Martin J Ball
Biographic Data
| ID | 84766 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Martin J Ball |
| GIVEN NAMES | Martin J |
| FAMILY NAME | Ball |
| SIGNATURE | BALL M J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of South Wales |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1745-9569 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 38 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 36 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 35 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1981 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2018 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Revisions to the VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality
The 'voice quality symbols' (VoQS) transcription system for voice quality was introduced some 20 years ago, and no major revision has been undertaken since then. In this account we describe the first major revision of the VoQS chart, these changes being mostly in the form of additions to the section on phonation types, but include also changes to the layout of the supralaryngeal settings section. These reflect recent developments in the understan…
Revisions to the extIPA chart
This paper describes changes to the extIPA (Extensions to the IPA) symbol set, the motivation for these changes, and areas where future changes by the IPA might be helpful to clinical transcribers. The extIPA symbol set was introduced some twenty-five years ago. Since that time, some minor changes have been introduced to the extIPA chart but no major rearrangement has been attempted. The 2010 Oslo meeting of ICPLA (International Clinical Phonetic…
Handbook of Qualitative Research in Communication Disorders
Qualitative research approaches are increasingly being used in the study of communication disorders, as is attested to by the nature of this volume. Th ere have been special issues devoted to the subject in the American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology (Damico & Simmons-Mackie, 2003), Aphasiology (Damico, Simmons-Mackie, Oelschlaeger, Elman, & Armstrong, 1999), and in the Australian journal ACQuiring Knowledge in Speech Language and Hearing (…
Vowels and Consonants of the World’s Languages
The Celtic Languages
This comprehensive volume describes in depth all the Celtic languages from historical, structural and sociolinguistic perspectives, with individual chapters on Irish, Scottish, Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Breton and Cornish. Organized for ease of reference, The Celtic Languages is arranged in four parts. The first, Historical Aspects, covers the origin and history of the Celtic languages, their spread and retreat, present-day distribution and a sketch o…
The symbolization of central approximants in the IPA
Approximants that can be considered weaker versions of voiced fricatives (termed here 'frictionless continuants') are poorly served by the IPA in terms of symbolization as compared to semi-vowel approximants. In this paper we survey the central approximants and the symbols and diacritics used to transcribe them; we focus on evidence for the use of non-rhotic frictionless continuants in both natural language (by which we mean non-clinical varietie…
The Celtic Languages
Response to W. J. Barry & J. Trouvain, Do we need a symbol for a central open vowel? Jipa 38 (2008), 349–357
I leave to others the argument as to whether there is sufficient justification to add a central open vowel symbol to the IPA. Rather, in this response, I would like to comment on the various proposals for what such a symbol should be outlined in Barry & Trouvain (2008). I will not be following the original ordering of suggestions in the article, but start with the proposals to redefine current symbols
Phonological Analysis of a Case of Progressive Speech Degeneration
A case of progressive speech degeneration in a 63-year-old male is described, and the results of a series of verbal tasks are given. Three of the participant's phonological processes (loss of aspiration in fortis stops, denasalization, and addition of labials to /r/-initial words) are subjected to analysis via two currently important phonological paradigms: constraintbased Optimality Theory and articulation-based Gestural Phonology. The two appro…
An Idiosyncratic Case of /r/ Disorder: Application of Principles from Systemic Phonology and Systemic Functional Linguistics
In this paper we report on the case of a 9;8-year-old male, who had been treated for a variety of speech problems over several years, but retained an idiosyncratic set of realizations for target English /r/. His target accent was general Southern USA English, which is fully rhotic in all positions in word structure. Speech data were recorded in a variety of tasks, different situations, and with different interlocutors (including reading aloud, pr…
Re‐reading bean's last paragraph
The last paragraph of C.E.W. Bean's Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18 is one of the best known passages in the whole twelve volumes. With its rhetorical phrases and patriotic diction, the last paragraph strongly expresses links between Anzac and the nation. This article reveals that the ‘last paragraph’, published 1942, was in fact the first to be written, in 1919. It further details how Bean's original ideas were suppressed by …
Mutation in Welsh
The acquisition of the Rhotic Consonants by Welsh-English bilingual children
This article reports on a study into the acquisition of Welsh and English phonology in Welsh-English bilingual children. It concentrates on the acquisition of the rhotic consonants, that is the trilled-r of Welsh and the approximant- r of English. The trilled-r shows differential patterns of acquisition depending on the age and language dominance of the subjects. It also demonstrates a wide range of substitutions, and it is argued that some of th…
The acquisition of the lateral fricative in WelshEnglish bilinguals
This article reports on a study into the acquisition of Welsh phonology in bilingual Welsh-English children. It concentrates on the acquisition of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, which showed a wide range of substitutions, and differential patterns of development dependent on the dominant language of the subjects, and the position within the word of the target. Various substitution strategies are described, including fricatives, and fr…
On the status of diacritics
In this article we note that diacritics, both in terms of their definition by the IPA, and in studies of transcriber reliability, are treated as a single group. Further, they are usually treated as being used purely to refine the meaning of a sound and, as such, as having less status phonetically than full symbols. It is argued here that diacritics should be classified into at least two major categories, and it is shown how one of these categorie…
On Percussives
In this paper the nature of the so-called percussives is investigated. It is shown that these sounds are often produced on oral airstream mechanisms, resulting in what can be termed ‘resonating percussives’. The three percussives so far identified are described together with the nature of their differing oralic airstream mechanisms, and recommended transcriptions are given
Problems of phonetic transcription: The case of the Hiberno-English slit-t
Acoustic and electropalatographic data on the so-called Hiberno-English 'slit-t' are reported, and the implications these data have for an adequate transcription are discussed. Previous transcription suggestions highlight the difficulty posed by the lack of an IPA diacritic for tongue shape. We conclude that the adoption of an alveolar diacritic (as used in the extensions to the IPA for transcribing disordered speech) could get round these diffic…
The realisation of schwa plus underlying /r/ and /n/ in a local dialect of the Palatinate
Barry (1995a) presents data from Standard German which, among other things, illustrates the two different schwa vowels found in that variety. Barry's acoustic analysis demonstrates that orthographic final '-e' has a regularly closer central vowel than orthographic final '-er', and that the latter normally has no closing r-consonant. Barry, however, did not present data to examine which variety of schwa was found before orthographic '-r-' when the…
The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality
While the history of interest in voice quality dates back at least as far as Henry Sweet (e.g. 1890), there was for many years little agreement on how to classify voice quality or how to transcribe it as part of a phonetic transcription. Indeed, there is not even agreement on precisely what the term covers in that it is often restricted to aspects of voice quality derived from vocal fold activity, rather than the fuller meaning which encompasses …
Initial-consonant mutation in modern spoken Welsh
The phenomenon of initial-consonant mutation in Welsh will be examined, and examples given of the usage of this feature in modern standard Welsh. Patterns of use and non-use of mutations by speakers in data collected by the author will then be investigated, along with correlations between these patterns and non-linguistic variables. An attempt will be made to account for these findings in terms of the minority language situation of Welsh
Further to Articulatory Force and the IPA Revisions
I read with interest the note by Leigh Lisker in JIPA 22 (pp 57-61) concerning the problem of marking force of articulation in phonetic transcription, and his regret that the 1989 revisions did not include diacritics for the fortis-lenis distinction. It is true that there exists no universally agreed definition of articulatory force, however, as Professor Lisker points out, phoneticians involved in transcription frequently encounter the need to d…
Characteristics of Atypical Speech currently not included in the Extensions to the IPA
The Extensions to the IPA for the transcription of disordered speech and voice quality (extIPA) were approved at the 1989 IPA Congress in Kiel (see Duckworth et al. 1990, Ball 1991). A transcription system for disordered speech needs to provide sufficient diversity of symbols and diacritics to account for the majority of observed phonetic variants. Creation of standard new symbols and diacritics for every observed variant is ultimately counterpro…
Intercultural communication at work in Australia: Complaints and apologies in turns
Computer Coding of the IPA: Extensions to the IPA
Esling (1990) reports on the computer coding of the IPA as amended to 1989. The coding system consists of three-digit numbers, divided into groups for consonants, vowels, and diacritics by the first digit. The set of coding numbers in the series 6nn was reserved for the symbols for voice quality and pathological speech listed in the Extensions to the IPA drawn up by the Group working on these symbols at the Kiel IPA Convention
Homonymic clash and initial lenition in Welsh: 1,(000),000,000 Problems
The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality
While the history of interest in voice quality dates back at least as far as Henry Sweet (e.g. 1890), there was for many years little agreement on how to classify voice quality or how to transcribe it as part of a phonetic transcription. Indeed, there is not even agreement on precisely what the term covers in that it is often restricted to aspects of voice quality derived from vocal fold activity, rather than the fuller meaning which encompasses …
Characteristics of Atypical Speech currently not included in the Extensions to the IPA
The Extensions to the IPA for the transcription of disordered speech and voice quality (extIPA) were approved at the 1989 IPA Congress in Kiel (see Duckworth et al. 1990, Ball 1991). A transcription system for disordered speech needs to provide sufficient diversity of symbols and diacritics to account for the majority of observed phonetic variants. Creation of standard new symbols and diacritics for every observed variant is ultimately counterpro…
Revisions to the extIPA chart
This paper describes changes to the extIPA (Extensions to the IPA) symbol set, the motivation for these changes, and areas where future changes by the IPA might be helpful to clinical transcribers. The extIPA symbol set was introduced some twenty-five years ago. Since that time, some minor changes have been introduced to the extIPA chart but no major rearrangement has been attempted. The 2010 Oslo meeting of ICPLA (International Clinical Phonetic…
Computer Coding of the IPA: Extensions to the IPA
Esling (1990) reports on the computer coding of the IPA as amended to 1989. The coding system consists of three-digit numbers, divided into groups for consonants, vowels, and diacritics by the first digit. The set of coding numbers in the series 6nn was reserved for the symbols for voice quality and pathological speech listed in the Extensions to the IPA drawn up by the Group working on these symbols at the Kiel IPA Convention
Revisions to the VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality
The 'voice quality symbols' (VoQS) transcription system for voice quality was introduced some 20 years ago, and no major revision has been undertaken since then. In this account we describe the first major revision of the VoQS chart, these changes being mostly in the form of additions to the section on phonation types, but include also changes to the layout of the supralaryngeal settings section. These reflect recent developments in the understan…
Handbook of Qualitative Research in Communication Disorders
Qualitative research approaches are increasingly being used in the study of communication disorders, as is attested to by the nature of this volume. Th ere have been special issues devoted to the subject in the American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology (Damico & Simmons-Mackie, 2003), Aphasiology (Damico, Simmons-Mackie, Oelschlaeger, Elman, & Armstrong, 1999), and in the Australian journal ACQuiring Knowledge in Speech Language and Hearing (…
Re‐reading bean's last paragraph
The last paragraph of C.E.W. Bean's Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18 is one of the best known passages in the whole twelve volumes. With its rhetorical phrases and patriotic diction, the last paragraph strongly expresses links between Anzac and the nation. This article reveals that the ‘last paragraph’, published 1942, was in fact the first to be written, in 1919. It further details how Bean's original ideas were suppressed by …
Problems of phonetic transcription: The case of the Hiberno-English slit-t
Acoustic and electropalatographic data on the so-called Hiberno-English 'slit-t' are reported, and the implications these data have for an adequate transcription are discussed. Previous transcription suggestions highlight the difficulty posed by the lack of an IPA diacritic for tongue shape. We conclude that the adoption of an alveolar diacritic (as used in the extensions to the IPA for transcribing disordered speech) could get round these diffic…
Intercultural communication at work in Australia: Complaints and apologies in turns
A spectrographic investigation of three Welsh diphthongs
Studies of Welsh have generally relied upon traditional accounts of the phonetics of the language, in terms of descriptions of articulation with little reference to instrumental investigation (e.g. S. Jones, 1926; Morris-Jones, 1913; Arwyn Watkins, 1961; and most of the unpublished dialect studies presented as theses to the University of Wales). However, certain instrumental studies of Welsh phonetics do exist, although their number and range of …
The symbolization of central approximants in the IPA
Approximants that can be considered weaker versions of voiced fricatives (termed here 'frictionless continuants') are poorly served by the IPA in terms of symbolization as compared to semi-vowel approximants. In this paper we survey the central approximants and the symbols and diacritics used to transcribe them; we focus on evidence for the use of non-rhotic frictionless continuants in both natural language (by which we mean non-clinical varietie…
On the status of diacritics
In this article we note that diacritics, both in terms of their definition by the IPA, and in studies of transcriber reliability, are treated as a single group. Further, they are usually treated as being used purely to refine the meaning of a sound and, as such, as having less status phonetically than full symbols. It is argued here that diacritics should be classified into at least two major categories, and it is shown how one of these categorie…
The realisation of schwa plus underlying /r/ and /n/ in a local dialect of the Palatinate
Barry (1995a) presents data from Standard German which, among other things, illustrates the two different schwa vowels found in that variety. Barry's acoustic analysis demonstrates that orthographic final '-e' has a regularly closer central vowel than orthographic final '-er', and that the latter normally has no closing r-consonant. Barry, however, did not present data to examine which variety of schwa was found before orthographic '-r-' when the…
Further to Articulatory Force and the IPA Revisions
I read with interest the note by Leigh Lisker in JIPA 22 (pp 57-61) concerning the problem of marking force of articulation in phonetic transcription, and his regret that the 1989 revisions did not include diacritics for the fortis-lenis distinction. It is true that there exists no universally agreed definition of articulatory force, however, as Professor Lisker points out, phoneticians involved in transcription frequently encounter the need to d…
The reporter's test as a sociolinguistic tool
The problem confronted by many sociolinguists of assuring sufficient examples of a particular variable in their data is discussed, and a pilot study using various different data elicitation techniques is described. The most useful of these appears to be the reporter's test, which is described in detail. A further study is described, which, like the first, is on features of Welsh, and this supports the previous findings. From these studies we have…
An error recognition test as a measure of linguistic competence: An example from Welsh
Fricative production in Broca's aphasia: A Spectrographic Analysis
Language assessment procedures for linguistic minorities: An example
The lack of standardised language assessment procedures for bilingual communities in Britain is pointed out, as well as the problems faced by speech therapists in adequately assessing the linguistic ability of bilinguals. An example of the steps necessary in the development of such a procedure in the specific instance of a phonological assessment for Welsh is provided. Test design is discussed with the conclusion that a picture elicitation proced…
Fricative production in Broca's aphasia: A Spectrographic Analysis
A spectrographic investigation of three Welsh diphthongs
Studies of Welsh have generally relied upon traditional accounts of the phonetics of the language, in terms of descriptions of articulation with little reference to instrumental investigation (e.g. S. Jones, 1926; Morris-Jones, 1913; Arwyn Watkins, 1961; and most of the unpublished dialect studies presented as theses to the University of Wales). However, certain instrumental studies of Welsh phonetics do exist, although their number and range of …
The centring diphthongs in Southern English—a sound change in progress
Until comparatively recently, the diphthong systems of southern English accents have appeared virtually symmetrical, and such an ideally symmetrical system for the closing and centring diphthongs is shown in Figures 1 and 2. (The diphthong /ɔI/, which of course does upset the symmetry, is omitted for the sake of exposition. Historically too this omission is well-motivated, as this diphthong was a borrowing from Norman French (Gimson, 1962: 132), …
Radio Cymru: Programme style and linguistic variation
A study of three different Welsh radio programmes shows that the degree of formality of the programme correlates closely with the usage of certain linguistic variables, and thereby reflects closely community linguistic patterning in respect of those variables
An error recognition test as a measure of linguistic competence: An example from Welsh
Linguistic Profiling Techniques for Minority Languages in Britain
The reporter's test as a sociolinguistic tool
The problem confronted by many sociolinguists of assuring sufficient examples of a particular variable in their data is discussed, and a pilot study using various different data elicitation techniques is described. The most useful of these appears to be the reporter's test, which is described in detail. A further study is described, which, like the first, is on features of Welsh, and this supports the previous findings. From these studies we have…
Linguo-labials revisited: The PRDS solution
Both Maddieson (1987) and Kelly (1987) discuss the problem of symbolising linguo-labials in Austronesian languages of Vanuatu, and highlight the alternative solutions to the problem of symbolising rare speech sounds. Maddieson outlines five possible answers: firstly no official IPA symbolisation be provided, allowing transcribers to utilise ad hoc personal transcriptions. Secondly, existing symbols could be modified by existing diacritics, though…
Problems in the transcription of dysfluent speech
Clinical phoneticians and speech pathologists often face difficulties in transcription of a different nature from those which the general phonetician encounters. A wide range of speech disorders present at the clinic (see Crystal 1980, 1981, 1984), and in many cases a detailed phonetic description of speech is an important part of the analysis and diagnosis of a person's problem (see Carney 1979, on the dangers of inadequate description)
A diacritic range for phonation types
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The Use of Welsh: A Contribution to Sociolinguistics
Welsh is perhaps the most vigorous of the surviving Celtic languages, and has undoubtedly attracted the most modern linguistic research. It is surprising therefore that, while publications on Welsh syntax and phonology have appeared in recent years, no investigation into the sociolinguistics of the language has been available. The linguistic situation in Wales is a complex one, and Welsh as a minority language has not found the establishment and …
The transcription of suprasegmentals in Welsh
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Homonymic clash and initial lenition in Welsh: 1,(000),000,000 Problems
Intercultural communication at work in Australia: Complaints and apologies in turns
Computer Coding of the IPA: Extensions to the IPA
Esling (1990) reports on the computer coding of the IPA as amended to 1989. The coding system consists of three-digit numbers, divided into groups for consonants, vowels, and diacritics by the first digit. The set of coding numbers in the series 6nn was reserved for the symbols for voice quality and pathological speech listed in the Extensions to the IPA drawn up by the Group working on these symbols at the Kiel IPA Convention
Initial-consonant mutation in modern spoken Welsh
The phenomenon of initial-consonant mutation in Welsh will be examined, and examples given of the usage of this feature in modern standard Welsh. Patterns of use and non-use of mutations by speakers in data collected by the author will then be investigated, along with correlations between these patterns and non-linguistic variables. An attempt will be made to account for these findings in terms of the minority language situation of Welsh
Further to Articulatory Force and the IPA Revisions
I read with interest the note by Leigh Lisker in JIPA 22 (pp 57-61) concerning the problem of marking force of articulation in phonetic transcription, and his regret that the 1989 revisions did not include diacritics for the fortis-lenis distinction. It is true that there exists no universally agreed definition of articulatory force, however, as Professor Lisker points out, phoneticians involved in transcription frequently encounter the need to d…
Characteristics of Atypical Speech currently not included in the Extensions to the IPA
The Extensions to the IPA for the transcription of disordered speech and voice quality (extIPA) were approved at the 1989 IPA Congress in Kiel (see Duckworth et al. 1990, Ball 1991). A transcription system for disordered speech needs to provide sufficient diversity of symbols and diacritics to account for the majority of observed phonetic variants. Creation of standard new symbols and diacritics for every observed variant is ultimately counterpro…
The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality
While the history of interest in voice quality dates back at least as far as Henry Sweet (e.g. 1890), there was for many years little agreement on how to classify voice quality or how to transcribe it as part of a phonetic transcription. Indeed, there is not even agreement on precisely what the term covers in that it is often restricted to aspects of voice quality derived from vocal fold activity, rather than the fuller meaning which encompasses …
The realisation of schwa plus underlying /r/ and /n/ in a local dialect of the Palatinate
Barry (1995a) presents data from Standard German which, among other things, illustrates the two different schwa vowels found in that variety. Barry's acoustic analysis demonstrates that orthographic final '-e' has a regularly closer central vowel than orthographic final '-er', and that the latter normally has no closing r-consonant. Barry, however, did not present data to examine which variety of schwa was found before orthographic '-r-' when the…
Problems of phonetic transcription: The case of the Hiberno-English slit-t
Acoustic and electropalatographic data on the so-called Hiberno-English 'slit-t' are reported, and the implications these data have for an adequate transcription are discussed. Previous transcription suggestions highlight the difficulty posed by the lack of an IPA diacritic for tongue shape. We conclude that the adoption of an alveolar diacritic (as used in the extensions to the IPA for transcribing disordered speech) could get round these diffic…
On Percussives
In this paper the nature of the so-called percussives is investigated. It is shown that these sounds are often produced on oral airstream mechanisms, resulting in what can be termed ‘resonating percussives’. The three percussives so far identified are described together with the nature of their differing oralic airstream mechanisms, and recommended transcriptions are given
The acquisition of the Rhotic Consonants by Welsh-English bilingual children
This article reports on a study into the acquisition of Welsh and English phonology in Welsh-English bilingual children. It concentrates on the acquisition of the rhotic consonants, that is the trilled-r of Welsh and the approximant- r of English. The trilled-r shows differential patterns of acquisition depending on the age and language dominance of the subjects. It also demonstrates a wide range of substitutions, and it is argued that some of th…
The acquisition of the lateral fricative in WelshEnglish bilinguals
This article reports on a study into the acquisition of Welsh phonology in bilingual Welsh-English children. It concentrates on the acquisition of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, which showed a wide range of substitutions, and differential patterns of development dependent on the dominant language of the subjects, and the position within the word of the target. Various substitution strategies are described, including fricatives, and fr…
Linguistics (34 works) · Philosophy (28 works) · Psychology (24 works) · Computer Science (22 works) · Phonetics and Phonology Research (19 works) · Philosophy (18 works) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (16 works) · Linguistics and language evolution (12 works) · Welsh (11 works) · Mathematics (10 works)