Stephen C Wright
Biographic Data
| ID | 84228 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Stephen C Wright |
| GIVEN NAMES | Stephen C |
| FAMILY NAME | Wright |
| SIGNATURE | WRIGHT S C |
| AFFILIATIONS | Simon Fraser University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8071-8885 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 55 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 732 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 55 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Friendship networks predict girls’ STEM fit and interest through subjective belonging
Girls report lower belonging in STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) than boys, which may carry costs for girls’ later STEM participation. We hypothesized that being socially included within a STEM context supports feelings of belonging—which then contributes to stronger intentions to pursue STEM, especially for girls. To investigate, we recruited girls and boys (N = 1,330; Mdn age = 12; 41% White, 35% East Asian) attending week-l…
Seeing women who fit: Girls’ forecasted fit in STEM fosters career interest
Girls often express less interest in STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) education and careers than boys, despite having comparable aptitude. We randomly assigned 242 girls (Mdnage = 12 years; 38% East Asian; 37% White) at Canadian STEM camps to control conversations about generic camp experiences, or intervention conversations where STEM role models discussed how STEM education and careers align with each girl’s most important v…
Indirect Contact and Collective Action Among Disadvantaged Groups: A Multi‐Level Mini‐Meta‐Analysis
It is well established that positive contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice. However, there is also evidence that direct contact with advantaged group members can undermine disadvantaged group members' engagement in collective action. Also, considerable evidence shows that effective contact need not be direct. Mere knowledge of cross‐group friendships (extended contact) or observing positive contact (vicarious contact) c…
Just a Few Bad Apples: Perceiving Sexist Men as Non‐Typical to the Larger Category of Men Serves to Maintain the Gender Hierarchy
Social problems, including those related to gender discrimination, are often simplistically attributed to a few ‘bad apples’ rather than systemic issues. This research explores one aspect of this under‐investigated phenomenon by focusing on women's perceptions of sexist men. Three pre‐registered correlational studies ( n = 647) explored whether women's tendency to perceive sexist men as non‐typical (‘bad apples’) versus typical of the larger cate…
Bridging the divide: Understanding the psychological factors influencing feminist women's support to transgender related policies
The demand for trans people's institutional rights and the approval of the Trans Law (Law 04/3023) has polarized the feminist movement in Spain. In this contentious context, our studies examined the relationship between feminist identity and support for, or opposition to, trans rights among the University community. Two correlational studies (Study 1a = 317; Study 1b = 323) conducted before the law's passage provided opposing results regarding th…
Girls are good at STEM: Opening minds and providing evidence reduces boys' stereotyping of girls' STEM ability
Girls and women face persistent negative stereotyping within STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics). This field intervention was designed to improve boys' perceptions of girls' STEM ability. Boys (N = 667; mostly White and East Asian) aged 9–15 years in Canadian STEM summer camps (2017–2019) had an intervention or control conversation with trained camp staff. The intervention was a multi-stage persuasive appeal: a values affirmation…
From passerby to ally: Testing an intervention to challenge attributions for poverty and generate support for poverty‐reducing policies and allyship
Despite the ubiquity of poverty, its causes remain largely misunderstood and many attribute poverty to individual shortcomings. This stigma not only predicts negative physical and mental health outcomes for those living in poverty, it also psychologically distances them from the economically advantaged. Thus, solutions to the problem of poverty should include efforts to reduce stigma among the economically advantaged, who are often crucial decisi…
High-Quality Contact With Fellow Majority Group Students Is Associated With Better Academic Performance of Minority Group Students
We examined the association between intergroup contact and academic performance at university among minority students in a context with a segregated pre-university school system. Study 1 tested whether participation in a group dynamics course, which involves intimate interpersonal contact between Israeli Arab ( n = 125) and Jewish students, was associated with better grade point average (GPA). As expected, Arab students who participated in the co…
The Effects of Large-Scale Social Movements on Language Attitudes: Cantonese and Mandarin in Hong Kong
Speakers with standard accents are typically judged more favorably than non-standard speakers, but this may shift in response to perceived intergroup conflict with ethnolinguistic outgroups. Three studies were conducted to examine how large-scale social movements may impact language attitudes in Hong Kong. Attitudes toward standard-accented and non-standard-accented Cantonese and Mandarin were collected across four instances in 2013 and 2015 (pre…
Mentioning the Sample’s Country in the Article’s Title Leads to Bias in Research Evaluation
Psychology research from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) countries, especially from the United States, receives more scientific attention than research from non-WEIRD countries. We investigate one structural way that this inequality might be enacted: mentioning the sample's country in the article title. Analyzing the current publication practice of four leading social psychology journals (Study 1) and conducting tw…
The More You Know: Critical Historical Knowledge About Indian Residential Schools Increases Non‐Indigenous Canadians' Empathy for Indigenous Peoples
The pursuit of intergroup reconciliation often includes efforts to educate with the goal of fostering empathy. Yet little empirical evidence demonstrates whether and why greater knowledge might increase empathy. In this research, we investigated whether more critical historical knowledge about a harmed outgroup increases empathy for them, and we explored whether perceptions of privity, the extent to which a past harm continues to cause suffering …
Need satisfaction in intergroup contact: A multinational study of pathways toward social change
What role does intergroup contact play in promoting support for social change toward greater social equality? Drawing on the needs-based model of reconciliation, we theorized that when inequality between groups is perceived as illegitimate, disadvantaged group members will experience a need for empowerment and advantaged group members a need for acceptance. When intergroup contact satisfies each group's needs, it should result in more mutual supp…
Can cross-group contact turn advantaged group members into allies? The role of inequality-delegitimizing contact and interpersonal connection
Previous research shows that positive contact with members of disadvantaged groups can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on advantaged group members’ support of actions for social change towards more equality. The present work provides an experimental test of this effect and introduces two moderators which highlight the fundamental role of (a) communication about perception of the illegitimacy of intergroup inequality and (b) interperso…
Beyond Allyship: Motivations for Advantaged Group Members to Engage in Action for Disadvantaged Groups
White Americans who participate in the Black Lives Matter movement, men who attended the Women’s March, and people from the Global North who work to reduce poverty in the Global South—advantaged group members (sometimes referred to as allies) often engage in action for disadvantaged groups. Tensions can arise, however, over the inclusion of advantaged group members in these movements, which we argue can partly be explained by their motivations to…
A large-scale test of the link between intergroup contact and support for social change
A social psychological examination of the empowering role of language in Indigenous resistance
An understanding of how groups engage in sustained collective action over long periods of time (sometimes over multiple generations) must take into account sociocultural factors. We consider the role of Indigenous languages in motivating and sustaining collective action among Indigenous peoples, drawing on basic social psychological theory as well as insights from Indigenous writers. We contend that the knowledge and use of one’s Indigenous langu…
Contact between groups, peace, and conflict
Contact and intergroup conflict: New ideas for the road ahead
Supportive contact and LGBT collective action: The moderating role of membership in specific groups
A growing body of literature suggests that positive cross-group contact between members of advantaged and disadvantaged groups can undermine disadvantaged group members’ collective action engagement. It has also been proposed that supportive contact (i.e., positive contact with advantaged group members who express explicit support for social change) may be a special form of contact that might increase, rather than reduce collective action engagem…
Acting in Solidarity: Cross‐Group Contact between Disadvantaged Group Members and Advantaged Group Allies
The actions of advantaged group activists (sometimes called “allies”) are admirable, and they likely make meaningful contributions to the movements they support. However, a nuanced understanding of the role of advantaged group allies must also consider the potential challenges of their participation. Both in their everyday lives and during their activist work, advantaged group allies are especially likely to have direct contact with disadvantaged…
Self‐Expansion and Intergroup Contact: Expectancies and Motives to Self‐Expand Lead to Greater Interest in Outgroup Contact and More Positive Intergroup Relations
Sixty years of research on intergroup contact demonstrates that positive interactions across group boundaries can improve intergroup attitudes and can contribute to forging tolerant, integrated, multicultural societies. However, to fully realize the benefits of growing diversity around the globe, individuals need to exploit opportunities for intergroup contact that are available to them. Yet, it is relatively unknown why people might deliberately…
Meritocracy and Tokenism
Self-expansion motivation improves cross-group interactions and enhances self-growth
Rather than seeing outgroup members as targets of fear, conflict, or even tolerance, the self-expansion model proposes that outgroup members might be seen as attractive opportunities for self-growth. The current study utilizes an experimental manipulation to raise (or lower) self-expansion motivation prior to a positive interaction with a stranger from a different ethnic group. The results show that priming high self-expansion motivation leads to…
(How) does positive and negative extended cross‐group contact predict direct cross‐group contact and intergroup attitudes
Knowing that fellow ingroup members have cross‐group contact can affect how people think, feel, and behave towards an out‐group. Previous research on extended contact focused almost exclusively on positive cross‐group interactions, neglecting the fact that extended contact can also be negative. In this contribution, we introduce negative extended contact and investigate how both forms of extended contact predict direct cross‐group contact and int…
Broadening Perspectives on Achieving Social Change
The articles in this special issue challenge readers to reconsider the relationships among individual mobility, collective action, and social change. Taken together, they reveal an increasing and broadening interest in the concept of social change and raise important questions about its societal applications. In this commentary, we expand on this rich body of research by considering how surface indicators of (lack of) social change such as indivi…
The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice
The extended contact hypothesis proposes that knowledge that an in-group member has a close relationship with an out-group member can lead to more positive intergroup attitudes. Proposed mechanisms are the in-group or out-group member serving as positive exemplars and the inclusion of the out-group member's group membership in the self. In Studies 1 and 2, respondents knowing an in-group member with an out-group friend had less negative attitudes…
Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective protest
Responding to\tmembership\tin\ta disadvantaged group\t[microform]\t:\t from acceptance to\tcollective\tprotest\t
Vicarious intergroup contact effects: Applying social-cognitive theory to intergroup contact research
This contribution examines the role of vicarious contact (observing in-group members having successful cross-group contact) as a tool to improve intergroup relations. Expanding previous research on indirect intergroup contact, vicarious contact (1) integrates and applies concepts of social-cognitive theory ( Bandura, 1986 ) to the field of intergroup contact research; (2) broadens the study of indirect contact effects to the observation of succes…
Yet another dark side of chivalry: Benevolent sexism undermines and hostile sexism motivates collective action for social change
The current research tests a model for understanding how benevolent sexism undermines, whereas hostile sexism promotes, social change. Study 1 (N = 99) and Study 2 (N = 92) demonstrate that exposing women to benevolent sexism decreases their engagement in collective action, whereas exposure to hostile sexism increases it. Both effects were mediated by gender-specific system justification and perceived advantages of being a woman. In Study 2, posi…
Acting in Solidarity: Cross‐Group Contact between Disadvantaged Group Members and Advantaged Group Allies
The actions of advantaged group activists (sometimes called “allies”) are admirable, and they likely make meaningful contributions to the movements they support. However, a nuanced understanding of the role of advantaged group allies must also consider the potential challenges of their participation. Both in their everyday lives and during their activist work, advantaged group allies are especially likely to have direct contact with disadvantaged…
The Next Generation of Collective Action Research
The articles presented in this volume describe part of a new generation of interest and vigor in the social psychological study of collective action. This new wave builds nicely on the foundation set by social identity, self‐categorization, and relative deprivation theories but also introduces a number of important innovative perspectives and variables. In this commentary, I review some of these expansions and additions, raise a number of concept…
(How) does positive and negative extended cross‐group contact predict direct cross‐group contact and intergroup attitudes
Knowing that fellow ingroup members have cross‐group contact can affect how people think, feel, and behave towards an out‐group. Previous research on extended contact focused almost exclusively on positive cross‐group interactions, neglecting the fact that extended contact can also be negative. In this contribution, we introduce negative extended contact and investigate how both forms of extended contact predict direct cross‐group contact and int…
Language and Intergroup Contact: Investigating the Impact of Bilingual Instruction on Children’s Intergroup Attitudes
This study examined the impact of bilingual versus English-only instruction on the intergroup attitudes of White, English-speaking children in kindergarten through second grade. Replicating prior research, White children generally showed a clear preference toward the ingroup in terms of positive evaluations, friendship preference, and perceived similarity to the self. However, all three effects were significantly smaller among children who were i…
Self‐Expansion and Intergroup Contact: Expectancies and Motives to Self‐Expand Lead to Greater Interest in Outgroup Contact and More Positive Intergroup Relations
Sixty years of research on intergroup contact demonstrates that positive interactions across group boundaries can improve intergroup attitudes and can contribute to forging tolerant, integrated, multicultural societies. However, to fully realize the benefits of growing diversity around the globe, individuals need to exploit opportunities for intergroup contact that are available to them. Yet, it is relatively unknown why people might deliberately…
Self-expansion motivation improves cross-group interactions and enhances self-growth
Rather than seeing outgroup members as targets of fear, conflict, or even tolerance, the self-expansion model proposes that outgroup members might be seen as attractive opportunities for self-growth. The current study utilizes an experimental manipulation to raise (or lower) self-expansion motivation prior to a positive interaction with a stranger from a different ethnic group. The results show that priming high self-expansion motivation leads to…
A large-scale test of the link between intergroup contact and support for social change
Beyond Prejudice: Extending the Social Psychology of Conflict, Inequality and Social Change
The concept of prejudice has profoundly influenced how we have investigated, explained and tried to change intergroup relations of discrimination and inequality. But what has this concept contributed to our knowledge of relations between groups and what has it obscured or misrepresented? How has it expanded or narrowed the horizons of psychological inquiry? How effective or ineffective has it been in guiding our attempts to transform social relat…
The relationship of perceptions and emotions to behavior in the face of collective inequality
Identity moderates the effects of Christmas displays on mood, self-esteem, and inclusion
Intergroup Contact and Minority-Language Education: Reducing Language-Based Discrimination and Its Negative Impact
The authors consider two related approaches that may be important in the amelioration of language-based discrimination. The first focuses on the attitudes of the dominant-language group and applies recent perspectives on the intergroup contact theory to suggest ways of reducing prejudice among members of the dominant group. Research with White/Anglo children in California are used to show the potential benefits of bilingual over English-only educ…
The More You Know: Critical Historical Knowledge About Indian Residential Schools Increases Non‐Indigenous Canadians' Empathy for Indigenous Peoples
The pursuit of intergroup reconciliation often includes efforts to educate with the goal of fostering empathy. Yet little empirical evidence demonstrates whether and why greater knowledge might increase empathy. In this research, we investigated whether more critical historical knowledge about a harmed outgroup increases empathy for them, and we explored whether perceptions of privity, the extent to which a past harm continues to cause suffering …
Advantaged group members’ reactions to tokenism
Existing research on tokenism has focused exclusively on the disadvantaged group, despite the important role advantaged groups could play in challenging tokenism. This study examines American students’ responses to a university admission policy for African students that produced an open, closed or tokenism context, when attention was focused on their own or the disadvantaged group. An open context always received higher approval ratings than a co…
Need satisfaction in intergroup contact: A multinational study of pathways toward social change
What role does intergroup contact play in promoting support for social change toward greater social equality? Drawing on the needs-based model of reconciliation, we theorized that when inequality between groups is perceived as illegitimate, disadvantaged group members will experience a need for empowerment and advantaged group members a need for acceptance. When intergroup contact satisfies each group's needs, it should result in more mutual supp…
Can cross-group contact turn advantaged group members into allies? The role of inequality-delegitimizing contact and interpersonal connection
Previous research shows that positive contact with members of disadvantaged groups can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on advantaged group members’ support of actions for social change towards more equality. The present work provides an experimental test of this effect and introduces two moderators which highlight the fundamental role of (a) communication about perception of the illegitimacy of intergroup inequality and (b) interperso…
A social psychological examination of the empowering role of language in Indigenous resistance
An understanding of how groups engage in sustained collective action over long periods of time (sometimes over multiple generations) must take into account sociocultural factors. We consider the role of Indigenous languages in motivating and sustaining collective action among Indigenous peoples, drawing on basic social psychological theory as well as insights from Indigenous writers. We contend that the knowledge and use of one’s Indigenous langu…
Supportive contact and LGBT collective action: The moderating role of membership in specific groups
A growing body of literature suggests that positive cross-group contact between members of advantaged and disadvantaged groups can undermine disadvantaged group members’ collective action engagement. It has also been proposed that supportive contact (i.e., positive contact with advantaged group members who express explicit support for social change) may be a special form of contact that might increase, rather than reduce collective action engagem…
Contact and intergroup conflict: New ideas for the road ahead
Broadening Perspectives on Achieving Social Change
The articles in this special issue challenge readers to reconsider the relationships among individual mobility, collective action, and social change. Taken together, they reveal an increasing and broadening interest in the concept of social change and raise important questions about its societal applications. In this commentary, we expand on this rich body of research by considering how surface indicators of (lack of) social change such as indivi…
Examining the Potential for Academic Achievement among Inuit Children: Comparisons on the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices
A longitudinal design was used to examine intellectual potential and development of analytic intelligence among Inuit children in Arctic Quebec. Children completed the board form of the Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) on four occasions during the first two years of formal education. Inuit children's CPM scores were consistently higher than age-appropriate U.S. norms and were comparable with data for White children in southern Quebec. In addit…
Seeing women who fit: Girls’ forecasted fit in STEM fosters career interest
Girls often express less interest in STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) education and careers than boys, despite having comparable aptitude. We randomly assigned 242 girls (Mdnage = 12 years; 38% East Asian; 37% White) at Canadian STEM camps to control conversations about generic camp experiences, or intervention conversations where STEM role models discussed how STEM education and careers align with each girl’s most important v…
Serengetti Relics
Month That My Grandmother Knows So Well
The Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy: Perceiving My Group, but not Myself, to be a Target for Discrimination
An unexpected finding that has surfaced in research on discrimination is that respondents perceive a higher level of discrimination directed at their group as a whole than at themselves as individual members of that group. The present study directly tested this personal/group discrepancy by focusing on two groups of Canadian immigrants who have been the targets of much discrimination, Haitian and South Asian women. Respondents were questioned abo…
The Cross-Cultural Challenge to Social Psychology
Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective protest
Responding to\tmembership\tin\ta disadvantaged group\t[microform]\t:\t from acceptance to\tcollective\tprotest\t
The relationship of perceptions and emotions to behavior in the face of collective inequality
Social Psychology in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Introduction Research Methods in Cultural Context Cognitive Social Psychology Social Influence Social Relations Cultural Contact and Social Psychology
Language Perceptions among the Inuit of Arctic Quebec: The Future Role of the Heritage Language
A common theme that arises from a survey of Arctic peoples around the world is the subtraction of the heritage language by the dominant "southern" language. The present research, conducted in Arctic Quebec, examined Inuit perceptions about the use of Inuttitut, French, and English for themselves, for their children at present, and for their children when they become adults. The results indicate that despite all evidence to the contrary, responden…
Examining the Potential for Academic Achievement among Inuit Children: Comparisons on the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices
A longitudinal design was used to examine intellectual potential and development of analytic intelligence among Inuit children in Arctic Quebec. Children completed the board form of the Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) on four occasions during the first two years of formal education. Inuit children's CPM scores were consistently higher than age-appropriate U.S. norms and were comparable with data for White children in southern Quebec. In addit…
The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice
The extended contact hypothesis proposes that knowledge that an in-group member has a close relationship with an out-group member can lead to more positive intergroup attitudes. Proposed mechanisms are the in-group or out-group member serving as positive exemplars and the inclusion of the out-group member's group membership in the self. In Studies 1 and 2, respondents knowing an in-group member with an out-group friend had less negative attitudes…
Responding to tokenism: Individual action in the face of collective injustice
Tokenism is defined as an intergroup context in which very few members of a disadvantaged group are accepted into positions usually reserved for members of the advantaged group, while access is systematically denied for the vast majority of disqualified disadvantaged group members. In a laboratory experiment, Wright, Taylor and Moghaddam (1990) found that when disadvantaged group members are denied upward mobility because of a policy of tokenism …
Ingroup identification and relative deprivation: An examination across multiple social comparisons
Most research on social identity and relative deprivation has focused on the salience of social identity in social comparisons. In contrast, little research has studied relative deprivation in relation to one's identification with the ingroup, and across a variety of comparison targets. Using samples of Latino and African–American respondents, the present study investigated ingroup identification and relative deprivation in comparisons with Ingro…
Ingroup identification and relative deprivation: An examination across multiple social comparisons
Ingroup Identification as the Inclusion of Ingroup in the Self
This article presents a basic conceptualization of ingroup identification as the degree to which the ingroup is included in the self and introduces the Inclusion of Ingroup in the Self (IIS) measure to reflect this conceptualization. Using responses from samples of women and ethnic minority groups, four studies demonstrate the utility of this conceptualization of ingroup identification and provide support for the IIS. Results from these studies e…
Early Heritage-language Education and the Abrupt Shift to a Dominant-language Classroom: Impact on the Personal and Collective Esteem of Inuit Children in Arctic Québec
This research explored the impact of the abrupt shift from heritage-language to dominant-language education on Inuit children's personal and collective self-esteem. Specifically, the following question was addressed: will early heritage-language education serve as an inoculation against the potential negative impact of being submerged in a dominant second-language environment, or will it just delay the negative impact of this submersion? Results …
Evaluations and Perceptions of Self, Ingroup, and Outgroup: Comparisons Between Mexican-American and European-American Children
The present research examined evaluations of self, ingroup members, and outgroup members among young Mexican-American and European-American children. European-American children showed a greater discrepancy between evaluations of themselves and other ingroup members, and perceived fewer ingroup members as like themselves, relative to Mexican-American children. European-American children also evaluated ingroup targets more positively than outgroup …
Including others in the self
We propose that to some extent, people treat the resources, perspectives, and identities of close others as their own. This proposal is supported by allocation, attribution, response time, and memory experiments. Recently, we have applied this idea to deepening understanding of feeling “too close” (including too much of the other in the self leading to feeling controlled or a loss of identity), the effects of relationship loss (it is distressing …
Language and Intergroup Contact: Investigating the Impact of Bilingual Instruction on Children’s Intergroup Attitudes
This study examined the impact of bilingual versus English-only instruction on the intergroup attitudes of White, English-speaking children in kindergarten through second grade. Replicating prior research, White children generally showed a clear preference toward the ingroup in terms of positive evaluations, friendship preference, and perceived similarity to the self. However, all three effects were significantly smaller among children who were i…
Intergroup Contact and Minority-Language Education: Reducing Language-Based Discrimination and Its Negative Impact
The authors consider two related approaches that may be important in the amelioration of language-based discrimination. The first focuses on the attitudes of the dominant-language group and applies recent perspectives on the intergroup contact theory to suggest ways of reducing prejudice among members of the dominant group. Research with White/Anglo children in California are used to show the potential benefits of bilingual over English-only educ…
Aboriginal Languages in Quebec: Fighting Linguicide with Bilingual Education
Aboriginal peoples in Quebec are fighting for the survival of their language and culture. An essential component of Aboriginal decolonization and empowerment is the protection and enhancement of the Aboriginal heritage language. In this article, we review twenty years of research in Arctic Quebec (Nunavik) involving Inuit students educated in Inuktitut as well as in French and English. Our research reveals that children not only learn better in t…
The Next Generation of Collective Action Research
The articles presented in this volume describe part of a new generation of interest and vigor in the social psychological study of collective action. This new wave builds nicely on the foundation set by social identity, self‐categorization, and relative deprivation theories but also introduces a number of important innovative perspectives and variables. In this commentary, I review some of these expansions and additions, raise a number of concept…
Collective Action and Social Change
Advantaged group members’ reactions to tokenism
Existing research on tokenism has focused exclusively on the disadvantaged group, despite the important role advantaged groups could play in challenging tokenism. This study examines American students’ responses to a university admission policy for African students that produced an open, closed or tokenism context, when attention was focused on their own or the disadvantaged group. An open context always received higher approval ratings than a co…
Identity moderates the effects of Christmas displays on mood, self-esteem, and inclusion
Cross-Group Friendships and Intergroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review
This work identifies how cross-group friendships are conceptualized and measured in intergroup research, investigates which operationalizations yield the strongest effects on intergroup attitudes, explores potential moderators, and discusses the theoretical importance of the findings. Prior meta-analyses have provided initial evidence that cross-group friendships are especially powerful forms of intergroup contact. Although studies of cross-group…
Psychology (50 works) · Social Psychology (46 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (36 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (27 works) · Political science (25 works) · Social Psychology (23 works) · Sociology (19 works) · Disadvantaged (12 works) · Collective action (11 works) · Ingroups and outgroups (11 works)