Joe Ben Wheat
Biographic Data
| ID | 82671 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Joe Ben Wheat |
| GIVEN NAMES | Joe Ben |
| FAMILY NAME | Wheat |
| SIGNATURE | BEN WHEAT J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Museum of Boulder |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 53 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 95 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 53 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1940 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Blanket Weaving in the Southwest
Ceramic Variety, Type Cluster, and Ceramic System in Southwestern Pottery Analysis
Yellow Jacket: A Four Corners Anasazi Ceremonial Center
Yellow Jacket: A Four Corners Anasazi Ceremonial Center
The Jurgens Site: Introduction and Acknowledgements
Jurgens Site Palynological Analysis
Olsen-Chubbuck and Jurgens Sites: Four Aspects of Paleo-Indian Bison Economy
Since 1926, when the Folsom site was excavated, a gradually increasing number of bison sites have added greatly to our general knowledge of the association of Paleo-lndian hunters and now-extinct forms of bison. Most of the early excavations were concerned with the establishment of the as socation, and, by and large, the bone beds were considered only as matrices from which the cultural materials were extracted. Although a variety of observations…
Wanted: A Curator's Hundbook
Archaeology: The Casper Site: A Hell Gap Bison Kill on the High Plains. George C. Frison , ed
Appendix II: Palynology of the Olsen-Chubbuck Site
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Location and Environment of the Olsen-Chubbuck Site
Today, all that remains of the High Plains in eastern Colorado thrusts westward like a blunt wedge, the point of which rests near Limon (Fig. 2). Westward from Limon, a low divide extends to the foot of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, between Denver and Colorado Springs, separating the northeasterly oriented drainage of the Platte river system from the southeasterly oriented system of the Arkansas. At one time, the High Plains extended to…
Recording
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Layout of Excavation
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Non-Articulated Bones
The Olsen-Chubbuck Bone Bed (Table 15) produced a total of 4264 non-articulated bones, of which 4007 were found in the eastern part of the site, where nearly every bone was recorded. The figure of 257 bones recorded for the central and western parts of the site is undoubtedly low, although it is indicative of the generally lesser concentration of individual bones as well as articulated units in that part of the arroyo. It should not be imagined t…
Horizontal and Vertical Relationships of Bone Units
Complete-Animal Units extended along the bottom of the arroyo from Section 5 on the east to Section 22 on the west (Figs. 30A, 3L4). They were not continuous throughout, and occurred with greatest frequency in the deeper eastern part of the arroyo. Generally speaking, complete-animal units were confined to the inner channel of the arroyo and were thereby constrained to an east or west orientation. However, Units 369,433, 519, 141, and 190 rested …
Excavation
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Dating the Olsen-Chubbuck Site
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Bone Preservation
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The Arroyo
The Olsen-Chubbuck Site, properly speaking, consisted of a bone bed contained in an ancient arroyo (Fig. 1). As previously mentioned, this arroyo did not follow the locally normal, north-to-south drainage pattern. Rather, it had its origin near the center of a small catchment basin and flowed eastward through and across the ridge which formed the eastern side of the basin, to debouch on the eastern slope of that ridge (Fig. 7)
The Bone Bed(Lam)
The Bone Bed was composed of the skeletons, parts of skeletons, and isolated bones, of about 190 bison (Fig. 1). During our excavations, we recorded a total of 143 skulls. While Olsen and Chubbuck kept no record during their excavations, they estimate that they found about 50 skulls, a figure which appears reasonable in view of the volume they dug and the area in which their excavations were centered. Hence the suggested total of about 190 animal…
The Bone Piles
During the Analysis of the bone bed, it became obvious that not only was there a vertical sequence in the emplacing of the groups of units, but that the groups were, for the most part, congregated into locally restricted piles of bone units, unit groups, and non-articulated bones, each more or less separated from other similar piles (Figs. 30 I , 31 I ). Something of this sort had already been noted by Chubbuck in the pattern of the bone outcropp…
Comparisons and Conclusions
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Bison Kill–A Reconstruction of the Olsen-Chubbuck Site
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Utilization of Bison in the Great Plains
The Olsen-Chubbuck Site is a bison kill. Therefore, it is pertinent to review some of the characteristics of the quarry, for if the archaeologist is to understand the nature and meaning of such kills, he must first understand something about the nature and habits of the bison, particularly the characteristics which made these great beasts susceptible to the techniques of mass slaughter employed by the Indians who hunted them. Moreover, he must un…
Cultural Material from the Olsen-Chubbuck Site
Sixty Artifacts and Other Specimens denoting or suggesting human activity were found in and near the Olsen-Chubbuck fossil arroyo and in the bone bed which it contained (Table 20). Forty-seven specimens came either from within the bone bed itself or form the surface among the bones exposed by weathering. One specimen came from the upper, later fill of the arroyo where it had been partly exposed by weathering, and the remaining 12 specimens came f…
The Jurgens Site: Introduction and Acknowledgements
Ceramic Variety, Type Cluster, and Ceramic System in Southwestern Pottery Analysis
During the past 20 years, the number of named pottery types in the Southwest has increased at such a rate that it is now virtually impossible for an archaeologist to know and be familiar with more than a small percentage of them. Some of these types are totally new, but a surprisingly large number represent refinements in terminology or segregations from more inclusive categories, resulting from further study and increasingly complex technologica…
The American Southwest: A Problem in Cultural Isolation
One of the seminar topics scheduled for the summer of 1955 by the Society for American Archaeology was “The American Southwest: A Problem in Cultural Isolation.” The assignment was to “... examine the assumption that these Southwestern cultures resulted from local acceptance and development of generalized and/or specific traits which can be isolated in distant cultural contexts at earlier times than their climactic developments can be observed in…
Prehistoric Water Sources of the Point of Pines Area
In the course of an archaeological survey of the Point of Pines area, San Carlos Apache Reservation in east-central Arizona, E. W. Haury and E. B. Sayles, of the University of Arizona, noted the presence of a number of depressions which held surface water for a considerable period of time beyond the normal time for runoff. Furthermore, these depressions, or basins, appeared to be associated to some extent with specific archaeological ruins. The p…
An Atlatl from the Baylor Rock Shelter, Culberson County, Texas
During the early spring of 1938, a collector from Van Horn, Gilbert Monk, carried on superficial excavations at the Baylor Rock Shelter twelve miles north of Van Horn in Culberson County, Texas. His digging yielded crude yucca sandals, fiber cordage, undecorated pottery sherds, fragments of compound darts, a tumpline forehead band, a cache of chipped flints including a drill, a projectile point, and three knives, and a complete atlatl.It is the r…
Southwestern Cultural Interrelationships and the Question of Area Co-tradition
Olsen-Chubbuck and Jurgens Sites: Four Aspects of Paleo-Indian Bison Economy
Since 1926, when the Folsom site was excavated, a gradually increasing number of bison sites have added greatly to our general knowledge of the association of Paleo-lndian hunters and now-extinct forms of bison. Most of the early excavations were concerned with the establishment of the as socation, and, by and large, the bone beds were considered only as matrices from which the cultural materials were extracted. Although a variety of observations…
Cultural Material from the Olsen-Chubbuck Site
Sixty Artifacts and Other Specimens denoting or suggesting human activity were found in and near the Olsen-Chubbuck fossil arroyo and in the bone bed which it contained (Table 20). Forty-seven specimens came either from within the bone bed itself or form the surface among the bones exposed by weathering. One specimen came from the upper, later fill of the arroyo where it had been partly exposed by weathering, and the remaining 12 specimens came f…
The 1950 Season at Arizona W: 10: 15
An Atlatl from the Baylor Rock Shelter, Culberson County, Texas
During the early spring of 1938, a collector from Van Horn, Gilbert Monk, carried on superficial excavations at the Baylor Rock Shelter twelve miles north of Van Horn in Culberson County, Texas. His digging yielded crude yucca sandals, fiber cordage, undecorated pottery sherds, fragments of compound darts, a tumpline forehead band, a cache of chipped flints including a drill, a projectile point, and three knives, and a complete atlatl.It is the r…
A Double-Walled Jar from Chihuahua
The 1950 Season at Arizona W: 10: 15
Prehistoric Water Sources of the Point of Pines Area
In the course of an archaeological survey of the Point of Pines area, San Carlos Apache Reservation in east-central Arizona, E. W. Haury and E. B. Sayles, of the University of Arizona, noted the presence of a number of depressions which held surface water for a considerable period of time beyond the normal time for runoff. Furthermore, these depressions, or basins, appeared to be associated to some extent with specific archaeological ruins. The p…
Southwestern Cultural Interrelationships and the Question of Area Co-tradition
XII / The Relation of Mogollon to Prepottery Horizons
It has been stated that with the addition of pottery the Cochise Culture became the Mogollon. The idea is not new. Although the first reports on the Mogollon (Gladwin 1934, 1935. 1936; Haury 1936b) visualized them as intruders into the Southwest from an eastern source, by 194-1 tn e idea was being expressed that there was a genetic connection between the prepottery Cochise and the later Mogollon. Haury (1941: 130) suggested that pottery, house bu…
IV / Village Pattern and Architecture
Having briefly considered the location, environment, and layout of the various Mogollon villages, we may now analyze them to determine whether or not they follow a pattern. In their choice of village sites, it is clear that, with few exceptions, the Mogollon chose places of some elevation and isolation. Twelve of 2I4. villages were located on a mesa, a bluff, or a ridge; 10 others occupied terraces well above valley bottoms; and one was situated …
XIII / Mogollon - Hohokam Relationships
Haury (1943, 1950) has demonstrated that Hohokam was an outgrowth of a western and slightly differentiated branch of San Pedro Stage, as Mogollon developed out of the eastern branch. Certain similarities in ceramic and lithic complexes of Mogollon and Hohokam in the earliest phases of each leave little doubt that there were close relationships at that time. Nevertheless, there existed technological differences in the pottery, and other difference…
VI / Mogollon Pottery
The Mogollon Culture begins with the addition of pottery to the last phase of the Cochise Culture. Pottery was the last distinctive element to be added, for architecture and agriculture had been a functioning part of the culture for perhaps a thousand years or more. There can be little doubt that pottery was introduced from outside the area, for the earliest ceramic complex appears as a thriving industry with well established techniques. Technica…
V / Disposal of the Dead
Somewhat more than 221 burials have been recovered from Mogollon sites which can be assigned to the periods covered by this study. The precise number cannot be given, nor is it important other than as an index to the validity of our reconstruction of the burial customs represented. Burials of Mogollon 1 have been found at Cave Creek, Chiricahua:3:25, San Simon, SU, Bluff, Crooked Ridge Village, and Tularosa Cave. At Cave Creek two burials, flexed…
Epilogue
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IX / Mogollon Social Organization
Martin and his associates (1950b:556-569) have essayed a most Interesting reconstruction of the social organization of the Mogollon Indians of Pine Lawn Valley. It is not my purpose here to criticize this attempt in toto, for I consider it valuable and stimulating, if not proven or provable; nor to offer an alternative reconstruction. However, from the point of view of the total Mogollon cultural pattern, I should like to point out certain discre…
I/ Geography of the Mogollon Area
In cultural terms, the Southwest has never been satisfactorily defined. This is particularly true of the southern boundaries. Archeologists usually include the territory occupied by the groups we term Anasazi, Hohokam, Mogollon, and Patayan; it is this area that will be considered here. Physiographically (Atwood 191+0; Darton 1925; Fenneman 1931), the northern and eastern parts of this area belong primarily to the Colorado Plateaus Province; the …
XIV / Mogollon - Anasazi Relationships
One of the chief problems confronting Southwestern archeologists today is the definition of relationships between the Anasazl and the Mogollon, for regardless of the position taken as to their taxonomic status, the fact that differences did exist in some degree demands investigation. Such investigation is by no means easy, because there are many similarities between the two groups. To understand these, it is necessary to control the relative chro…
VII / Minor Handicrafts of the Mogollon
One of the principal characteristics of the Mogollon culture pattern is the relative abundance of ground and pecked stone artifacts, for the most part of a rather rough-and-ready nature. There can be little doubt that this is, in large measure, a heritage from their Cochise forebears, for often the same tool types are continued, almost without change, from preceramic into ceramic Mogollon horizons. Examples of such continuation are basin and slab…
III / Summary of Mogollon Branches and Sites
The first Mogollon branch defined was the Mimbres. Here, sites have been excavated in the southern part of the Mimbres drainage and in the adjacent part of the Gila drainage. Harris Village (Haury 1936b) is located about a quarter of a mile east of the Mimbres, New Mexico post office, on a large, flat terrace which rises abruptly some 20 m. above the east bank of the Mimbres River. It is about 1,850 m. above sea level. The village occupied severa…
X / The-Mogollon Culture Pattern
Having surveyed the cultural content of the sites called Mogollon by their excavators, and those obviously belonging to the same cultural expression, we may now ask whether there is, or was at any period, a pattern which may be recognized as a functioning cultural entity. This, of course, leaves aside the question of relationships with other cultural patterns, which does not affect the problem at hand. Table 16 brings together the culture element…
VIII / Mogollon Subsistence
Of the basic elements of the Mogollon subsistence pattern there can be little doubt. Hunting, gathering, and agriculture each played its part. However, the question of relative importance of each in the total pattern has never been satisfactorily answered. There is ample evidence that each was practised; but only for one small area do we have the quantitative data necessary to assess their status. A rich fauna recovered at Harris and Mogollon vil…
II / Taxonomy of the Mogollon Culture
Before 1933, a number of sites had been dug in the area including the drainage of the upper Gila, the San Francisco, and the Mimbres rivers. Most of these were late Pueblo sites. Customarily they were thought to represent a regional variant of the culture now called Anasazi. A few investigators, however, suspected that these remains might have had a separate origin. In 1933, Haury excavated Mogollon Village for Gila Pueblo, and the following summ…
XI / Bases for Comparison
In the preceding part of this study I have tried to determine the functional trait constellation and cultural orientation of the Mog oil on people. In the following pages I shall attempt to trace the relationships of this group to other Southwestern groups, both prior and contemporaneous. In this paper I am not concerned with the relative taxonomic status of the various groups. Haury, Colton, Reed, Martin, Rinaldo, Nesbitt, Brew, and others have …
The American Southwest: A Problem in Cultural Isolation
One of the seminar topics scheduled for the summer of 1955 by the Society for American Archaeology was “The American Southwest: A Problem in Cultural Isolation.” The assignment was to “... examine the assumption that these Southwestern cultures resulted from local acceptance and development of generalized and/or specific traits which can be isolated in distant cultural contexts at earlier times than their climactic developments can be observed in…
Archeology: An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology. Dee Ann Suhm and Alex D. Krieger. With Collaboration of Edward B. Jelks
Archeology: Highway Salvage Archaeology, Vol. II. Edited by Fred Wendorf
Ceramic Variety, Type Cluster, and Ceramic System in Southwestern Pottery Analysis
During the past 20 years, the number of named pottery types in the Southwest has increased at such a rate that it is now virtually impossible for an archaeologist to know and be familiar with more than a small percentage of them. Some of these types are totally new, but a surprisingly large number represent refinements in terminology or segregations from more inclusive categories, resulting from further study and increasingly complex technologica…
Journal Of the Plains Conference Proceedings Of the 18 th Plains Conference
"Journal Of the Plains Conference Proceedings Of the 18th Plains Conference." Plains Anthropologist, 6(11), p. 55
Archaeology (35 works) · Geography (31 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (21 works) · Computer Science (18 works) · Archaeology and Natural History (15 works) · Geology (14 works) · History (14 works) · Geology (13 works) · Biology (11 works) · Mathematics (10 works)