Kenneth Blum
Biographic Data
| ID | 899025 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kenneth Blum |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kenneth |
| FAMILY NAME | Blum |
| SIGNATURE | BLUM K |
| AFFILIATIONS | Eötvös Loránd University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6727-803X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 0 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1973 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 0 |
The Emerging Crisis in Non-Prescribed Ketamine Use
BACKGROUND: Since 2000, rates of suicide and opioid overdose have sharply increased. Approximately one-third of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) experience treatment-resistant depression (TRD), highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. OBJECTIVE: This review synthesizes pivotal preclinical and clinical findings on low-dose ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects and examines proposed mechanisms underlying its …
Case Report
This paper examines the utilization of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat recurrent Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in a patient comorbid with atrial fibrillation (AF), a type of common heart arrhythmia. Symptoms of AF can increase the risk of MDD and GAD, negatively impacting quality of life. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an FDA-approved modality for treatm…
Targeting pro-dopaminergic agonism to attenuate depression in patients displaying genetic/epigenetic predisposition to hypodopaminergia
Since 1990, substantial evidence from association studies has identified the D(2) dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene as a factor in the development of alcoholism [1][2][3][4]. The DRD2 gene has also been linked to other substance use disorders, including dependencies on cocaine, nicotine, and opioids, as well as obesity [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Dopamine in the brain, often referred to as the "stressrelief molecule," plays a central role in managing st…
Utilization of a precision medicine genetic and psychosocial approach in outcome assessment of bariatric weight loss surgery
The obesity epidemic has become a global public health issue, impacting more than one billion people worldwide. 9% of the US population, or 28.8 million Americans will have an eating disorder in their lifetime. In fact, global eating disorder prevalence increased from 3.5% to 7.8% between 2000 and 2018. In spite of the fact that less than 6% of people with an eating disorder are medically underweight, it is indeed an important factor when conside…
Opioid use disorder
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health threat, contributing to morbidity and mortality from addiction, overdose, and related medical conditions. Despite our increasing knowledge about the pathophysiology and existing medical treatments of OUD, it has remained a relapsing and remitting disorder for decades, with rising deaths from overdoses, rather than declining. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the increase in overall substance …
High intensity interval training exercise increases dopamine D2 levels and modulates brain dopamine signaling
Background Previous research has outlined the health benefits of exercise including its therapeutic potential for substance use disorders (SUD). These data have already been utilized and it is now common to find exercise as part of SUD treatment and relapse prevention programs. However, we need to better understand different exercise regimens and determine which would be the most beneficial for SUDs. Recently, high intensity interval training (HI…
Hypothesizing in the Face of the Opioid Crisis Coupling Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (Gars) Testing with Electrotherapeutic Nonopioid Modalities Such as H-Wave Could Attenuate Both Pain and Hedonic…
In the United States, amid the opioid overdose epidemic, nonaddicting/nonpharmacological proven strategies are available to treat pain and manage chronic pain effectively without opioids. Evidence supporting the long-term use of opioids for pain is lacking, as is the will to alter the drug-embracing culture in American chronic pain management. Some pain clinicians seem to prefer classical analgesic agents that promote unwanted tolerance to analge…
Cannabis-Induced Hypodopaminergic Anhedonia and Cognitive Decline in Humans
Over years, the regular use of cannabis has substantially increased among young adults, as indicated by the rise in cannabis use disorder (CUD), with an estimated prevalence of 8. 3% in the United States. Research shows that exposure to cannabis is associated with hypodopaminergic anhedonia (depression), cognitive decline, poor memory, inattention, impaired learning performance, reduced dopamine brain response-associated emotionality, and increas…
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)
Alcohol and other substance use disorders share comorbidity with other RDS disorders, i.e., a reduction in dopamine signaling within the reward pathway. RDS is a term that connects addictive, obsessive, compulsive, and impulsive behavioral disorders. An estimated 2 million individuals in the United States have opioid use disorder related to prescription opioids. It is estimated that the overall cost of the illegal and legally prescribed opioid cr…
Co-occurrences of substance use and other potentially addictive behaviors
Putative Covid- 19 Induction of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) and Associated Behavioral Addictions with Potential Concomitant Dopamine Depletion
Introducing Precision Addiction Management of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, the Construct That Underpins All Addictive Behaviors
reward deficiency syndrome (RDS), dopamine homeostasis, genetic addiction risk score (GARS), comprehensive analysis of reported drugs (CARD), precision addiction management (PAM)
The Addictive Brain
This article will touch on theories, scientific research and conjecture about the evolutionary genetics of the brain function and the impact of genetic variants called polymorphisms on drug-seeking behavior. It will cover the neurological basis of pleasure-seeking and addiction, which affects multitudes in a global atmosphere where people are seeking "pleasure states"
Sex, Drugs, and Rock ‘N’ Roll
The nucleus accumbens, a site within the ventral striatum, plays a prominent role in mediating the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, food, sex, and other addictions. Indeed, it is generally believed that this structure mandates motivated behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity, which are elicited by natural rewards and other strong incentive stimuli. This article focuses on sex addiction, but we hypothesize that there is a co…
Early Intervention of Intravenous KB220IV- Neuroadaptagen Amino-Acid Therapy (Naat)TM Improves Behavioral Outcomes in a Residential Addiction Treatment Program
Substance use disorders (SUD) are inheritable and the culprit is hypodopaminergic function regulated by reward genes. We evaluated a natural dopaminergic agonist; KB220 intravenous (IV) and oral variants, to improve dopaminergic function in SUD. Our pilot experiment found a significant reduction of chronic symptoms, measured by the Chronic Abstinence Symptom Severity (CASS) Scale. The combined group (IV and oral) did significantly better than the…
Generational Association Studies of Dopaminergic Genes in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Subjects
Although our sample size was limited, and linkage analysis is necessary, the results support the putative role of dopaminergic polymorphisms in RDS behaviors. This study shows the importance of a nonspecific RDS phenotype and informs an understanding of how evaluating single subset behaviors of RDS may lead to spurious results. Utilization of a nonspecific "reward" phenotype may be a paradigm shift in future association and linkage studies involv…
Neurogenetics and Clinical Evidence for the Putative Activation of the Brain Reward Circuitry by a Neuroadaptagen
This document presents evidence supporting the role of the KB220/KB220Z neuroadaptagens consisting of amino-acid neurotransmitter precursors and enkephalinase-catecholamine-methyl-transferase (COMT) inhibition therapy called Neuroadaptagen Amino Acid Therapy (NAAT) in brain reward function. It is becoming increasingly clear that this novel formulation is the first neuroadaptagen known to activate the brain reward circuitry. Ongoing research repea…
Hypothesizing that Marijuana Smokers are at a Significantly Lower Risk of Carcinogenicity Relative to Tobacco-Non-Marijuana Smokers
A hypothetical link between marijuana smoking and cancer has been established based on a number of misleading assumptions. However, recent studies tend to suggest, if anything, an inverse association between marijuana use and cancers. To test the hypothesis that marijuana smoking significantly lowers the risk of developing cancer in humans, we analyzed published data from a prospective cohort study on cancer incidence among nonsmokers (NS), marij…
Nutrigenomics and pharmacogenomics
English As scientists engaged in understanding the potential of drug/nutrient responses as a function of our genome and all of its ramifications including academic and commercial aspects, our future looks bright. While, however, being cautious about our future especially in terms of regulatory issues, gene-nutrition interactions especially related to genome-based response will indeed be the next cornerstone of solid scientific approaches to assis…
The Reward Deficiency Syndrome
The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been implicated in reward mechanisms. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain region induces "reward" when dopamine (DA) is released from the neuron at the nucleus accumbens and interacts with a dopamine D2 receptor. "The reward cascade" involves the release of serotonin, which in turn at the hypothalmus stimulates enkephalin, which in turn inh…
Neurodynamics of Relapse Prevention
The central nervous system rewarding properties of ethanol, cocaine, and heroin may activate a common catecholaminergic reward system in the mesolimbic circuitry of the brain. Driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders with either alcohol- or cocaine-related problems were studied. The neuronutrients SAAVE and Tropamine significantly reduced relapse rates and enhanced recovery in these DUI outpatient offenders over a 10-week period. Follow-up on …
Neurogenetic Deficits Caused by Alcoholism
(1988). Neurogenetic Deficits Caused by Alcoholism: Restoration by SAAVETM, a Neuronutrient Intervention Adjunct. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 20, Pharmacological Adjuncts and Nutritional Supplements in the Treatment of Drug Dependence, pp. 297-313
Improvement of Cocaine-Induced Neuromodulator Deficits by the Neuronutrient TropamineTM
Holism
Effect of the Pineal Gland on Alcohol Consumption by Congenitally Blind Male Rats
Congenitally blind rats drank more of a 5% alcohol solution than water while congenitally blind pinealectomized rats drank more water than did the intact rats. Daily injections of melatonin did not influence choice of drinking fluid in either group
No prominent works on this page.
Effect of the Pineal Gland on Alcohol Consumption by Congenitally Blind Male Rats
Congenitally blind rats drank more of a 5% alcohol solution than water while congenitally blind pinealectomized rats drank more water than did the intact rats. Daily injections of melatonin did not influence choice of drinking fluid in either group
Holism
Neurogenetic Deficits Caused by Alcoholism
(1988). Neurogenetic Deficits Caused by Alcoholism: Restoration by SAAVETM, a Neuronutrient Intervention Adjunct. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 20, Pharmacological Adjuncts and Nutritional Supplements in the Treatment of Drug Dependence, pp. 297-313
Improvement of Cocaine-Induced Neuromodulator Deficits by the Neuronutrient TropamineTM
Neurodynamics of Relapse Prevention
The central nervous system rewarding properties of ethanol, cocaine, and heroin may activate a common catecholaminergic reward system in the mesolimbic circuitry of the brain. Driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenders with either alcohol- or cocaine-related problems were studied. The neuronutrients SAAVE and Tropamine significantly reduced relapse rates and enhanced recovery in these DUI outpatient offenders over a 10-week period. Follow-up on …
The Reward Deficiency Syndrome
The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been implicated in reward mechanisms. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain region induces "reward" when dopamine (DA) is released from the neuron at the nucleus accumbens and interacts with a dopamine D2 receptor. "The reward cascade" involves the release of serotonin, which in turn at the hypothalmus stimulates enkephalin, which in turn inh…
Nutrigenomics and pharmacogenomics
English As scientists engaged in understanding the potential of drug/nutrient responses as a function of our genome and all of its ramifications including academic and commercial aspects, our future looks bright. While, however, being cautious about our future especially in terms of regulatory issues, gene-nutrition interactions especially related to genome-based response will indeed be the next cornerstone of solid scientific approaches to assis…
Hypothesizing that Marijuana Smokers are at a Significantly Lower Risk of Carcinogenicity Relative to Tobacco-Non-Marijuana Smokers
A hypothetical link between marijuana smoking and cancer has been established based on a number of misleading assumptions. However, recent studies tend to suggest, if anything, an inverse association between marijuana use and cancers. To test the hypothesis that marijuana smoking significantly lowers the risk of developing cancer in humans, we analyzed published data from a prospective cohort study on cancer incidence among nonsmokers (NS), marij…
Generational Association Studies of Dopaminergic Genes in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Subjects
Although our sample size was limited, and linkage analysis is necessary, the results support the putative role of dopaminergic polymorphisms in RDS behaviors. This study shows the importance of a nonspecific RDS phenotype and informs an understanding of how evaluating single subset behaviors of RDS may lead to spurious results. Utilization of a nonspecific "reward" phenotype may be a paradigm shift in future association and linkage studies involv…
Neurogenetics and Clinical Evidence for the Putative Activation of the Brain Reward Circuitry by a Neuroadaptagen
This document presents evidence supporting the role of the KB220/KB220Z neuroadaptagens consisting of amino-acid neurotransmitter precursors and enkephalinase-catecholamine-methyl-transferase (COMT) inhibition therapy called Neuroadaptagen Amino Acid Therapy (NAAT) in brain reward function. It is becoming increasingly clear that this novel formulation is the first neuroadaptagen known to activate the brain reward circuitry. Ongoing research repea…
The Addictive Brain
This article will touch on theories, scientific research and conjecture about the evolutionary genetics of the brain function and the impact of genetic variants called polymorphisms on drug-seeking behavior. It will cover the neurological basis of pleasure-seeking and addiction, which affects multitudes in a global atmosphere where people are seeking "pleasure states"
Sex, Drugs, and Rock ‘N’ Roll
The nucleus accumbens, a site within the ventral striatum, plays a prominent role in mediating the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, food, sex, and other addictions. Indeed, it is generally believed that this structure mandates motivated behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sexual activity, which are elicited by natural rewards and other strong incentive stimuli. This article focuses on sex addiction, but we hypothesize that there is a co…
Early Intervention of Intravenous KB220IV- Neuroadaptagen Amino-Acid Therapy (Naat)TM Improves Behavioral Outcomes in a Residential Addiction Treatment Program
Substance use disorders (SUD) are inheritable and the culprit is hypodopaminergic function regulated by reward genes. We evaluated a natural dopaminergic agonist; KB220 intravenous (IV) and oral variants, to improve dopaminergic function in SUD. Our pilot experiment found a significant reduction of chronic symptoms, measured by the Chronic Abstinence Symptom Severity (CASS) Scale. The combined group (IV and oral) did significantly better than the…
Introducing Precision Addiction Management of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, the Construct That Underpins All Addictive Behaviors
reward deficiency syndrome (RDS), dopamine homeostasis, genetic addiction risk score (GARS), comprehensive analysis of reported drugs (CARD), precision addiction management (PAM)
Co-occurrences of substance use and other potentially addictive behaviors
Putative Covid- 19 Induction of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) and Associated Behavioral Addictions with Potential Concomitant Dopamine Depletion
Cannabis-Induced Hypodopaminergic Anhedonia and Cognitive Decline in Humans
Over years, the regular use of cannabis has substantially increased among young adults, as indicated by the rise in cannabis use disorder (CUD), with an estimated prevalence of 8. 3% in the United States. Research shows that exposure to cannabis is associated with hypodopaminergic anhedonia (depression), cognitive decline, poor memory, inattention, impaired learning performance, reduced dopamine brain response-associated emotionality, and increas…
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)
Alcohol and other substance use disorders share comorbidity with other RDS disorders, i.e., a reduction in dopamine signaling within the reward pathway. RDS is a term that connects addictive, obsessive, compulsive, and impulsive behavioral disorders. An estimated 2 million individuals in the United States have opioid use disorder related to prescription opioids. It is estimated that the overall cost of the illegal and legally prescribed opioid cr…
Hypothesizing in the Face of the Opioid Crisis Coupling Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (Gars) Testing with Electrotherapeutic Nonopioid Modalities Such as H-Wave Could Attenuate Both Pain and Hedonic…
In the United States, amid the opioid overdose epidemic, nonaddicting/nonpharmacological proven strategies are available to treat pain and manage chronic pain effectively without opioids. Evidence supporting the long-term use of opioids for pain is lacking, as is the will to alter the drug-embracing culture in American chronic pain management. Some pain clinicians seem to prefer classical analgesic agents that promote unwanted tolerance to analge…
High intensity interval training exercise increases dopamine D2 levels and modulates brain dopamine signaling
Background Previous research has outlined the health benefits of exercise including its therapeutic potential for substance use disorders (SUD). These data have already been utilized and it is now common to find exercise as part of SUD treatment and relapse prevention programs. However, we need to better understand different exercise regimens and determine which would be the most beneficial for SUDs. Recently, high intensity interval training (HI…
Opioid use disorder
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health threat, contributing to morbidity and mortality from addiction, overdose, and related medical conditions. Despite our increasing knowledge about the pathophysiology and existing medical treatments of OUD, it has remained a relapsing and remitting disorder for decades, with rising deaths from overdoses, rather than declining. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the increase in overall substance …
Targeting pro-dopaminergic agonism to attenuate depression in patients displaying genetic/epigenetic predisposition to hypodopaminergia
Since 1990, substantial evidence from association studies has identified the D(2) dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene as a factor in the development of alcoholism [1][2][3][4]. The DRD2 gene has also been linked to other substance use disorders, including dependencies on cocaine, nicotine, and opioids, as well as obesity [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Dopamine in the brain, often referred to as the "stressrelief molecule," plays a central role in managing st…
Utilization of a precision medicine genetic and psychosocial approach in outcome assessment of bariatric weight loss surgery
The obesity epidemic has become a global public health issue, impacting more than one billion people worldwide. 9% of the US population, or 28.8 million Americans will have an eating disorder in their lifetime. In fact, global eating disorder prevalence increased from 3.5% to 7.8% between 2000 and 2018. In spite of the fact that less than 6% of people with an eating disorder are medically underweight, it is indeed an important factor when conside…
The Emerging Crisis in Non-Prescribed Ketamine Use
BACKGROUND: Since 2000, rates of suicide and opioid overdose have sharply increased. Approximately one-third of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) experience treatment-resistant depression (TRD), highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. OBJECTIVE: This review synthesizes pivotal preclinical and clinical findings on low-dose ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects and examines proposed mechanisms underlying its …
Case Report
This paper examines the utilization of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat recurrent Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in a patient comorbid with atrial fibrillation (AF), a type of common heart arrhythmia. Symptoms of AF can increase the risk of MDD and GAD, negatively impacting quality of life. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an FDA-approved modality for treatm…
Medicine (16 works) · Psychiatry (15 works) · Psychology (14 works) · Addiction (13 works) · Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior (12 works) · Dopamine (11 works) · Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (9 works) · Dopaminergic (8 works) · Internal Medicine (7 works) · Neuroscience (6 works)