to track partisan affect, with varying time series, in eighteen democracies over the last six decades. We present results based…
Patterns of Affective Polarization toward Parties and Leaders across the Democratic World
Research indicates that affective polarization pervades contemporary democracies worldwide. Although some studies identify party leaders as polarizing agents, affective polarization has been predominantly conceptualized as a product of in-/out-party feelings. This study compares levels of party affective polarization (PAP) and leader affective polarization (LAP) cross-nationally, using data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. Applyin…
Party and Leader Effects in Parliamentary Elections: Towards a Reassessment
Social-psychological models of voting behaviour systematically downsize the relevance of party leader evaluations by conceiving them as mere consequences of causally prior partisan attachments. However, the validity of this interpretation depends heavily on the effectively exogenous status of party identification. Empirical research shows that the assumed exogeneity of partisanship is, at best, doubtful. In such a context, single-equation models …
Changing Parties, Changing Partisans: The Personalization of Partisan Attachments in Western Europe
This article investigates the effects of the deep transformations in the relationship between West European class‐mass parties and their electorates. Particular attention is paid to the changing nature of individuals' partisan attachments, which are hypothesized to be less rooted in social and ideological identities and more in individual attitudes towards increasingly visible partisan objects. The main objective of this article is to examine the…
The Italian election of 2018 and the first populist government of Western Europe
First published online: 06 December 2018
From party to leader mobilization? The personalization of voter turnout
Partisan dealignment has been frequently advanced as a pivotal driver of the personalization of voting behavior. As voters’ long-term attachments with parties have eroded, it is argued that partisanship has lost importance relative to short-term factors, like voters’ evaluations of party leaders. Such theoretical reasoning has been applied recurrently in research dedicated to explaining vote choice. However, we hypothesize that dealignment can do…
Negative personalization and voting behavior in 14 parliamentary democracies, 1961-2018
Voting Advice Applications and Electoral Participation: A Multi-Method Study
First published online: 15 February 2017
The Italian parliamentary election of 2022: The Populist Radical Right Takes Charge
Published online: 24 November 2022
The 2013 Italian Parliamentary Election: Changing Things So Everything Stays the Same
The 2013
The Rise of Party/Leader Identification in Western Europe
This article investigates the attitudinal drivers of partisanship in Western Europe, focusing in particular on the role exerted by voters’ evaluation of party leaders. The cross-sectional analysis is performed on pooled national election study data from three established parliamentary democracies (Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands). Results highlight the growing statistical association between leader evaluations and voters’ feelings of partis…
Leader Effects and Voting for the Populist Radical Right in Western Europe
Charismatic leaders are often assumed to drive the electoral success of populist radical right parties. Yet, little attention is given to how voter evaluations of leaders influence individual voting behavior. To our knowledge, no systematic and comparative tests of this empirical question exist. In this paper, we test to what extent voters’ support for populist radical right parties is fueled by leaders' appreciation. In order to examine leader e…
Issues and leaders as vote determinants: The case of Italy
A growing literature highlights the importance of leader image as a determinant of voting in contemporary democracies and as a force now paralleling the explanatory power of traditional structural and ideological factors affecting voting choice. Yet the actual effect of leaders in the citizen’s vote calculus remains uncertain because of the potential reciprocal causation between leader evaluation and other vote determinants. Thus, the extent to w…
Three sides of the same coin? comparing party positions in VAAs, expert surveys and manifesto data
Published online: 28 Sep 2021
Negativity and Political Behavior: A Theoretical Framework for the Analysis of Negative Voting in Contemporary Democracies
Recent developments in Western societies have motivated a growing consideration of the role of negativity in public opinion and political behavior research. In this article, we review the scant (and largely disconnected) scientific literature on negativity and political behavior, merging contributions from social psychology, public opinion, and electoral research, with a view on developing an integrated theoretical framework for the study of nega…
Party placement in supranational elections: An introduction to the euandi 2014 dataset
Throughout the years, political scientists have devised a multitude of techniques to position political parties on various ideological and policy/issue dimensions. So far, however, none of these techniques was able to evolve into a “gold standard” in party positioning. Against this background, one could recently witness the appearance of a new methodology for party positioning tightly connected to the spread of Voting Advice Applications (VAAs), …
Partisanship, leader evaluations and the vote: Disentangling the new iron triangle in electoral research
Can Candidates' Image Win Elections? A Counterfactual Assessment of Leader Effects in the Second Italian Republic
First published online: October 2013
Europe’s voting space and the problem of second-order elections: A transnational proposal
This article offers an empirically driven critical consideration of the idea of transnationalising Europe’s voting space, which would mean allowing European citizens to vote for a party from any member state at the European Parliament elections. We argue that such a move would reduce the second-order problem in European elections, as it would force political parties to move away from campaigning solely on national issues. We also claim that it wo…
Image that Matters: News Media Consumption and Party Leader Effects on Voting Behavior
Television is customarily put forward as a driver of the “personalization of politics.” The characteristics of this visual medium arguably accentuate personality at the expense of substantive programmatic goals, downplaying partisan attachments and ideology as determinants of the vote in favor of candidate and party leader assessments. While there is evidence of this trend for presidential democracies, notably the United States, this linkage is y…
Super Mario 2: Comparing the technocrat-led Monti and Draghi governments in Italy
This article aims to offer some analytical tools for putting the newly formed Draghi government in perspective. As Mario Draghi is in many ways the technocrat par excellence, this article provides a comparison of his cabinet with the technocratic Monti government of 2011–2013. We list the similarities and differences between the two cabinets, highlighting that they are both technocrat-led but that the difference in their policy-mandates triggers …
Mapping Parties’ Positions on Foreign and Security Issues in the EU, 2009–2014
This article offers a comparative analysis of parties’ position on foreign and security issues in the EU28 across the EP elections of 2009 and 2014. First, we map the position of the parties on selected foreign policy and security issues in both 2009 and 2014. Second, we measure the extent to which party positions on such issues remained stable across these five years. Third, we offer an explanatory analysis of the competing factors potentially a…
Personalization of Politics Between Television and the Internet: Leader Effects in the 2013 Italian Parliamentary Election
This paper provides an empirical assessment of the relationship between media exposure and leader effects on voting through an analysis of Italy––an ideal case for the study of the personalization of politics and its connection with political communication. The results show the dominance of leader effects among voters strongly exposed to television and a somewhat differentiated impact on Internauts. By looking at leader effects across different a…
Affective Polarization towards Parties and Leaders, and Electoral Participation in 13 Parliamentary Democracies, 1980–2019
Comparative research on affective polarization provides evidence that this phenomenon is present also in parliamentary democracies. Although it has been typically understood as the difference in levels of affect toward in- and out-parties, more recent research has established the relevance of polarized feelings toward party leaders as objects of affective polarization also in parliamentary systems. While several studies have cross-sectionally exa…
Importa Europa en las elecciones europeas? Un modelo explicativo de las elecciones del 2009 al Parlamento Europeo
Este trabajo evalúa la validez de diferentes modelos interpretativos delcomportamiento electoral en las elecciones europeas partiendo delresultado de junio de 2009. Nos centramos, en primer lugar, en modelosque conectan el voto europeo con aspectos políticos basados en el nivelnacional (modelo de segundo orden) y en el ciclo electoral doméstico(modelo de ciclo electoral); en segundo lugar se evalúa la capacidadexplicativa de un modelo reñido con …
Party and Leader Effects in Parliamentary Elections: Towards a Reassessment
Social-psychological models of voting behaviour systematically downsize the relevance of party leader evaluations by conceiving them as mere consequences of causally prior partisan attachments. However, the validity of this interpretation depends heavily on the effectively exogenous status of party identification. Empirical research shows that the assumed exogeneity of partisanship is, at best, doubtful. In such a context, single-equation models …
The Rise of Party/Leader Identification in Western Europe
This article investigates the attitudinal drivers of partisanship in Western Europe, focusing in particular on the role exerted by voters’ evaluation of party leaders. The cross-sectional analysis is performed on pooled national election study data from three established parliamentary democracies (Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands). Results highlight the growing statistical association between leader evaluations and voters’ feelings of partis…
Changing Parties, Changing Partisans: The Personalization of Partisan Attachments in Western Europe
This article investigates the effects of the deep transformations in the relationship between West European class‐mass parties and their electorates. Particular attention is paid to the changing nature of individuals' partisan attachments, which are hypothesized to be less rooted in social and ideological identities and more in individual attitudes towards increasingly visible partisan objects. The main objective of this article is to examine the…
Can Candidates' Image Win Elections? A Counterfactual Assessment of Leader Effects in the Second Italian Republic
First published online: October 2013
The 2013 Italian Parliamentary Election: Changing Things So Everything Stays the Same
The 2013
Individual level dynamics of PTV change across the electoral cycle
Explaining the ‘dishonest vote’ in Italian parliamentary elections
In recent decades, citizens have grown increasingly distrustful of politics and its actors. Against this background, the aim of this paper is to shed light on the role of citizens themselves in the process by focusing on the determinants of their voting choices. As a matter of fact, a substantial proportion of voters in democratic elections actually cast a ‘dishonest vote’ – that is, a vote cast in favour of a candidate who is perceived as dishon…
Partisanship, leader evaluations and the vote: Disentangling the new iron triangle in electoral research
Issues and leaders as vote determinants: The case of Italy
A growing literature highlights the importance of leader image as a determinant of voting in contemporary democracies and as a force now paralleling the explanatory power of traditional structural and ideological factors affecting voting choice. Yet the actual effect of leaders in the citizen’s vote calculus remains uncertain because of the potential reciprocal causation between leader evaluation and other vote determinants. Thus, the extent to w…
Systèmes d’Aide au Vote et comportement politique: Tour d’horizon
Les Systèmes d’Aide au Vote (SAV) ont longtemps été considérés comme un intéressant épiphénomène. C’est seulement au cours de ces dernières années que politologues et sociologues ont commencé à étudier les SAV et leurs effets potentiels sur les utilisateurs d’un point de vue aussi bien empirique que normatif. L’objectif de cet article est de faire le point sur les principales conclusions issues des études existantes et d’établir un agenda de rech…
Europe’s voting space and the problem of second-order elections: A transnational proposal
This article offers an empirically driven critical consideration of the idea of transnationalising Europe’s voting space, which would mean allowing European citizens to vote for a party from any member state at the European Parliament elections. We argue that such a move would reduce the second-order problem in European elections, as it would force political parties to move away from campaigning solely on national issues. We also claim that it wo…
Party transformation, leadership change and closeness to parties: The case of Italy, 2013
Previous studies have portrayed the personalisation of politics as a consequence of changes in the electoral market and the resulting transformations at the party level. However, empirical research has not reached a consensus on the degree to which this process has had an impact on citizens’ voting choices. An emerging body of comparative literature would seem to support the idea that party-leader evaluations have become an actual driver of parti…
Understanding electoral politics in contemporary Italy: Policy preferences, personalisation, partisanship and the economy
This introductory essay to the Special Issue presents the articles which from various perspectives – representation, personalisation, partisanship and accountability – analyse the changing relationship between parties and voters in contemporary Italian politics. This collection shows that the Italian party system appears responsive to people’s demands and that public opinion holds governments accountable, and responsible for their actions. On the…
Personalization of Politics Between Television and the Internet: Leader Effects in the 2013 Italian Parliamentary Election
This paper provides an empirical assessment of the relationship between media exposure and leader effects on voting through an analysis of Italy––an ideal case for the study of the personalization of politics and its connection with political communication. The results show the dominance of leader effects among voters strongly exposed to television and a somewhat differentiated impact on Internauts. By looking at leader effects across different a…
Voting Advice Applications and Electoral Participation: A Multi-Method Study
First published online: 15 February 2017
Party placement in supranational elections: An introduction to the euandi 2014 dataset
Throughout the years, political scientists have devised a multitude of techniques to position political parties on various ideological and policy/issue dimensions. So far, however, none of these techniques was able to evolve into a “gold standard” in party positioning. Against this background, one could recently witness the appearance of a new methodology for party positioning tightly connected to the spread of Voting Advice Applications (VAAs), …
The Italian election of 2018 and the first populist government of Western Europe
First published online: 06 December 2018
Image that Matters: News Media Consumption and Party Leader Effects on Voting Behavior
Television is customarily put forward as a driver of the “personalization of politics.” The characteristics of this visual medium arguably accentuate personality at the expense of substantive programmatic goals, downplaying partisan attachments and ideology as determinants of the vote in favor of candidate and party leader assessments. While there is evidence of this trend for presidential democracies, notably the United States, this linkage is y…
The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion
Electoral persuasion rests at the center of the democratic process. Politicians, parties, interest groups, members of the media, and citizens themselves are constantly communicating with one another about electorally relevant topics. These communications will ultimately influence—although not always in predictable ways—voters’ choices and, therefore, election outcomes and the direction of government. Scholarship on this important topic has explod…
Mapping Parties’ Positions on Foreign and Security Issues in the EU, 2009–2014
This article offers a comparative analysis of parties’ position on foreign and security issues in the EU28 across the EP elections of 2009 and 2014. First, we map the position of the parties on selected foreign policy and security issues in both 2009 and 2014. Second, we measure the extent to which party positions on such issues remained stable across these five years. Third, we offer an explanatory analysis of the competing factors potentially a…
Leader Effects and Voting for the Populist Radical Right in Western Europe
Charismatic leaders are often assumed to drive the electoral success of populist radical right parties. Yet, little attention is given to how voter evaluations of leaders influence individual voting behavior. To our knowledge, no systematic and comparative tests of this empirical question exist. In this paper, we test to what extent voters’ support for populist radical right parties is fueled by leaders' appreciation. In order to examine leader e…
Partisan dealignment and the personalisation of politics in West European parliamentary democracies, 1961–2018
Partisan dealignment is recurrently presented in the literature as one of the main drivers of the ‘personalisation of politics’. Yet, on the one hand, the claim that leader effects on voting behaviour are increasing across time is short on comparative evidence. On the other hand, there is limited empirical evidence that such an increase is due to dealignment. This article explores the longitudinal relationship between partisan dealignment, leader…
The representative deficit in different European Party Systems: An analysis of the elections to the European Parliament 2009-2014
This paper explores the extent to which different party systems in Europe effectively represent their citizens. We argue that many European countries suffer from a “representative deficit”, which occurs when a significant portion of citizens have to vote for a political party whose stated views are actually quite different from their own. We measure the extent of this deficit in different European countries using data from EU Profiler and euandi,…
Super Mario 2: Comparing the technocrat-led Monti and Draghi governments in Italy
This article aims to offer some analytical tools for putting the newly formed Draghi government in perspective. As Mario Draghi is in many ways the technocrat par excellence, this article provides a comparison of his cabinet with the technocratic Monti government of 2011–2013. We list the similarities and differences between the two cabinets, highlighting that they are both technocrat-led but that the difference in their policy-mandates triggers …
Political science (41 works) · Politics (38 works) · Law (34 works) · Law (33 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (31 works) · Voting (26 works) · Economics (23 works) · Populism, Right-Wing Movements (23 works) · Political economy (22 works) · Psychology (20 works)