Jordi Nofre
Biographic Data
| ID | 880763 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jordi Nofre |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jordi |
| FAMILY NAME | Nofre |
| SIGNATURE | NOFRE J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Universidade Nova de Lisboa |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7367-1337 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 40 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 155 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 40 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2015 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Street art placemaking in a segregated Lisbon neighborhood
The present article examines how a street art project led by young people of African descent in the Bairro da Torre neighborhood of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area has contributed to challenging the historically negative perception associated with this territory. For decades, both media and institutional narratives have portrayed the neighborhood as a no-go area linked to crime and marginalization. Drawing on ethnographic research, the present artic…
Clustering users and non-users of shared and private e-bikes and e-scooters across three European cities
This study examines typologies of users and non-users of electric micromobility (e-micromobility) - covering private and shared e-bikes and e-scooters - across three European cities: Lisbon (Portugal), Madrid (Spain), and Cluj-Napoca (Romania). Based on 2,304 survey responses, a multi-stage analytical framework was applied, combining Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with hierarchical clustering (Ward.D2) and statistical validation tests (Chi-sq…
Sonic touristification and the transformation of Lisbon’s urban ambiances
This article introduces ‘sonic touristification’ as an analytical framework for examining how tourism reshapes urban soundscapes. Drawing on ethnographic research (2012–2024) across three Lisbon neighborhoods, we identify three mechanisms through which tourism alters sonic environments: thematization (commodifying local sounds), equalization (filtering unwanted sounds), and production of new tourist-driven ambiances. Our multi-sited ethnography c…
E-bikes and e-scooters integration and expansion in fast-developing and mature cities
The brand-making of Madrid Global City from the old historic neighbourhood of Lavapiés
The transformation of Madrid (Spain) from a small town in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula into a global financial, economic and political hub in the Ibero-American context in less than a century is unique in Europe. However, it has attracted little scholarly attention outside the interdisciplinary field of Spanish urban studies. By taking the formerly working-class neighbourhood of Lavapiés in Madrid as case study, and tracing the genealogy o…
A century of queerness after dark
This article intends to explore the dynamic interplay between queer nightlife, societal changes, and drug use over the last century in Portugal by taking Lisbon as a case study as well as selecting critical historical periods, namely the Années Folles of the 1920s; the authoritarian Estado Novo (1926-75); the post-revolution phase (1975-2000), and the first two decades of the new millennium (2000-2020). The article therefore presents a socio-hist…
Gentrification and touristification in Lavapiés
Navigating between resistance and unintentional collaboration
This article explores the ambivalent role of a grassroots cultural and activist association and its forced displacement between two districts as a result of the rapidly advancing frontier of gentrification in the city of Lisbon (Portugal). Strong institutional and private pressures led to the eviction of the association from its former location in the now gentrified Bairro Alto and its relocation to Intendente, a formerly degraded and excluded ar…
An Exploratory Ethnography of the New Tourist Nightlife in Bairro Alto, Lisbon
In a highly tourism-dependent country such as Portugal, Lisbon’s city council has allowed the opening of new tourism-oriented nightlife venues in the old historical neighborhood of Bairro Alto despite the local legislative prohibition passed in 2014. Based on an exploratory ethnography conducted between October 2022 and October 2024, this article unveils how these venues foster a nightlife scene steeped in patriarchal values, heavy alcohol consum…
Propuesta de creación del observatorio nacional de la industria del ocio nocturno en España
La ausencia de datos sistematizados y actualizados sobre la industria del ocio nocturno en España por parte de organismos públicos constituye un factor negativo para la eficiente gobernanza de ‘la noche’ especialmente en las mayores ciudades del país, en núcleos urbanos fuertemente turistificados de la orla costera ibérica y de las regiones insulares, así como en ciudades medias y pequeñas del interior del país. Basado en la experiencia investiga…
Unveiling the intersections between tourism industry and student mobility
Previous studies have shown how student circuits of consumption are mediated by the interest of commercial actors. However, little attention has been paid to the connections between international student stays and the tourism sector: how they intersect with each other? Our fieldwork in Lisbon (Portugal) showed the central role of student organizations in commercializing the leisure time of international students, approaching them to ‘circuits of …
The need to design a nocturnal 15-min city
Ever since Carlos Moreno's speech at the COP21 conference in Paris in 2015 on the need for a new urban design and planning paradigm based on the 15-minute city, the scientific literature and political debate on this topic have expanded exponentially across Europe. However, scholars, governments and citizen associations campaigning for more sustainable cities continue to ignore the debate around the role of nocturnal cities in the ongoing urban ec…
Informal economies in Bairro Alto (Lisbon)
The historical neighbourhood of Bairro Alto is the city's most iconic nightlife destination, especially for tourists visiting Lisbon (Portugal). The expansion of commercial nightlife in this area has been accompanied by the increasing presence of informal economies in the public space during the hours of evening and night, specifically street vendors, and street drug dealers. Based on ethnographic immersion carried out between 2010 and 2020, this…
Nocturnal futures
This text serves as an epilogue of the special issue entitled Nocturnal Cities : Past, Present, and Future. The first part of the text below presents a series of research topics that are central to the interdisciplinary area of Night Studies, and whose objects of research and reflection can be referred to as ‘nocturnal urban futures’. The second half denounces the absence of ‘the night’ in the design of the so-called ‘15-minute city’, which is th…
“Nocturnal cities
Nocturnal cities : a fascinating object of studyAt the time of writing this introductory text to this special issue, Nocturnal Cities : Past, present, and Future, the night in many cities from the Global South, East, and North is glowing again after a three-year pandemic period characterised by the application of massive lockdowns, night curfews, social distancing, mandatory home confinements, and a strong punitive criminalization of the institut…
World heritage classification and tourism
This study aims to explore the reasons that have led to unequal tourism development between the two World Heritage Sites in Little Maghreb, in Northern Africa: the Marrakech Medina in Morocco and the M'Zab Valley in Algeria. Based on an exploratory ethnography consisting of observational fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with tourists, private investors, real estate agencies, tourism agencies, local artisans, and heritage and tourism speci…
The Biosecuritization of the Tourist City
The impact of COVID-19 on tourism has been enormous across the globe. The successful recovery of the tourism industry at the local, national, and global levels is strictly dependent on the efficient contention and mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic at the global level and on the capacity of tour operators, governments, and other actors to generate complete trust among tourists. In this article, we examine the biosecuritization of Lisbon (Portuga…
Nightlife Studies
This article attempts to present a comprehensive, synthetic and critical epistemological review of the interdisciplinary field of Nightlife Studies from the late 19th century to the present, unveiling a fascinating interplay between an "alternative cultural approach", a "community approach" and a "geographical turn" that arose in the mid- to late 2000s. In turn, the article sheds light on the strong commitment that many nightologists showed to th…
The urban ecological transition and the future of Europe’s nightlife industry
The current climate emergency and the emergence of a stagflation scenario in Europe have revealed the scarce presence of environmental and resilience-related goals not only in the economic and financial viability plans of the nightlife industry but also in the different tools of nightlife governance already introduced in some European cities. In fact, the recovery and resilience plans of more than a third of the countries of the European Union, w…
The impact of Covid-19 on the short-term rental market in Spain
The Spanish real estate and its ‘sea and sun’ tourism model, were profoundly disrupted during the Great Recession of 2008–2014 As a result, hedge funds and their speculative operations have favoured an intense process of urban touristification in the largest Spanish cities, especially over the past ten years. The aim of this paper is to examine how the COVID-19 crisis has triggered shifts in the supply of short-term rentals and the type of demand…
Lazer noturno e resistências juvenis em tempos de (pós-)pandemia
Com a chegada da pandemia de COVID-19, milhares de jovens deixaram de poder usufruir da noite de Lisboa. Como resultado, os jovens não tiveram oportunidade de esquecer os seus problemas do quotidiano por intermédio das práticas de consumo programado pelo lazer noturno. Assim, neste artigo exploramos as alternativas postas em prática para que os jovens desfrutassem de momentos de lazer durante a (pós-)pandemia. Aqui, e recorrendo a um estudo de ca…
The city of (dis-)trust
From the moment the Spanish government declared a state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, every day at 8 p m , hundreds of thousands of citizens dedicated mass applause from their balconies and windows to show their gratitude to the doctors and nurses taking care of those affected by the outbreak Immediately after the applause, some residents played a list of iconic songs suited to the times of forced quarantine, social distancing and an…
Nightlife as a source of social wellbeing, community-building and psychological mutual support after the Covid-19 pandemic
The nightlife sector means the economy and culture but also social wellbeing. However, whenever nightlife does get discussed, it seems always to be about licensing, regulation, crime, culture-led strategies of urban regeneration and urban benchmarking, and we still lack an appropriate understanding about the benefits of night culture beyond these topics. In this critical commentary, I wish to comment on the potential of nightlife as an efficient …
Mobilidades temporárias na cidade turística
O surgimento de “novas” mobilidades coloca o homo/mulier mobilis como actor-chave das nossas cidades. Visitantes, turistas, estudantes universitários e migrantes transnacionais mudam e re-significam o(s) quotidiano(s) urbano(s) de múltiplas formas, moldando uma nova topografia social do consumo nesta era móvel digital. Nesse sentido, o turismo, forma por excelência de mobilidade temporária, tem visíveis impactos nos territórios, urbanos e globais…
Liminal governance in the Lisbon night
The expansion and commodification of nightlife in the central areas of Lisbon over recent years have involved some critical and unwanted social, spatial, and urban governance impacts, as well as the worsening of community livability during nighttime hours. Taking the former harbor neighborhood of Cais do Sodré in Lisbon as a case study, this paper examines the range of nightlife-related regulations, standards and laws approved over the past few y…
Shaken, not stirred
The recent touristification of the historic downtown quarters of many European cities is not without its social, spatial and economic impacts. In turn, many global cities show a lack of efficient tools in tackling and addressing the negative impacts derived from touristification. Facing this, some scholars have importantly examined the interplay between tourism, gentrification and urban change. However, we urban studies scholars have not yet admi…
Tourism, nightlife and planning
In La Barceloneta, one of the beachfront quarters of the city of Barcelona, the rapid expansion of mainly illegal short-term rental apartments for tourists and noise problems related to alcohol-fuelled nightlife consumption, are challenging community liveability and peaceful urban coexistence between different social groups. Similar to other cases worldwide, the rapid expansion of touristification on the urban and socio-economic fabric of the cit…
Touristification, transnational gentrification and urban change in Lisbon
The Great Recession (2008–2014) and the consequent crises in both the national financial and production systems have led the Portuguese administration to adopt tourism and urban rehabilitation as new pivotal sectors to overcome the critical crisis-derived impacts on the economy and society. Moreover, both national and local administrations have deployed a range of legislative initiatives to attract transnational real estate investment and new hig…
The touristification of nightlife
Agrowing number of authors have recently suggested a clear interaction between tourist gentrification and commercial gentrification. However, little scholarly attention has been paid to the growing interrelation between the nighttime leisure economy and urban tourism, along with all its complex forms of simultaneous interaction as fundamental driving forces of the current processes transforming the social, economic and cultural fabric of the cent…
The Erasmus Corner
Nightlife economic activity has emerged as a key strategy in the regeneration of historical quarters. The case of the Bairro Alto district (Lisbon) exhibits a more gradual and distinct development caused by the marginal and transgressive practices of nightlife visitors, who have resisted its gentrification for decades. Some areas in the Bairro Alto (specially the upper side) have maintained their dangerous character and marginalisation for severa…
Club Carib
Over the last three decades, nightlife has become one of the most important time–spaces for the reproduction of human relationships. In this paper, we examine Club Carib, a particular nightlife space in Lisbon's Bairro Alto neighbourhood. Our focus is on the flirting strategies that occur during dance sessions. We examine the ways in which these seduction strategies operate in relation to particular constructions of race, class, cultural capital …
Exploring Nightlife and Urban Change in Bairro Alto, Lisbon
Nightlife as a source of social wellbeing, community-building and psychological mutual support after the Covid-19 pandemic
The nightlife sector means the economy and culture but also social wellbeing. However, whenever nightlife does get discussed, it seems always to be about licensing, regulation, crime, culture-led strategies of urban regeneration and urban benchmarking, and we still lack an appropriate understanding about the benefits of night culture beyond these topics. In this critical commentary, I wish to comment on the potential of nightlife as an efficient …
Towards an unsustainable urban development in post‐war S arajevo
Sarajevo, the capital of B osnia and H erzegovina, is located in a karst geomorphological environment. The topographical setting strongly influences the urban geographical distribution and urban development, as well as the sustainability policies implemented in the city. The incorporation of an environmental agenda and the focus on sustainable development have characterised urban planning in cities in C entral and E astern E urope that are transi…
Nightlife Studies
This article attempts to present a comprehensive, synthetic and critical epistemological review of the interdisciplinary field of Nightlife Studies from the late 19th century to the present, unveiling a fascinating interplay between an "alternative cultural approach", a "community approach" and a "geographical turn" that arose in the mid- to late 2000s. In turn, the article sheds light on the strong commitment that many nightologists showed to th…
The impact of Covid-19 on the short-term rental market in Spain
The Spanish real estate and its ‘sea and sun’ tourism model, were profoundly disrupted during the Great Recession of 2008–2014 As a result, hedge funds and their speculative operations have favoured an intense process of urban touristification in the largest Spanish cities, especially over the past ten years. The aim of this paper is to examine how the COVID-19 crisis has triggered shifts in the supply of short-term rentals and the type of demand…
Lazer noturno e resistências juvenis em tempos de (pós-)pandemia
Com a chegada da pandemia de COVID-19, milhares de jovens deixaram de poder usufruir da noite de Lisboa. Como resultado, os jovens não tiveram oportunidade de esquecer os seus problemas do quotidiano por intermédio das práticas de consumo programado pelo lazer noturno. Assim, neste artigo exploramos as alternativas postas em prática para que os jovens desfrutassem de momentos de lazer durante a (pós-)pandemia. Aqui, e recorrendo a um estudo de ca…
The need to design a nocturnal 15-min city
Ever since Carlos Moreno's speech at the COP21 conference in Paris in 2015 on the need for a new urban design and planning paradigm based on the 15-minute city, the scientific literature and political debate on this topic have expanded exponentially across Europe. However, scholars, governments and citizen associations campaigning for more sustainable cities continue to ignore the debate around the role of nocturnal cities in the ongoing urban ec…
World heritage classification and tourism
This study aims to explore the reasons that have led to unequal tourism development between the two World Heritage Sites in Little Maghreb, in Northern Africa: the Marrakech Medina in Morocco and the M'Zab Valley in Algeria. Based on an exploratory ethnography consisting of observational fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with tourists, private investors, real estate agencies, tourism agencies, local artisans, and heritage and tourism speci…
The urban ecological transition and the future of Europe’s nightlife industry
The current climate emergency and the emergence of a stagflation scenario in Europe have revealed the scarce presence of environmental and resilience-related goals not only in the economic and financial viability plans of the nightlife industry but also in the different tools of nightlife governance already introduced in some European cities. In fact, the recovery and resilience plans of more than a third of the countries of the European Union, w…
Because the Night Belongs to Us
This text is an epilogue to this special issue, where topics addressed by its different contributors are of a great scientific interest towards more profound understanding about the urban night in both the Global North and South. As will be argued below, this special issue allows us to confirm two fundamental issues for the development of « Night Studies » in the next years. Firstly, the night often exacerbates the range of inequalities not only …
The urbanisation on the slopes of Sarajevo and the rise of geomorphological hazards during the post-war period
Towards an unsustainable urban development in post‐war S arajevo
Sarajevo, the capital of B osnia and H erzegovina, is located in a karst geomorphological environment. The topographical setting strongly influences the urban geographical distribution and urban development, as well as the sustainability policies implemented in the city. The incorporation of an environmental agenda and the focus on sustainable development have characterised urban planning in cities in C entral and E astern E urope that are transi…
Exploring Nightlife and Urban Change in Bairro Alto, Lisbon
The Erasmus Corner
Nightlife economic activity has emerged as a key strategy in the regeneration of historical quarters. The case of the Bairro Alto district (Lisbon) exhibits a more gradual and distinct development caused by the marginal and transgressive practices of nightlife visitors, who have resisted its gentrification for decades. Some areas in the Bairro Alto (specially the upper side) have maintained their dangerous character and marginalisation for severa…
Club Carib
Over the last three decades, nightlife has become one of the most important time–spaces for the reproduction of human relationships. In this paper, we examine Club Carib, a particular nightlife space in Lisbon's Bairro Alto neighbourhood. Our focus is on the flirting strategies that occur during dance sessions. We examine the ways in which these seduction strategies operate in relation to particular constructions of race, class, cultural capital …
Mobilidade, Cidade e Turismo
Mobility and tourism are two central factors of urban transformation in post-recession southern European cities, where the recent touristification is much related to other complementary processes such as transnational and tourist gentrification. In this article, we intend to contribute to the understanding of the intense changes that take place in the center of the city of Lisbon resulting from global dynamics and the state-led touristification a…
Urban activism and touristification in Southern Europe
In Europe, the economic revaluation as well as the cultural, spatial and social revalorisation of the historic downtown quarters of many cities carried out since the mid-1980s have strongly contributed to transform the city center into a leisure-oriented consumption arena. This chapter shows that a critical approach oriented towards the urban social movements that are struggling for an inclusive urban coexistence of diverse social groups in the ‘…
Shaken, not stirred
The recent touristification of the historic downtown quarters of many European cities is not without its social, spatial and economic impacts. In turn, many global cities show a lack of efficient tools in tackling and addressing the negative impacts derived from touristification. Facing this, some scholars have importantly examined the interplay between tourism, gentrification and urban change. However, we urban studies scholars have not yet admi…
The urbanisation on the slopes of Sarajevo and the rise of geomorphological hazards during the post-war period
El programa de garantía joven en Portugal
This paper presents and examines preliminary results of the application of the Youth Guarantee Program in Portugal. It suggests that the slight recent improvement registered in some of the key indicators of the Youth Guarantee Programme in Portugal should be associated fundamentally with the recent conjunctural recovery of the Portuguese national economy, while serious limitations of youth professional insertion continue to exist in the current p…
Tourism, nightlife and planning
In La Barceloneta, one of the beachfront quarters of the city of Barcelona, the rapid expansion of mainly illegal short-term rental apartments for tourists and noise problems related to alcohol-fuelled nightlife consumption, are challenging community liveability and peaceful urban coexistence between different social groups. Similar to other cases worldwide, the rapid expansion of touristification on the urban and socio-economic fabric of the cit…
The ‘Pink Street’ in Cais do Sodré
The former harbour quarter of Cais do Sodré in central Lisbon has been recently transformed into the most crowded nightlife spot in the city, causing some negative social and spatial impacts such as the worsening of community liveability during night-time hours. In addition, the inefficacy of the latest community intervention project conducted in the area (SAFE!N) has been largely due to the liminal governance of the urban night applied in the ar…
Mobilidades temporárias na cidade turística
O surgimento de “novas” mobilidades coloca o homo/mulier mobilis como actor-chave das nossas cidades. Visitantes, turistas, estudantes universitários e migrantes transnacionais mudam e re-significam o(s) quotidiano(s) urbano(s) de múltiplas formas, moldando uma nova topografia social do consumo nesta era móvel digital. Nesse sentido, o turismo, forma por excelência de mobilidade temporária, tem visíveis impactos nos territórios, urbanos e globais…
Liminal governance in the Lisbon night
The expansion and commodification of nightlife in the central areas of Lisbon over recent years have involved some critical and unwanted social, spatial, and urban governance impacts, as well as the worsening of community livability during nighttime hours. Taking the former harbor neighborhood of Cais do Sodré in Lisbon as a case study, this paper examines the range of nightlife-related regulations, standards and laws approved over the past few y…
La turistificación del ocio nocturno
En buena parte de las mayores ciudades de la Europa meridional, el turismo urbano y más concretamente la turistificación del centro de la ciudad han constituido unas de las principales estrategias de mitigación y superación de los efectos socioeconómicos negativos derivados de la última crisis financiera y económica global. De ahí que un número creciente de autores sugieran una clara interacción entre la gentrificación turística y la gentrificaci…
The touristification of nightlife
Agrowing number of authors have recently suggested a clear interaction between tourist gentrification and commercial gentrification. However, little scholarly attention has been paid to the growing interrelation between the nighttime leisure economy and urban tourism, along with all its complex forms of simultaneous interaction as fundamental driving forces of the current processes transforming the social, economic and cultural fabric of the cent…
Touristification, transnational gentrification and urban change in Lisbon
The Great Recession (2008–2014) and the consequent crises in both the national financial and production systems have led the Portuguese administration to adopt tourism and urban rehabilitation as new pivotal sectors to overcome the critical crisis-derived impacts on the economy and society. Moreover, both national and local administrations have deployed a range of legislative initiatives to attract transnational real estate investment and new hig…
Because the Night Belongs to Us
This text is an epilogue to this special issue, where topics addressed by its different contributors are of a great scientific interest towards more profound understanding about the urban night in both the Global North and South. As will be argued below, this special issue allows us to confirm two fundamental issues for the development of « Night Studies » in the next years. Firstly, the night often exacerbates the range of inequalities not only …
The city of (dis-)trust
From the moment the Spanish government declared a state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, every day at 8 p m , hundreds of thousands of citizens dedicated mass applause from their balconies and windows to show their gratitude to the doctors and nurses taking care of those affected by the outbreak Immediately after the applause, some residents played a list of iconic songs suited to the times of forced quarantine, social distancing and an…
Nightlife as a source of social wellbeing, community-building and psychological mutual support after the Covid-19 pandemic
The nightlife sector means the economy and culture but also social wellbeing. However, whenever nightlife does get discussed, it seems always to be about licensing, regulation, crime, culture-led strategies of urban regeneration and urban benchmarking, and we still lack an appropriate understanding about the benefits of night culture beyond these topics. In this critical commentary, I wish to comment on the potential of nightlife as an efficient …
The urban ecological transition and the future of Europe’s nightlife industry
The current climate emergency and the emergence of a stagflation scenario in Europe have revealed the scarce presence of environmental and resilience-related goals not only in the economic and financial viability plans of the nightlife industry but also in the different tools of nightlife governance already introduced in some European cities. In fact, the recovery and resilience plans of more than a third of the countries of the European Union, w…
The impact of Covid-19 on the short-term rental market in Spain
The Spanish real estate and its ‘sea and sun’ tourism model, were profoundly disrupted during the Great Recession of 2008–2014 As a result, hedge funds and their speculative operations have favoured an intense process of urban touristification in the largest Spanish cities, especially over the past ten years. The aim of this paper is to examine how the COVID-19 crisis has triggered shifts in the supply of short-term rentals and the type of demand…
Lazer noturno e resistências juvenis em tempos de (pós-)pandemia
Com a chegada da pandemia de COVID-19, milhares de jovens deixaram de poder usufruir da noite de Lisboa. Como resultado, os jovens não tiveram oportunidade de esquecer os seus problemas do quotidiano por intermédio das práticas de consumo programado pelo lazer noturno. Assim, neste artigo exploramos as alternativas postas em prática para que os jovens desfrutassem de momentos de lazer durante a (pós-)pandemia. Aqui, e recorrendo a um estudo de ca…
Nocturnal futures
This text serves as an epilogue of the special issue entitled Nocturnal Cities : Past, Present, and Future. The first part of the text below presents a series of research topics that are central to the interdisciplinary area of Night Studies, and whose objects of research and reflection can be referred to as ‘nocturnal urban futures’. The second half denounces the absence of ‘the night’ in the design of the so-called ‘15-minute city’, which is th…
“Nocturnal cities
Nocturnal cities : a fascinating object of studyAt the time of writing this introductory text to this special issue, Nocturnal Cities : Past, present, and Future, the night in many cities from the Global South, East, and North is glowing again after a three-year pandemic period characterised by the application of massive lockdowns, night curfews, social distancing, mandatory home confinements, and a strong punitive criminalization of the institut…
World heritage classification and tourism
This study aims to explore the reasons that have led to unequal tourism development between the two World Heritage Sites in Little Maghreb, in Northern Africa: the Marrakech Medina in Morocco and the M'Zab Valley in Algeria. Based on an exploratory ethnography consisting of observational fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with tourists, private investors, real estate agencies, tourism agencies, local artisans, and heritage and tourism speci…
Geography (24 works) · Night-time city culture (21 works) · Political science (21 works) · Sociology (19 works) · Economics (15 works) · Tourism (13 works) · Economic geography (12 works) · Archaeology (11 works) · Economic growth (11 works) · Nightlife (10 works)