Samuel Roll
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 89190 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Samuel Roll |
| PRENOMES | Samuel |
| SOBRENOME | Roll |
| ASSINATURA | ROLL S |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Washington University in St. Louis |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4015-7742 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 53 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 52 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 53 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1970 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Safety Net(works)
Informal financial support networks can potentially mitigate hardships associated with income loss. This study examines patterns of informal financial support receipt during the COVID-19 pandemic and explores how such support may have mitigated hardships due to pandemic-related job or income loss. Using a national sample of U.S. adults (n = 3874) who completed a survey during the first year of the pandemic, we descriptively examine patterns in in…
Empowering artistic labor
Guaranteed income improved artists’ financial stability and reduced debt. • Recipients invested more time and energy in artistic practice and innovation. • Program improved indicators of intrinsic motivation, well-being, and purpose. • No evidence that guaranteed income reduced other income sources. Debates over universal basic income (UBI) have often focused on whether cash transfers reduce labour supply, yet less attention has been given to how…
Staying Afloat
While previous research has examined usage patterns and impacts of the expanded U.S. Child Tax Credit (CTC), less is known about how families raising children with disabilities responded to the CTC. While it is well-established that these families face greater financial constraints than other families, their utilization of such public programs remains underexplored. Using a novel, two-wave probability-based panel survey of more than 1,700 CTC rec…
“It saved us”
How Did Reskilling During the Covid-19 Pandemic Relate to Entrepreneurship and Optimism? Barriers, Opportunities, and Implications for Equity
A place-based spatial analysis of racial inequities in overdose in St. Louis County Missouri, United States
These findings suggest that places of worship, the hospitality industry, and housing authorities may be physical features of the environment that reflect social conditions that are conducive to overdose. The scaling up of harm reduction strategies could be enhanced by targeting places where features are co-located
The Impacts of the Child Tax Credit on Financial Resilience and the Use of High-Cost Financial Resources
Pinching Pennies or Money to Burn
We examined grit in the context of a wealth-building situation: tax refund savings. Specifically, we leveraged a novel dataset combining longitudinal survey data with administrative tax data for a sample of 6,904 low- and moderate-income (LMI) tax filers in the United States. After statistically balancing individuals on grit across a range of important characteristics with propensity score weighting, we found that grit was associated with better …
Designing Savings Accounts to Promote Asset Building for Individuals With Disabilities
U.S. benefit programs like Social Security Income (SSI) and Medicaid impose strict asset limits for eligibility, which create a substantial disincentive to save. Due to structural and systemic barriers, households with a member who has a disability (HMDs) are more likely to have low financial security. Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) accounts, which are excluded from SSI and Medicaid asset tests up to a certain amount, seek to increase …
Which Side (of the Balance Sheet) Are You On? Household Financial Resources and Participation in the 2020 Protests
The summer of 2020 was marked by widespread protests. Though research has often examined the predictors of protest participation, there exists little work examining the relationship between different types of wealth and protesting. Drawing on resource-based theories of protest participation and asset-based theories of civic engagement, we constructed regression models disentangling relationships between income, liquid assets, investment assets, h…
Democratizing the Economy or Introducing Economic Risk? Gig Work During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Though the growth of the gig economy has coincided with increased economic precarity in the new economy, we know less about the extent to which gig work (compared with other self-employment arrangements and non-gig work) may fuel economic insecurity among American households. We fill this gap in the literature by drawing on a sample of 4,756 workers from a unique national survey capturing economic hardships among non-standard workers like app- an…
The Child Tax Credit, Educational Investments, and the American Dream
In March 2021, the American Rescue Plan substantially increased the maximum per-child child tax credit (CTC). However, research has yet to explore educational investments associated with the CTC. Thus, the authors leverage a probability-based panel survey of CTC-eligible families across 49 states to examine how parents’ investments in tutoring and college savings relate to the degree to which parents believe that their children will have better l…
Does Frequency or Amount Matter? An Exploratory Analysis the Perceptions of Four Universal Basic Income Proposals
Advocates for a Universal Basic Income (UBI) argue that it would provide citizens with a basic foundation for financial security, boost the economy, alleviate poverty, encourage entrepreneurship, reduce crime, and insulate the employment sector against job losses due to automation. Still, the idea lags in popularity in the United States compared to existing cash policies such as the annual Earned Income Tax Credit and one-time COVID-19 relief pac…
Emergency Savings among Persistently Poor Households
Low-income households struggle to accumulate emergency savings, which increases economic vulnerability in the face of unexpected events like expensive car repairs. This vulnerability may be even greater among persistently low-income households, which might benefit most from building emergency savings using tax refunds. This study examined the effects of randomly assigned behavioral interventions that incorporated a choice architecture manipulatio…
How Would Americans Respond to Direct Cash Transfers? Results from Two Survey Experiments
Universal basic income has gained renewed interest among policy makers and researchers in the United States. Although research indicates that unconditional cash transfers produce diverse benefits for households, public support lags in part because of predicted unemployment and frivolous spending. To understand how Americans would reorganize their lives around unconditional cash transfers, this article examines the relationship between the structu…
Student Debt Forgiveness and Economic Stability, Social Mobility, and Quality-of-Life Decisions
As policymakers grapple with whether or not to forgive student debt, for who, and how much, it is important to explore how student debt forgiveness would relate to intended household decisions and behaviors. We conducted a survey experiment that asked participants with student debt to imagine a scenario in which the federal government forgave a certain amount of student debt. We then had these participants report on how this would affect their de…
The Precarity of Self-Employment among Low- and Moderate-Income Households
Many people in the United States have achieved economic stability through self-employment and are often seen as embracing the entrepreneurial spirit and seizing opportunity. Yet, research also suggests that self-employment may be precarious for many people in the lower socioeconomic strata. Drawing on a unique dataset that combines longitudinal survey data with administrative tax data for a sample of low- and moderate-income (LMI) workers, we bri…
Who Protests, What Do They Protest, and Why?
We examine individuals' decision to attend Black Lives Matter protests and demonstrations calling for less stringent public health measures to combat COVID-19 (e.g., for swifter reopening of businesses). Our analysis is facilitated by a unique staggered panel data set originally constructed to study the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19. A wave of data collected in the summer of 2020 was expanded to capture details about protest attendance, polit…
Assessing the Short-Term Stability of Financial Well-Being in Low- and Moderate-Income Households
Household Spending Patterns and Hardships during Covid-19
At Home and on the Brink
Though the COVID-19 pandemic required significant changes and adaptations for most Americans, parents faced acute challenges as they had to navigate rapidly changing schooling and child care policies requiring their children to spend more time at home. This study examines the effects of COVID-19 school and workplace policies as well as environmental and economic characteristics on parental mental health, worry, hopelessness, and anxiety. Using da…
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Housing Instability During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Financial Shocks and Financial Well-Being
Household Savings Decisions in Israel’s Child Savings Program
How Did School Meal Access Change during the Covid-19 Pandemic? A Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Analysis of a Large Metropolitan Area
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) resulted in school closures and contingencies across the U.S. that limited access to school meals for students. While some schools attempted to provide alternative meal access points where students or parents could pick up meals, many students-especially those in low-income households-lacked adequate transportation to these access points. Thus, physical proximity to meal access points was particularly important during the pa…
Chicano and Anglo Dreams of Death
To replicate an earlier study in which Chicanos reported having more dreams of death than did their Anglo counterparts, we solicited dream reports from eighty Chicanos (forty males and forty females) and eighty Anglos (forty males and forty females). The dreams were scored for the presence of death-related dream content. Chi-square tests revealed a statistically higher number of Chicano females reporting dreams of death (p < .005), but the signif…
Financial Shocks and Financial Well-Being
Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Children's Reported Behavioral Dispositions
Drawing from a sample of 316 American and 174 Mexican children in the U.S.A. and in Mexico respectively, the hypothesis was supported that perceived parental acceptance-rejection among 8- to 15-year old school children in Mexico and the U.S.A. was generally related-as predicted by parental acceptance-rejection theory-to a specific constellation of reported behavioral dispositions. Perceived composite rejection was associated with approximately 46…
The Relationship of Homophobia to Intimacy in Heterosexual Men
Interpersonal intimacy is more difficult to achieve for American men than women. Research has shown that men disclose less, have fewer close friendships, and are viewed by their wives as low in intimacy. Among the barriers to intimacy among men, Tognoli (1980) suggested that homophobia is the most powerful. The present study tested this idea by asking men to disclose a personal secret to either a male confidant, a female confidante, or by writing…
Relationship between Acculturation, Cognitive Style, and Intelligence
The relationship of degree of Anglo-American acculturation to analytic cognitive style, nonverbal intelligence, and verbal intelligence was investigated using a cross-sectional development design. The results suggest that cognitive style does not play a particularly important role in an individual's performance on intelligence tests. In this study Mexican-Americans were no different from Anglos in nonverbal intellectual ability, but they performe…
Disclaimed Activity in Dreams of Chicanos and Anglos
To test the hypothesis that Chicanos would report their dreams in terms which relied more heavily on a passive approach to life, 109 Chicano college students (43 males and 66 females) and 136 Anglo college students (61 males and 75 females) were asked to submit written reports of their dreams. The specific type of passivity investigated was "disclaimed activity" in which the dreamer negates the existence of a self-conscious and knowing actor. Thi…
Democratizing the Economy or Introducing Economic Risk? Gig Work During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Though the growth of the gig economy has coincided with increased economic precarity in the new economy, we know less about the extent to which gig work (compared with other self-employment arrangements and non-gig work) may fuel economic insecurity among American households. We fill this gap in the literature by drawing on a sample of 4,756 workers from a unique national survey capturing economic hardships among non-standard workers like app- an…
The Precarity of Self-Employment among Low- and Moderate-Income Households
Many people in the United States have achieved economic stability through self-employment and are often seen as embracing the entrepreneurial spirit and seizing opportunity. Yet, research also suggests that self-employment may be precarious for many people in the lower socioeconomic strata. Drawing on a unique dataset that combines longitudinal survey data with administrative tax data for a sample of low- and moderate-income (LMI) workers, we bri…
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Housing Instability During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Material Hardship among Lower-Income Households
Lower income households are at risk for material hardship, particularly amidst the economic fallout of COVID-19. Where one lives (e.g., suburb, small town) may affect this risk due to variable access to resources, yet the evidence is mixed concerning the influence of place. We used a pooled, national cross-sectional sample of 66,046 lower-income tax filers to examine differences in material hardship in rural, small town, micropolitan, and urban a…
The Saving for Every Child Program in Israel
In 2017, the Israeli government implemented a universal child development account programme – the Saving for Every Child Program (SECP) – which establishes a personal savings account for every Israeli child and provides monthly deposits until the child turns 18. The SECP has the potential to provide substantial assets when children reach adulthood, but the benefits depend on parents’ investment choices. The unique programme’s nature presents oppo…
Object representations in dreams of Chicanos and Anglos
The relationship between the cultures to which persons belong and their internalized object representations as revealed by manifest dream content was investigated. It was hypothesized that because Chicanos are from a more nurturing culture than Anglos, they would represent persons in their dreams as more differentiated, articulated, and integrated, with more benevolent interactions. 50 Chicano and 50 Anglo university students (25 of each gender i…
How Would Americans Respond to Direct Cash Transfers? Results from Two Survey Experiments
Universal basic income has gained renewed interest among policy makers and researchers in the United States. Although research indicates that unconditional cash transfers produce diverse benefits for households, public support lags in part because of predicted unemployment and frivolous spending. To understand how Americans would reorganize their lives around unconditional cash transfers, this article examines the relationship between the structu…
Student Debt Forgiveness and Economic Stability, Social Mobility, and Quality-of-Life Decisions
As policymakers grapple with whether or not to forgive student debt, for who, and how much, it is important to explore how student debt forgiveness would relate to intended household decisions and behaviors. We conducted a survey experiment that asked participants with student debt to imagine a scenario in which the federal government forgave a certain amount of student debt. We then had these participants report on how this would affect their de…
Crashing without a Parachute
The burden of the COVID-19 pandemic has not been shouldered equally by American families. Black and Hispanic communities have been hit the hardest, with the pandemic often exacerbating existing disparities. Using nationally representative data, we assess the economic and public health effects of the pandemic among different socioeconomic groups and whether typical sources of protection from economic insecurity are uniformly protective across the …
Do Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Savings and Job Loss during Covid-19 Explain Disparities in Housing Hardships? A Moderated Mediation Analysis
Despite the array of public programs offered to help households mitigate the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, many still needed to rely on savings, credit, or other assets to make ends meet. This reality may exacerbate existing social and economic inequities because racial and ethnic minorities often have lower access to assets and credit than white households. We use longitudinal national survey data to explore the extent to which diff…
Differences in Susceptibility to Influence in Mexican American and Anglo Females
To further evaluate the hypothesis of relatively greater susceptibility of influence in Mexican Americans, 3OAnglo and 30 Mexican American females were given the task of responding to a select set of Rorschach cards together with eitheranAnglo ora Mexican American confederate. All subjects observed the card and wrote down "three best responses," after which they showed each other their responses. Then subjects were asked to once more give two res…
Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Personality Organization Among Mexican and American Elementary School Children
We administered the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) and the Personality Assessment Questionnaire ( PAQ) to 175 elementary school children in Monterrey, Mexico. We compared the results of the same tests given to 220 elementary school children in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The Monterrey children perceive their parents as more rejecting and report themselves more negaticely in terms of certam per sonality dispositions…
Primary and Secondary Male Characteristics
36 male and 24 female college students were shown slides of a hairy arm, an arm without hair, a hairy chest, a chest without hair, a large penis and a small penis. They were asked to rate the slides on various adjective scales. The hairy arm and, to some degree, the hairy chest were rated as more potent and more active than their hairless counterparts and the large penis was rated as more potent than the small penis. These results were replicated…
Stereotypes of Scalp and Facial Hair as Measured by the Semantic Differential
36 male and 44 female college students were presented with a series of 15 stimuli which were designed to represent the variables of hair color, hair length, quantity of scalp hair, hair quality and amount of facial hair. Each stimulus was rated on scales representing the Evaluative, Potency, and Activity dimensions. The proposition that stereotypes are identifiable was strongly confirmed. Of 18 specific predictions 15 were also confirmed. Explana…
Chicano and Anglo Dreams of Death
To replicate an earlier study in which Chicanos reported having more dreams of death than did their Anglo counterparts, we solicited dream reports from eighty Chicanos (forty males and forty females) and eighty Anglos (forty males and forty females). The dreams were scored for the presence of death-related dream content. Chi-square tests revealed a statistically higher number of Chicano females reporting dreams of death (p < .005), but the signif…
Dream Patterns in Anglo and Chicano Young Adults
This study is the conclusion of an exploratory cross-cultural investigation of dream content and organization. Following our report in "Ego Modalities in the Manifest Dreams of Male and Female Chicanos," (Brenneis and Roll, 1975), this paper examines differences in the organization and content of dreams: (1) between Anglo men and women; (2) between Anglo and Chicano men and Anglo and Chicano women; and (3) between Anglos and Chicanos.
Disclaimed Activity in Dreams of Chicanos and Anglos
To test the hypothesis that Chicanos would report their dreams in terms which relied more heavily on a passive approach to life, 109 Chicano college students (43 males and 66 females) and 136 Anglo college students (61 males and 75 females) were asked to submit written reports of their dreams. The specific type of passivity investigated was "disclaimed activity" in which the dreamer negates the existence of a self-conscious and knowing actor. Thi…
Adolescent Males' Ratings of Being Understood by Fathers, Best Friends and Significant others
An adolescent male's relationship with his father and his best friend is investigated. 413 male college students filled out a rating scale in which each reported how much he felt understood by his father, mother, by best male friend, best female friend, by favorite teacher, and by any additional person he wished to designate. The ratings were on a 7-point scale, ranging from “virtually a total stranger” to “complete understanding.” The mean ratin…
Effects of Sharing a Secret on Subsequent Level of Openness
A wholistic model of openness is described. Shifts in openness were studied in 48 college women following the telling of a secret. Whereas the act of sharing a secret per se did not have an effect different from a control procedure, the intimacy of the secret was predictive of increased openness in a curvilinear fashion. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of understanding the factors that contribute to sustained openness. The p…
Anglo-Chicano and Male-Female Differences in Disclaimed Activity
In order to test the hypothesis that Chicanos, as part of a more generally passive coping style, are more likely than Anglos to disclaim responsibility for actions, 374 subjects (196 Anglos and 94 Chicanos) were evaluated. Each subject was presented with 12 stories, and asked to judge the likelihood that 6 alternatives which differed in degree of disclaimed activity, were responsible for the behavior of characters in each story. These judgments p…
Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Personality Organization Among Mexican and American Elementary School Children
We administered the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) and the Personality Assessment Questionnaire ( PAQ) to 175 elementary school children in Monterrey, Mexico. We compared the results of the same tests given to 220 elementary school children in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The Monterrey children perceive their parents as more rejecting and report themselves more negaticely in terms of certam per sonality dispositions…
Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Children's Reported Behavioral Dispositions
Drawing from a sample of 316 American and 174 Mexican children in the U.S.A. and in Mexico respectively, the hypothesis was supported that perceived parental acceptance-rejection among 8- to 15-year old school children in Mexico and the U.S.A. was generally related-as predicted by parental acceptance-rejection theory-to a specific constellation of reported behavioral dispositions. Perceived composite rejection was associated with approximately 46…
Conformity and cooperation in chicanos
Two hypotheses with regard to Chicano versus Anglo susceptibility to influence were examined: that Chicanas are more cooperative (less competitive), and that they are more conforming than female Anglos. The subjects were 281 female university students. “Cooperation group” and “Conformity group” subjects completed modified versions of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT), with instructions designed to elicit cooperation or conformity. Control grou…
A case study in failure
Using a case study as a context, guidelines for psychotherapy with suicidal patients are presented. Each guidelines is illustrated with material from the case of a patient who eventually committed suicide during the course of therapy. Potential therapist reactions to the suicide of their patient are described with recommendations about those strategies that are helpful in the reparative process following the suicide and cautions about those respo…
Solomon's mothers
Giving up a child for adoption presents a serious emotional and psychological challenge for the mother. Using the components of normal grieving, this paper illustrates the ways in which the bereavement process was distorted and delayed in 22 women seen in psychotherapy who had earlier given up a child. Recommendations are offered for facilitating a healthy mourning process in the relinquishing mother
Relationship between Acculturation, Cognitive Style, and Intelligence
The relationship of degree of Anglo-American acculturation to analytic cognitive style, nonverbal intelligence, and verbal intelligence was investigated using a cross-sectional development design. The results suggest that cognitive style does not play a particularly important role in an individual's performance on intelligence tests. In this study Mexican-Americans were no different from Anglos in nonverbal intellectual ability, but they performe…
An Explanation of Superego Functioning in the Development of a Bourgeois Revolutionary
Variations in Secondary Themes of the Oedipal Legend
In the jury box
Adaptation to the Dominant Society and Identification with the Aggressor as Factors in the Treatment of Chicanos
The Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse of Native American Boarding-School Children
Differences in Susceptibility to Influence in Mexican American and Anglo Females
To further evaluate the hypothesis of relatively greater susceptibility of influence in Mexican Americans, 3OAnglo and 30 Mexican American females were given the task of responding to a select set of Rorschach cards together with eitheranAnglo ora Mexican American confederate. All subjects observed the card and wrote down "three best responses," after which they showed each other their responses. Then subjects were asked to once more give two res…
The Relationship of Homophobia to Intimacy in Heterosexual Men
Interpersonal intimacy is more difficult to achieve for American men than women. Research has shown that men disclose less, have fewer close friendships, and are viewed by their wives as low in intimacy. Among the barriers to intimacy among men, Tognoli (1980) suggested that homophobia is the most powerful. The present study tested this idea by asking men to disclose a personal secret to either a male confidant, a female confidante, or by writing…
Cultural and Gender Differences in Moral Judgment
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development regards justice concerns as developmentally more advanced than interpersonal considerations. Men tend to score as more morally developed than women on existing measures. Gilligan suggested that this is because women rely more on “care” considerations in moral dilemmas, whereas men rely more on “justice” issues. Snarey noted similar bias in the cross-cultural realm. The authors studied moral judgment in Mexic…
Object representations in dreams of Chicanos and Anglos
The relationship between the cultures to which persons belong and their internalized object representations as revealed by manifest dream content was investigated. It was hypothesized that because Chicanos are from a more nurturing culture than Anglos, they would represent persons in their dreams as more differentiated, articulated, and integrated, with more benevolent interactions. 50 Chicano and 50 Anglo university students (25 of each gender i…
The Saving for Every Child Program in Israel
In 2017, the Israeli government implemented a universal child development account programme – the Saving for Every Child Program (SECP) – which establishes a personal savings account for every Israeli child and provides monthly deposits until the child turns 18. The SECP has the potential to provide substantial assets when children reach adulthood, but the benefits depend on parents’ investment choices. The unique programme’s nature presents oppo…
Enrollment and participation in a universal child savings program
Psychology (33 obras) · Economics (23 obras) · Business (19 obras) · Political science (19 obras) · Demographic economics (17 obras) · Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis (16 obras) · Medicine (16 obras) · Sociology (16 obras) · Finance (13 obras) · Social Psychology (13 obras)