Naomi Pendle
Biographic Data
| ID | 90264 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Naomi Pendle |
| GIVEN NAMES | Naomi |
| FAMILY NAME | Pendle |
| SIGNATURE | PENDLE N |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Bath |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4679-6617 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 100 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 22 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2014 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Community self‐protection , public authority and the safety of strangers in Bor and Ler, South Sudan
Protection is not simply something done or delivered to people by states, humanitarian organisations and armed peacekeepers. Instead, a growing literature has begun to examine the self‐protection strategies of people and communities in protracted violent crises. Its authors suggest that nuanced understandings of how people retain a measure of agency in the face of violence is an important first step for those seeking to reduce their levels of thr…
The Safety of Strangers: The Realities and Politics of Protecting Civilians in Times of War
Recent wars have brutally shown that civilians are not safe. This is despite high‐level global commitments and multi‐billion‐dollar humanitarian spending to keep civilian strangers protected. The high civilian death tolls in recent armed conflicts are prompting new questions about how and if we can protect civilians in times of war, and what the real politics of such protection is. In this special section and its introduction, we argue that it is…
Social networks and the dead: Learning from South Sudanese military widows in exile in Khartoum (Sudan)
Social networks play a key role in people’s coping strategies during humanitarian crisis and exile. However, so far, scholarship on these social networks has tended to ignore the continued role of the dead in social networks and the profound socio-economic obligations to the dead that can exist and impact the living, their ability to cope, their relationships and the moral economies that shape supportive exchange. Specifically, we focus on the po…
Wartime burial from below: Combatants’ responses to combatants’ deaths in Ukraine and South Sudan
Excess deaths are synonymous with armed conflict, and combatants cannot avoid dealing with messy, emotive dead bodies. Therefore, a key window into understanding combatants’ behaviours, norms and values is to pay attention to how they deal with the dead, including the dead bodies and ghosts of their fellow combatants. Through their death work, combatants seek to reshape the social and political meaning of war, and the value and identity of the de…
Contemporary responses in Africa to the aftermath of death: Developments and Decolonising Challenges
Dominated by scholars and empirical material from Europe, North America, New Zealand and Australia, death and bereavement studies have often assumed the universality of their knowledge. This limits the epistemic and ontological potential of the field and can result in limiting understanding of death and its aftermath ‘elsewhere’. Further, because of the political and economic power of these centres for the study of death, it has also resulted in …
Sing safety: Understanding South Sudanese protection strategies through song
We advocate for ethnomusicology—the critical study of the dialogical relationship between music and the contexts that define it—as one of the research approaches that humanitarians and peacekeepers should use to better understand civilians' self‐protection strategies during conflict. Humanitarian protection strategies have not kept all civilians safe, so there is growing scholarly and policy attention to self‐protection strategies. It is importan…
Humanitarian protection activities and the safety of strangers in the DRC , Syria and South Sudan
Many contemporary humanitarian organisations derive their legitimacy from their claims to protect civilians. Yet, what these organisations do in its name includes a diverse and contested range of activities that are often far from what global publics and affected populations understand as constituting protection. As others have argued, this detracts from honest discussions about when and how humanitarians are well placed to keep civilians safe fr…
Music and the politics of famine: Everyday Discourses and Shame for Suffering
Understanding the politics of famine is crucial to understanding why famines still occur. A key part of this is how famine is remembered, understood, and discussed. This paper focuses on songs popular among communities that have recently experienced deadly famine. Contemporary famines almost always manifest in armed conflict contexts, where there is limited political freedom. Here, songs and music can be an important way to debate sensitive polit…
Everyday Protection: Learning from United Nations Protection of Civilians Sites
Protection of Civilians' (PoC) has been a dominant focus of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions in recent decades. At the same time, 'Protection of Civilians' is a contested and ambiguous concept, with its practical meanings often established in the realities of implementation. The introduction to this special issue argues that 'Protection of Civilians sites' (established in South Sudan in 2013) are important for understanding how protectio…
Rural Radicalism in the Capital City: The Impact of Histories of Inequitable Safety on Patterns of Violence
Around the world, armed conflict is increasingly occurring in capital cities and governments are relying on pro-government, rurally recruited, militia to suppress anti-government political violence. Pendle and Maror draw lessons from South Sudan where recruits from rural areas were brought to Juba to help defend the government. Drawing on ethnographic observations and qualitative interviews with combatants, this article uses "rural radicalism" to…
Remaking the Law to Protect Civilians: Overlapping Jurisdictions and Contested Spaces in UN Protection of Civilian Sites
The UN Protection of Civilians sites in South Sudan were separated from adjacent towns by barbed wire fences, mounds, watchtowers and patrolling peacekeepers. Building on and contributing to recent legal geography scholarship on jurisdictions, we explore how legal norms, institutions and rivalrous claims of jurisdiction remake these places of protection and blur spatial boundaries by creating trails that entangle the worlds inside and outside of …
Law and Famine: Learning from the Hunger Courts in South Sudan
Activists and scholars are seeking to end famine by promoting international legal accountability for starvation. This article deepens our understanding of the relationship between the politics of famine and law by observing the ongoing prevalence and power of legal norms and institutions during times of famine. It reveals the widespread use of hunger courts in famine-prone South Sudan and their role in legally enforcing social networks that provi…
The longue durée of short-lived infrastructure – Roads and state authority in South Sudan
Drawing on the literature on the temporalities of infrastructure, this article focuses on the cyclical assertion of centralized authority through road-building in South Sudan, where roads are repeatedly built, projects paused, roads ruined, and then rebuilt again. The landscapes of South Sudan are littered with the decaying infrastructure projects of previous governments and political visions, seemingly pointing to a past of failed futures and th…
He Cannot Marry Her: Excluding the Living and Including the Dead in South Sudanese Citizenship in Sudan
Global refugee regimes mean that South Sudanese, living in refugee camps in Sudan, can be considered as living on the political margins of the world and effectively denied citizenship. However, South Sudanese in these camps contest this marginalization. They do this, not by simply claiming citizenship of a state, but by challenging the very meaning of citizenship and connecting citizenship to different ideas of political collectivity. This articl…
Competing authorities and norms of restraint: Governing community-embedded armed groups in South Sudan
International humanitarian actors and academics continue to struggle to understand armed group conduct and how to restrain this conduct when it violates moral, legal and humanitarian norms. Armed groups that lack a visible, explicit formal hierarchical command structure, equivalent to those found in state militaries, have proved a particular puzzle. A growing body of scholarship on the strategic functions of patterns of violence and restraint has…
I Kept My Gun’: Displacement’s Impact on Reshaping Social Distinction During Return
Scholarship prompted by 40 years of mass repatriations has highlighted that repatriations and returns are shaped by social navigation and renegotiation of ‘home’. This article argues that the original experience of displacement itself, and the interconnected social rupture or continuity, moderates this negotiation and has consequences for social distinction, class reproduction, and political emplacement as refugees return. Specifically, the artic…
The 'Nuer of Dinka money' and the demands of the dead: Contesting the moral limits of monetised politics in South Sudan
This article critiques explanations of South Sudan’s armed conflicts since 2013 that have relied on over-simplified theories of identity or monetised politics. Instead, this article explores the renegotiation of the meanings of monetary exchanges in politics and the inter-linked remaking of political identities. Warring coalitions in South Sudan have mobilised support using different notions of political communities and divergent ideas about the …
Politics, prophets and armed mobilizations: Competition and continuity over registers of authority in South Sudan's conflicts
Spiritual and divine authorities play a prominent role in mobilizing armed violence. This article provides a micro-history of a contemporary Nuer prophetess (guan kuoth) in South Sudan who mobilized hundreds of armed men including in support of current anti-government rebellions. The article grapples with apparent paradoxes in her approach to kume (a broadly defined notion of government) and customary law. This prophetess rejects logics of author…
The dead are just to drink from: Recycling ideas of revenge among the western Dinka, South Sudan
Governments in South Sudan have long built their authority on their ability to fashion changing regimes of revenge and compensation, war and peace. Governments' capture of these regimes has resulted in the secularization of compensation despite the ongoing spiritual consequences of lethal violence. This article explores these issues by focusing on the western Dinka of Greater Gogrial. In recent years, they have been closely linked to the highest …
Contesting the militarization of the places where they met: The landscapes of the western Nuer and Dinka (South Sudan)
Decades of militarized, violent conflict and elite wealth acquisition have created a common rupture in shared landscapes between communities of the western Dinka and Nuer (South Sudan). Through the remaking of these landscapes, governments and their wars have indirectly reshaped political identities and relationships. Networks of complex relationships have used this space for migration, marriage, trade and burial. Since the government wars of the…
Violence, legitimacy, and prophecy: Nuer struggles with uncertainty in South Sudan
Contemporary South Sudanese Nuer prophets play powerful roles in interpreting the moral limits of lethal violence and weighing the legitimacy claims of rival government leaders. Their activities remain largely invisible to external observers investigating the making and unmaking of fragile states. Focusing on South Sudan's tumultuous 2005-14 period, we reveal these hidden dynamics through analysis of the two most-powerful living western Nuer prop…
Interrupting the balance: Reconsidering the complexities of conflict in South Sudan
By the start of 2014, violent conflict had erupted across much of South Sudan following initial violence in Juba on 15 December 2013. The speed with which the fighting has spread raises questions regarding the impact of national-level politics on violence at the local level. This article develops a framework in which violent conflict can be comprehended as a response to the interruption of the negotiation of the balance of power between groups; t…
Violence, legitimacy, and prophecy: Nuer struggles with uncertainty in South Sudan
Contemporary South Sudanese Nuer prophets play powerful roles in interpreting the moral limits of lethal violence and weighing the legitimacy claims of rival government leaders. Their activities remain largely invisible to external observers investigating the making and unmaking of fragile states. Focusing on South Sudan's tumultuous 2005-14 period, we reveal these hidden dynamics through analysis of the two most-powerful living western Nuer prop…
The dead are just to drink from: Recycling ideas of revenge among the western Dinka, South Sudan
Governments in South Sudan have long built their authority on their ability to fashion changing regimes of revenge and compensation, war and peace. Governments' capture of these regimes has resulted in the secularization of compensation despite the ongoing spiritual consequences of lethal violence. This article explores these issues by focusing on the western Dinka of Greater Gogrial. In recent years, they have been closely linked to the highest …
Contesting the militarization of the places where they met: The landscapes of the western Nuer and Dinka (South Sudan)
Decades of militarized, violent conflict and elite wealth acquisition have created a common rupture in shared landscapes between communities of the western Dinka and Nuer (South Sudan). Through the remaking of these landscapes, governments and their wars have indirectly reshaped political identities and relationships. Networks of complex relationships have used this space for migration, marriage, trade and burial. Since the government wars of the…
Interrupting the balance: Reconsidering the complexities of conflict in South Sudan
By the start of 2014, violent conflict had erupted across much of South Sudan following initial violence in Juba on 15 December 2013. The speed with which the fighting has spread raises questions regarding the impact of national-level politics on violence at the local level. This article develops a framework in which violent conflict can be comprehended as a response to the interruption of the negotiation of the balance of power between groups; t…
The 'Nuer of Dinka money' and the demands of the dead: Contesting the moral limits of monetised politics in South Sudan
This article critiques explanations of South Sudan’s armed conflicts since 2013 that have relied on over-simplified theories of identity or monetised politics. Instead, this article explores the renegotiation of the meanings of monetary exchanges in politics and the inter-linked remaking of political identities. Warring coalitions in South Sudan have mobilised support using different notions of political communities and divergent ideas about the …
The longue durée of short-lived infrastructure – Roads and state authority in South Sudan
Drawing on the literature on the temporalities of infrastructure, this article focuses on the cyclical assertion of centralized authority through road-building in South Sudan, where roads are repeatedly built, projects paused, roads ruined, and then rebuilt again. The landscapes of South Sudan are littered with the decaying infrastructure projects of previous governments and political visions, seemingly pointing to a past of failed futures and th…
Politics, prophets and armed mobilizations: Competition and continuity over registers of authority in South Sudan's conflicts
Spiritual and divine authorities play a prominent role in mobilizing armed violence. This article provides a micro-history of a contemporary Nuer prophetess (guan kuoth) in South Sudan who mobilized hundreds of armed men including in support of current anti-government rebellions. The article grapples with apparent paradoxes in her approach to kume (a broadly defined notion of government) and customary law. This prophetess rejects logics of author…
Everyday Protection: Learning from United Nations Protection of Civilians Sites
Protection of Civilians' (PoC) has been a dominant focus of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions in recent decades. At the same time, 'Protection of Civilians' is a contested and ambiguous concept, with its practical meanings often established in the realities of implementation. The introduction to this special issue argues that 'Protection of Civilians sites' (established in South Sudan in 2013) are important for understanding how protectio…
Competing authorities and norms of restraint: Governing community-embedded armed groups in South Sudan
International humanitarian actors and academics continue to struggle to understand armed group conduct and how to restrain this conduct when it violates moral, legal and humanitarian norms. Armed groups that lack a visible, explicit formal hierarchical command structure, equivalent to those found in state militaries, have proved a particular puzzle. A growing body of scholarship on the strategic functions of patterns of violence and restraint has…
Remaking the Law to Protect Civilians: Overlapping Jurisdictions and Contested Spaces in UN Protection of Civilian Sites
The UN Protection of Civilians sites in South Sudan were separated from adjacent towns by barbed wire fences, mounds, watchtowers and patrolling peacekeepers. Building on and contributing to recent legal geography scholarship on jurisdictions, we explore how legal norms, institutions and rivalrous claims of jurisdiction remake these places of protection and blur spatial boundaries by creating trails that entangle the worlds inside and outside of …
I Kept My Gun’: Displacement’s Impact on Reshaping Social Distinction During Return
Scholarship prompted by 40 years of mass repatriations has highlighted that repatriations and returns are shaped by social navigation and renegotiation of ‘home’. This article argues that the original experience of displacement itself, and the interconnected social rupture or continuity, moderates this negotiation and has consequences for social distinction, class reproduction, and political emplacement as refugees return. Specifically, the artic…
Contemporary responses in Africa to the aftermath of death: Developments and Decolonising Challenges
Dominated by scholars and empirical material from Europe, North America, New Zealand and Australia, death and bereavement studies have often assumed the universality of their knowledge. This limits the epistemic and ontological potential of the field and can result in limiting understanding of death and its aftermath ‘elsewhere’. Further, because of the political and economic power of these centres for the study of death, it has also resulted in …
Music and the politics of famine: Everyday Discourses and Shame for Suffering
Understanding the politics of famine is crucial to understanding why famines still occur. A key part of this is how famine is remembered, understood, and discussed. This paper focuses on songs popular among communities that have recently experienced deadly famine. Contemporary famines almost always manifest in armed conflict contexts, where there is limited political freedom. Here, songs and music can be an important way to debate sensitive polit…
Law and Famine: Learning from the Hunger Courts in South Sudan
Activists and scholars are seeking to end famine by promoting international legal accountability for starvation. This article deepens our understanding of the relationship between the politics of famine and law by observing the ongoing prevalence and power of legal norms and institutions during times of famine. It reveals the widespread use of hunger courts in famine-prone South Sudan and their role in legally enforcing social networks that provi…
Interrupting the balance: Reconsidering the complexities of conflict in South Sudan
By the start of 2014, violent conflict had erupted across much of South Sudan following initial violence in Juba on 15 December 2013. The speed with which the fighting has spread raises questions regarding the impact of national-level politics on violence at the local level. This article develops a framework in which violent conflict can be comprehended as a response to the interruption of the negotiation of the balance of power between groups; t…
Violence, legitimacy, and prophecy: Nuer struggles with uncertainty in South Sudan
Contemporary South Sudanese Nuer prophets play powerful roles in interpreting the moral limits of lethal violence and weighing the legitimacy claims of rival government leaders. Their activities remain largely invisible to external observers investigating the making and unmaking of fragile states. Focusing on South Sudan's tumultuous 2005-14 period, we reveal these hidden dynamics through analysis of the two most-powerful living western Nuer prop…
Contesting the militarization of the places where they met: The landscapes of the western Nuer and Dinka (South Sudan)
Decades of militarized, violent conflict and elite wealth acquisition have created a common rupture in shared landscapes between communities of the western Dinka and Nuer (South Sudan). Through the remaking of these landscapes, governments and their wars have indirectly reshaped political identities and relationships. Networks of complex relationships have used this space for migration, marriage, trade and burial. Since the government wars of the…
The dead are just to drink from: Recycling ideas of revenge among the western Dinka, South Sudan
Governments in South Sudan have long built their authority on their ability to fashion changing regimes of revenge and compensation, war and peace. Governments' capture of these regimes has resulted in the secularization of compensation despite the ongoing spiritual consequences of lethal violence. This article explores these issues by focusing on the western Dinka of Greater Gogrial. In recent years, they have been closely linked to the highest …
I Kept My Gun’: Displacement’s Impact on Reshaping Social Distinction During Return
Scholarship prompted by 40 years of mass repatriations has highlighted that repatriations and returns are shaped by social navigation and renegotiation of ‘home’. This article argues that the original experience of displacement itself, and the interconnected social rupture or continuity, moderates this negotiation and has consequences for social distinction, class reproduction, and political emplacement as refugees return. Specifically, the artic…
The 'Nuer of Dinka money' and the demands of the dead: Contesting the moral limits of monetised politics in South Sudan
This article critiques explanations of South Sudan’s armed conflicts since 2013 that have relied on over-simplified theories of identity or monetised politics. Instead, this article explores the renegotiation of the meanings of monetary exchanges in politics and the inter-linked remaking of political identities. Warring coalitions in South Sudan have mobilised support using different notions of political communities and divergent ideas about the …
Politics, prophets and armed mobilizations: Competition and continuity over registers of authority in South Sudan's conflicts
Spiritual and divine authorities play a prominent role in mobilizing armed violence. This article provides a micro-history of a contemporary Nuer prophetess (guan kuoth) in South Sudan who mobilized hundreds of armed men including in support of current anti-government rebellions. The article grapples with apparent paradoxes in her approach to kume (a broadly defined notion of government) and customary law. This prophetess rejects logics of author…
Competing authorities and norms of restraint: Governing community-embedded armed groups in South Sudan
International humanitarian actors and academics continue to struggle to understand armed group conduct and how to restrain this conduct when it violates moral, legal and humanitarian norms. Armed groups that lack a visible, explicit formal hierarchical command structure, equivalent to those found in state militaries, have proved a particular puzzle. A growing body of scholarship on the strategic functions of patterns of violence and restraint has…
The longue durée of short-lived infrastructure – Roads and state authority in South Sudan
Drawing on the literature on the temporalities of infrastructure, this article focuses on the cyclical assertion of centralized authority through road-building in South Sudan, where roads are repeatedly built, projects paused, roads ruined, and then rebuilt again. The landscapes of South Sudan are littered with the decaying infrastructure projects of previous governments and political visions, seemingly pointing to a past of failed futures and th…
He Cannot Marry Her: Excluding the Living and Including the Dead in South Sudanese Citizenship in Sudan
Global refugee regimes mean that South Sudanese, living in refugee camps in Sudan, can be considered as living on the political margins of the world and effectively denied citizenship. However, South Sudanese in these camps contest this marginalization. They do this, not by simply claiming citizenship of a state, but by challenging the very meaning of citizenship and connecting citizenship to different ideas of political collectivity. This articl…
Remaking the Law to Protect Civilians: Overlapping Jurisdictions and Contested Spaces in UN Protection of Civilian Sites
The UN Protection of Civilians sites in South Sudan were separated from adjacent towns by barbed wire fences, mounds, watchtowers and patrolling peacekeepers. Building on and contributing to recent legal geography scholarship on jurisdictions, we explore how legal norms, institutions and rivalrous claims of jurisdiction remake these places of protection and blur spatial boundaries by creating trails that entangle the worlds inside and outside of …
Law and Famine: Learning from the Hunger Courts in South Sudan
Activists and scholars are seeking to end famine by promoting international legal accountability for starvation. This article deepens our understanding of the relationship between the politics of famine and law by observing the ongoing prevalence and power of legal norms and institutions during times of famine. It reveals the widespread use of hunger courts in famine-prone South Sudan and their role in legally enforcing social networks that provi…
Everyday Protection: Learning from United Nations Protection of Civilians Sites
Protection of Civilians' (PoC) has been a dominant focus of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions in recent decades. At the same time, 'Protection of Civilians' is a contested and ambiguous concept, with its practical meanings often established in the realities of implementation. The introduction to this special issue argues that 'Protection of Civilians sites' (established in South Sudan in 2013) are important for understanding how protectio…
Rural Radicalism in the Capital City: The Impact of Histories of Inequitable Safety on Patterns of Violence
Around the world, armed conflict is increasingly occurring in capital cities and governments are relying on pro-government, rurally recruited, militia to suppress anti-government political violence. Pendle and Maror draw lessons from South Sudan where recruits from rural areas were brought to Juba to help defend the government. Drawing on ethnographic observations and qualitative interviews with combatants, this article uses "rural radicalism" to…
Community self‐protection , public authority and the safety of strangers in Bor and Ler, South Sudan
Protection is not simply something done or delivered to people by states, humanitarian organisations and armed peacekeepers. Instead, a growing literature has begun to examine the self‐protection strategies of people and communities in protracted violent crises. Its authors suggest that nuanced understandings of how people retain a measure of agency in the face of violence is an important first step for those seeking to reduce their levels of thr…
The Safety of Strangers: The Realities and Politics of Protecting Civilians in Times of War
Recent wars have brutally shown that civilians are not safe. This is despite high‐level global commitments and multi‐billion‐dollar humanitarian spending to keep civilian strangers protected. The high civilian death tolls in recent armed conflicts are prompting new questions about how and if we can protect civilians in times of war, and what the real politics of such protection is. In this special section and its introduction, we argue that it is…
Social networks and the dead: Learning from South Sudanese military widows in exile in Khartoum (Sudan)
Social networks play a key role in people’s coping strategies during humanitarian crisis and exile. However, so far, scholarship on these social networks has tended to ignore the continued role of the dead in social networks and the profound socio-economic obligations to the dead that can exist and impact the living, their ability to cope, their relationships and the moral economies that shape supportive exchange. Specifically, we focus on the po…
Wartime burial from below: Combatants’ responses to combatants’ deaths in Ukraine and South Sudan
Excess deaths are synonymous with armed conflict, and combatants cannot avoid dealing with messy, emotive dead bodies. Therefore, a key window into understanding combatants’ behaviours, norms and values is to pay attention to how they deal with the dead, including the dead bodies and ghosts of their fellow combatants. Through their death work, combatants seek to reshape the social and political meaning of war, and the value and identity of the de…
Contemporary responses in Africa to the aftermath of death: Developments and Decolonising Challenges
Dominated by scholars and empirical material from Europe, North America, New Zealand and Australia, death and bereavement studies have often assumed the universality of their knowledge. This limits the epistemic and ontological potential of the field and can result in limiting understanding of death and its aftermath ‘elsewhere’. Further, because of the political and economic power of these centres for the study of death, it has also resulted in …
Sing safety: Understanding South Sudanese protection strategies through song
We advocate for ethnomusicology—the critical study of the dialogical relationship between music and the contexts that define it—as one of the research approaches that humanitarians and peacekeepers should use to better understand civilians' self‐protection strategies during conflict. Humanitarian protection strategies have not kept all civilians safe, so there is growing scholarly and policy attention to self‐protection strategies. It is importan…
Humanitarian protection activities and the safety of strangers in the DRC , Syria and South Sudan
Many contemporary humanitarian organisations derive their legitimacy from their claims to protect civilians. Yet, what these organisations do in its name includes a diverse and contested range of activities that are often far from what global publics and affected populations understand as constituting protection. As others have argued, this detracts from honest discussions about when and how humanitarians are well placed to keep civilians safe fr…
Music and the politics of famine: Everyday Discourses and Shame for Suffering
Understanding the politics of famine is crucial to understanding why famines still occur. A key part of this is how famine is remembered, understood, and discussed. This paper focuses on songs popular among communities that have recently experienced deadly famine. Contemporary famines almost always manifest in armed conflict contexts, where there is limited political freedom. Here, songs and music can be an important way to debate sensitive polit…
Political science (19 works) · Sociology (18 works) · Law (15 works) · Politics (15 works) · Law (13 works) · Political economy (10 works) · Political Conflict and Governance (8 works) · Criminology (6 works) · Gender, Security, and Conflict (6 works) · Government (linguistics (6 works)