Richard L Burger
Biographic Data
| ID | 90696 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Richard L Burger |
| GIVEN NAMES | Richard L |
| FAMILY NAME | Burger |
| SIGNATURE | BURGER R L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Yale University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0664-0645 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 53 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 546 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 52 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1976 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
The Pocó-Saladoid connection and the first widespread technological ceramic tradition in Tropical Lowland South America
Some of the earliest ceramics in the Americas are found in Amazonia, though localised traditions become more widespread only c . 3500 cal BP with the development of Saladoid and Pocó ceramics in the Orinoco and Amazon basins, respectively. Despite stylistic affinities, these two assemblages have not been compared in detail. Here, the authors provide this missing comparative analysis, highlighting shared forms and similarities in chaîne opératoire…
Innovaciones en vasijas rituales andinas coloniales: Keros y pacchas
Este artículo explora las innovaciones en el diseño y la producción de keros y pacchas, dos tipos de vasijas rituales coloniales de los Andes peruanos y bolivianos. La manufactura de keros de madera y pacchas de cerámica con incrustaciones metálicas y de vidrio verde, respectivamente, se produjo en Cusco durante el período Colonial Temprano (1532-1783 dC) y no tiene antecedentes prehispánicos. El análisis arqueométrico muestra que se utilizaron v…
Tom Patterson and the origins of early Peruvian civilization
Thomas C. Patterson is a significant figure in the history of Peruvian archaeology. This article reviews some of his contributions with an emphasis on his work on early Andean civilization. Beginning in the 1960s he focused along with Edward Lanning on the settlement patterns and economic systems of the central coast, especially those of the Preceramic (or Archaic). This work shed light on the interdependence of shoreline dwellers and inland farm…
Sayrosa, a Minor Obsidian Source in the Puna of Arequipa
This article reports the identification of the Sayrosa Source, a minor geologic source of volcanic glass referred to Rare Type-3 obsidian in the 1977 pilot study by Burger and Asaro. Located only 25 km northeast of the major Alca-1 deposit, this source was exploited in prehispanic times despite the relatively small size of its nodules. Occasional flakes and bifaces of Sayrosa obsidian appear at archaeological sites in the puna of Chumbivilcas and…
The Charaña Obsidian Source and its Role in the Prehispanic Exchange Networks of the Titicaca Basin
Although the Chivay Source in the Colca Valley of Arequipa was the dominant provider of obsidian for the Lake Titicaca Basin throughout prehistory, other sources were also exploited. One minor deposit was recognized from a distinctive composition of obsidian artifacts previously known as the Tumuku or Khonko Type, but its geological location had not been identified and confirmed. This article identifies a deposit 28 km east of the village of Char…
Tourist Behavior Predicts Reactions of Macaques (Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina) at Sepilok Orang-utan Rehabilitation Centre, Sabah, Malaysia
The survival and transformation of annular pacchas in Cusco: An example of artistic and ideological continuity and change
Pacchas were ritual vessels used in libations and expressed elements of pre-Hispanic cosmology in the Andes long after the Spanish conquest. This article describes, for the first time, annular pacchas from Cusco from the Colonial Period and the 19th and 20th centuries. These pacchas are distinguished by their ring-shaped chamber and short vertical spout and survived as a symbol and valued ritual element for Andean people from ad 1532 to the 20th …
New AMS dates for Machu Picchu: Results and Implications
Machu Picchu, in Cuzco, is one of the most famous archaeological sites in South America. The precise dating of the monumental complex, however, relies largely on documentary sources. Samples of bone and teeth from individuals buried in caves at four cemeteries around Machu Picchu form the basis for a new programme of AMS radiocarbon-dating. The results show that the site was occupied fromc. AD 1420-1532, with activity beginning two decades earlie…
Maize and dietary change in early Peruvian civilization: Isotopic evidence from the Late Preceramic Period/Initial Period site of La Galgada, Peru
The Late Preceramic Period (3000–1700 BCE) and Initial Period (1700–800 BCE) in Peru was a time of emergent social complexity as illustrated by the construction of ceremonial architecture and permanent settlements. A long-standing debate centers on the nature of the subsistence economies that supported this incipient complexity. Though some scholars consider maize to have been an agricultural staple at this time, a growing body of archaeological …
Understanding the Socioeconomic Trajectory of Chavín de Huántar: A New Radiocarbon Sequence and Its Wider Implications
This article proposes a new14C chronology for the three-phase ceramic chronology from the settlement of Chavín de Huántar based on the AMS dating of collagen extracted from faunal remains recovered during my 1975 excavations. The chronometric estimates for the Chavín de Huántar ceramic chronology are as follows: Urabarriu Phase (950-800 cal BC), Chakinani Phase (800-700 cal BC), and Janabarriu Phase (700-400 cal BC). The new measurements confirm …
La Museografía en Cusco: Diferentes Museos, Diferentes Narrativas
Este trabajo tiene como enfoque de anlisis cuatro museos ubicados en la ciudad de Cusco, Per. Cada uno presenta elementos relacionados con la cultura Inca, aunque el contexto y el tratamiento varia radicalmente entre ellos. Argimos que estos museos ofrecen diferentes alternativas en su narracin, que reflejan la visin de los individuos y/o instituciones responsables de estas exhibiciones y la audiencia a quien se dirigen. Los museos sern comparado…
Interregional Obsidian Exchange During the Late Initial Period and Early Horizon: New Perspectives From Campanayuq Rumi, Peru
Campanayuq Rumi is a large civic-ceremonial center located in the south-central highlands of Peru. Founded in the late Initial Period (1100-800 BC), Campanayuq Rumi became an important center within the Chavín Interaction Sphere in the Early Horizon (ca. 800-400 BC). In particular, Campanayuq Rumi is significant because of its geographical proximity to Quispisisa, the most important and widely circulated obsidian source during the Early Horizon. …
Cinnabar use in Prehispanic Peru and its possible health consequences
A Response to the Commentary by Karen Olsen Bruhns, William E. Brooks, and Deborah Truhan on “Ecuadorian Cinnabar and the Prehispanic Trade in Vermilion Pigment: Viable Hypothesis or Red Herring?”
Our LAQ paper concluded that cinnabar pigment found by archaeologists in northern Peru was produced at Huancavelica in south-central Peru. In contrast, Bruhns and her colleagues suggest the mines near Azogues in southern Ecuador were an important cinnabar source for prehispanic Ecuador and Peru. In their commentary, they introduce new historic and geologic information to support their view, but a critical analysis demonstrates that it does not un…
Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas
Native American population history is reexamined using a large data set of pre-Columbian mitochondrial genomes.
The source, processing and use of red pigment based on hematite and cinnabar at Gramalote, an early Initial Period (1500–1200 cal. B.C.) maritime community, north coast of Peru
Ecuadorian Cinnabar and the Prehispanic Trade in Vermilion Pigment: Viable Hypothesis or Red Herring
Cinnabar ore is the source of a bright red pigment (mercury [II] sulfide, HGS), a substance that was highly valued in the Central Andes during prehispanic times. It is traditionally believed to come from Huancavelica in south-central Peru, although some scholars have argued that a prehispanic cinnabar source existed at Azogues near Cuenca in southern Ecuador. It has also been suggested that the cinnabar recovered at archaeological sites in northe…
La cerámica de Coscopunta, un sitio del Periodo Intermedio Tardío en la provincia de Carhuaz, Callejón de Huaylas, Perú
Este artículo ofrece la descripción de un gran grupo de vasijas completas o casi completas fechadas en el Periodo Intermedio Tardío que fueron descubiertas por un agricultor en 1979 en la aldea de Coscopunta, cerca del pueblo de Anta, provincia de Carhuaz, Ancash. Esta cerámica tiene un alto grado de variabilidad pero una baja calidad en su producción. Aunque este estilo comparte elementos con otros estilos de la misma época en la zona, como Aqui…
Flor de Mayo, Moyobamba, Peru; a formative u-shaped center in the Peruvian ceja de selva
This article considers an anomalous site with impressive stone masonry located near the town of Moyobamba in the Peruvian ceja de selva. The hypothesis that this site corresponds to an Initial Period or Early Horizon ceja de selva U-shaped complex related to Chavín de Huantar and other coeval centers on the coast and in the highlands is evaluated and rejected. Archaeological and historical evidence is presented which suggests that the site was pr…
La Expansión De La Lengua en Los Andes Centrales Y La Esfera De Interacción Chavín
Este artículo considera la posibilidad que la expansion de Aymara fue un resultado de la emergencia y crecimiento del la esfera de interacción Chavín durante el primer milenio antes de Cristo. Alternativas que plantean la expansion del Aymara antes de Chavín durante el Precerámico Tardío (o Arcaico), Periodo Inicial (o Formativo Inferior), o después de Chavín durante el Intermedio Temprano son evaluados y rechazados. También se explora los plante…
What kind of hallucinogenic snuff was used at Chavín de Huántar? An iconographic identification
Iconography and artifacts from Chavín de Huántar attest to the importance of psychoactive substances consumed nasally as snuff, and consequently hallucinogens other than San Pedro cactus must have been utilized. This article presents iconographic evidence from a Chavín de Huántar sculpture demonstrating the religious significance of Anadenanthera sp. (vilca), a plant containing the vision-producing bufotenine. Andenanthera colubrina var. Cebil is…
Arqueología del periodo formativo en la cuenca baja de Lurín
Los fundamentos sociales de la arquitectura monumental del Periodo Inicial en el valle de Lurín
La arquitectura monumental es una de las características más notables de las sociedades complejas en el mundo. Como veremos más adelante, el término se emplea para designar a una variedad de edificaciones que habrían tenido funciones y significados completamente diferentes para sus usuarios originales. Debe señalarse que, en el nivel más básico, toda arquitectura monumental es meramente el resultado de los esfuerzos constructivos efectuados por u…
Kasapata and the Archaic Period of the Cuzco Valley
Personal Tributes to John H. Rowe
On January 7, 2005, a memorial for John Howland Rowe was held at the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley, in concert with the annual meeting of the Institute of Andean Studies. A number of former students and colleagues, as well as his daughters, Lucy and Ann Rowe, spoke on that occasion of their experiences with John and of his many influences on their lives and careers. Here we reproduce the p…
Through the Glass Darkly: Prehispanic Obsidian Procurement and Exchange in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia
Maize and the Origin of Highland Chavín Civilization: An Isotopic Perspective
Scholars frequently posit maize as the staple food of Chavín civilization and some even argue that this crop provided the critical stimulus for its development. Stable carbon isotope analysis permits an evaluation of these hypotheses because maize, the only C4 cultigen consumed in pre-Hispanic Peru, leaves an unambiguous imprint on the bone chemistry of its consumers that allows the calculation of its relative importance in the diet. Analysis of …
Locating the Quispisisa Obsidian Source in the Department of Ayacucho, Peru
In 1999, the Quispisisa source of obsidian was located in the Province of Huanca Sancos in central Ayacucho near the village of Sacsamarca. This discovery has been confirmed at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) by comparing the neautron activation analyses of source samples with artifacts. The Quispisisa source of volcanic glass provided the raw material for most of the obsidian artifacts utilized in central and northern Peru thr…
Atalla: A Center on the Periphery of the Chavín Horizon
The emergence of public architecture in Peru's central highlands occurred during the mid-first millennium B. C. and is correlated with the expansion of the Chavín sphere of interaction. Atalla, a high-altitude site in Huancavelica, represents one of the first known centers with large-scale masonry constructions. Analysis of the ceramic assemblage reveals many similarities between the local ceramics and the Janabarriu phase pottery from Chavín de …
Our Father the Cayman, Our Dinner the Llama: Animal Utilization at Chavín de Huántar, Peru
Analysis of the animal bones recovered from the excavations of residential contexts at Chavín de Huántar reveals a mixed economy that included the herding and hunting of camelids (llama and vicuña) at Chavín de Huántar as early as the Urabarriu Phase (900-500 B.C.). It also suggests that a pattern of trade in dried llama meat (ch'arki) from high altitude environments (punas) to lower ones had developed by the Chakinani phase (500-400 B.C.), while…
An Initial Consideration of Obsidian Procurement and Exchange in Prehispanic Ecuador
We have examined the role of long-distance trade in Prehispanic Ecuador using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and neutron-activation analysis (NAA) of obsidian artifacts from the archaeological sites of El Inga, Chobshi Cave and Site OGSE-46 on the Santa Elena Peninsula. Results indicate that two geological sources east of Quito, Yanaurco-Quiscatola and Mullumica, were the principal source of raw obsidian at these sites. We situate our findings within a…
Ecuadorian Obsidian Sources Used for Artifact Production and Methods for Provenience Assignments
A study by neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence measurements of 116 Ecuadorian obsidian artifacts as well as primary and secondary source samples has shown that the material originated from two Andean sources in north-central Ecuador, a flow in the valley of Mullumica, and deposits found on Yanaurco Chico and the nearby Quiscatola crest. The Yanaurco-Quiscatola deposit complex, homogeneous within our ability to measure, is represent…
Chavín and the Origins of Andean Civilization
Ecuadorian Cinnabar and the Prehispanic Trade in Vermilion Pigment: Viable Hypothesis or Red Herring
Cinnabar ore is the source of a bright red pigment (mercury [II] sulfide, HGS), a substance that was highly valued in the Central Andes during prehispanic times. It is traditionally believed to come from Huancavelica in south-central Peru, although some scholars have argued that a prehispanic cinnabar source existed at Azogues near Cuenca in southern Ecuador. It has also been suggested that the cinnabar recovered at archaeological sites in northe…
Evidence for Early Long-Distance Obsidian Exchange and Watercraft Use from the Southern Lake Titicaca Basin of Bolivia and Peru
Excavations at two sites on the Island of the Sun in Lake Titicaca, called Ch'uxuqullu and Titinhuayani, discovered significant preceramic (ca. 2000 B. C.) through Formative period (up to ca. A. D. 400) occupations. Excavation data indicate that there was a continuous occupation from the first known settlements on the island up to the present day. The early occupations on the island were culturally linked to the populations on the mainland, as in…
Interregional Obsidian Exchange During the Late Initial Period and Early Horizon: New Perspectives From Campanayuq Rumi, Peru
Campanayuq Rumi is a large civic-ceremonial center located in the south-central highlands of Peru. Founded in the late Initial Period (1100-800 BC), Campanayuq Rumi became an important center within the Chavín Interaction Sphere in the Early Horizon (ca. 800-400 BC). In particular, Campanayuq Rumi is significant because of its geographical proximity to Quispisisa, the most important and widely circulated obsidian source during the Early Horizon. …
What kind of hallucinogenic snuff was used at Chavín de Huántar? An iconographic identification
Iconography and artifacts from Chavín de Huántar attest to the importance of psychoactive substances consumed nasally as snuff, and consequently hallucinogens other than San Pedro cactus must have been utilized. This article presents iconographic evidence from a Chavín de Huántar sculpture demonstrating the religious significance of Anadenanthera sp. (vilca), a plant containing the vision-producing bufotenine. Andenanthera colubrina var. Cebil is…
The Second Season of Investigations at the Initial Period Center of Cardal, Peru
The 1987/1988 field season at the U-shaped civic ceremonial center of Cardal in the Lurin Valley, Peru, included mapping and excavation of public and domestic architecture. Occupied from 1150 to 800 b.c., Cardal provides evidence of a more elaborate ground plan than was previously recognized, including dual causewayed plazas, and 10 semisubterranean circular courts. Excavations of the public architecture revealed the periodic burial and construct…
Understanding the Socioeconomic Trajectory of Chavín de Huántar: A New Radiocarbon Sequence and Its Wider Implications
This article proposes a new14C chronology for the three-phase ceramic chronology from the settlement of Chavín de Huántar based on the AMS dating of collagen extracted from faunal remains recovered during my 1975 excavations. The chronometric estimates for the Chavín de Huántar ceramic chronology are as follows: Urabarriu Phase (950-800 cal BC), Chakinani Phase (800-700 cal BC), and Janabarriu Phase (700-400 cal BC). The new measurements confirm …
The Radiocarbon Evidence for the Temporal Priority of Chavin de Huantar
A critical evaluation of radiocarbon measurements taken from recent excavations at Chavin de Huantar, Peru provides the basis for an absolute chronology for the Chavin culture at Chavin de Huantar which spans from 850 B.C. to 200 B.C. Radiocarbon measurements from four coastal sites stylistically related to Chavin de Huantar are reviewed and found to be generally prior in date to the earliest known occupation at Chavin de Huantar
Ancón and Garagay Ceramic Production at the Time of Chavı́n de Huántar
Potreropampa and Lisahuacho Obsidian Sources: Geological Origins of Andahuaylas a and B Type Obsidians in the Province of Aymaraes, Department of Apurimac, Peru
In earlier studies, the chemical types of obsidian Andahuaylas A and Andahuaylas B were identified from artifacts recovered at Waywaka and other sites in the Department of Apurimac and adjacent areas. This article reports the discovery of the geological sources of Andahuaylas A and Andahuaylas B in the zones of Potreropampa and Lisahuacho, respectively, and provides instrumental neutron activation analyses of the source samples to demonstrate the…
An Overview of Peruvian Archaeology (1976-1986)
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
A Sacred Effigy from Mina Perdida and the Unseen Ceremonies of the Peruvian Formative
New AMS dates for Machu Picchu: Results and Implications
Machu Picchu, in Cuzco, is one of the most famous archaeological sites in South America. The precise dating of the monumental complex, however, relies largely on documentary sources. Samples of bone and teeth from individuals buried in caves at four cemeteries around Machu Picchu form the basis for a new programme of AMS radiocarbon-dating. The results show that the site was occupied fromc. AD 1420-1532, with activity beginning two decades earlie…
Pojoc and Waman Wain: Two Early Horizon Villages in the Chavin Heartland
View correction statement:CORRECTIONS TO ÑAWPA PACHA 20
Maize and dietary change in early Peruvian civilization: Isotopic evidence from the Late Preceramic Period/Initial Period site of La Galgada, Peru
The Late Preceramic Period (3000–1700 BCE) and Initial Period (1700–800 BCE) in Peru was a time of emergent social complexity as illustrated by the construction of ceremonial architecture and permanent settlements. A long-standing debate centers on the nature of the subsistence economies that supported this incipient complexity. Though some scholars consider maize to have been an agricultural staple at this time, a growing body of archaeological …
Ch'arki at Chavín: Ethnographic Models and Archaeological Data
We welcome Valdez's recent contributions to the developing corpus of ethnographic observations concerning the production and use of Ch'arki in the Andes and to our understanding of the interpretative value of differential camelid bone concentrations in Andean archaeological sites. The numerous issues raised by Valdez would require more space than is available in this forum to adequately address them. What we will present here can only hope to out…
Cinnabar use in Prehispanic Peru and its possible health consequences
Special Studies: The Pre-Chavín Stone Sculpture of Casma and Pacopampa
In a recent article, “Early Carving From Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, Casma Valley, Peru,” Thomas Pozorski and Shelia Pozorski (Journal of Field Archaeology 15 [1988] 114–119) describe an important stone sculpture discovered in their 1987 excavations of Huaca A at Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, Casma Valley, Peru. They argued that it was the oldest securely-dated sculpture in Peru based on a radiocarbon date of 1565 b.c. (unrecalibrated), and deemed …
The Moche Sources of Archaism in Chimu Ceramics
The Radiocarbon Evidence for the Temporal Priority of Chavin de Huantar
A critical evaluation of radiocarbon measurements taken from recent excavations at Chavin de Huantar, Peru provides the basis for an absolute chronology for the Chavin culture at Chavin de Huantar which spans from 850 B.C. to 200 B.C. Radiocarbon measurements from four coastal sites stylistically related to Chavin de Huantar are reviewed and found to be generally prior in date to the earliest known occupation at Chavin de Huantar
Pojoc and Waman Wain: Two Early Horizon Villages in the Chavin Heartland
View correction statement:CORRECTIONS TO ÑAWPA PACHA 20
Special Studies: The Pre-Chavín Stone Sculpture of Casma and Pacopampa
In a recent article, “Early Carving From Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, Casma Valley, Peru,” Thomas Pozorski and Shelia Pozorski (Journal of Field Archaeology 15 [1988] 114–119) describe an important stone sculpture discovered in their 1987 excavations of Huaca A at Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, Casma Valley, Peru. They argued that it was the oldest securely-dated sculpture in Peru based on a radiocarbon date of 1565 b.c. (unrecalibrated), and deemed …
News and Short Contributions
Kathryn A. Bard, Richard L. Burger, William J. Folan, Susan Keech McIntosh, Kevin C. MacDonald, Richard Ekman, News and Short Contributions, Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Winter, 1989), pp. 475-496
Archeology: Early Settlement and Subsistence in the Casma Valley, Peru. Shelia Pozorski and Thomas Pozorski
An Overview of Peruvian Archaeology (1976-1986)
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
Maize and the Origin of Highland Chavín Civilization: An Isotopic Perspective
Scholars frequently posit maize as the staple food of Chavín civilization and some even argue that this crop provided the critical stimulus for its development. Stable carbon isotope analysis permits an evaluation of these hypotheses because maize, the only C4 cultigen consumed in pre-Hispanic Peru, leaves an unambiguous imprint on the bone chemistry of its consumers that allows the calculation of its relative importance in the diet. Analysis of …
The Second Season of Investigations at the Initial Period Center of Cardal, Peru
The 1987/1988 field season at the U-shaped civic ceremonial center of Cardal in the Lurin Valley, Peru, included mapping and excavation of public and domestic architecture. Occupied from 1150 to 800 b.c., Cardal provides evidence of a more elaborate ground plan than was previously recognized, including dual causewayed plazas, and 10 semisubterranean circular courts. Excavations of the public architecture revealed the periodic burial and construct…
The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru
Introduction land of the four quarters the Inca model of statecraft early settlement of the Cordillera the preceramic foundations of civilization the initial period and early horizon the early intermediate period the middle horizon the late intermediate period epilog bibliography sources of illustrations
Monuments of the Incas
Monuments of the Incas
An Initial Consideration of Obsidian Procurement and Exchange in Prehispanic Ecuador
We have examined the role of long-distance trade in Prehispanic Ecuador using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and neutron-activation analysis (NAA) of obsidian artifacts from the archaeological sites of El Inga, Chobshi Cave and Site OGSE-46 on the Santa Elena Peninsula. Results indicate that two geological sources east of Quito, Yanaurco-Quiscatola and Mullumica, were the principal source of raw obsidian at these sites. We situate our findings within a…
Ecuadorian Obsidian Sources Used for Artifact Production and Methods for Provenience Assignments
A study by neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence measurements of 116 Ecuadorian obsidian artifacts as well as primary and secondary source samples has shown that the material originated from two Andean sources in north-central Ecuador, a flow in the valley of Mullumica, and deposits found on Yanaurco Chico and the nearby Quiscatola crest. The Yanaurco-Quiscatola deposit complex, homogeneous within our ability to measure, is represent…
Chavín and the Origins of Andean Civilization
Our Father the Cayman, Our Dinner the Llama: Animal Utilization at Chavín de Huántar, Peru
Analysis of the animal bones recovered from the excavations of residential contexts at Chavín de Huántar reveals a mixed economy that included the herding and hunting of camelids (llama and vicuña) at Chavín de Huántar as early as the Urabarriu Phase (900-500 B.C.). It also suggests that a pattern of trade in dried llama meat (ch'arki) from high altitude environments (punas) to lower ones had developed by the Chakinani phase (500-400 B.C.), while…
Pampa Grande and the Mochica Culture
A Sacred Effigy from Mina Perdida and the Unseen Ceremonies of the Peruvian Formative
Arqueologia de Cerro Sechin. Tomo II. Escultura
Through the Glass Darkly: Prehispanic Obsidian Procurement and Exchange in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia
Locating the Quispisisa Obsidian Source in the Department of Ayacucho, Peru
In 1999, the Quispisisa source of obsidian was located in the Province of Huanca Sancos in central Ayacucho near the village of Sacsamarca. This discovery has been confirmed at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) by comparing the neautron activation analyses of source samples with artifacts. The Quispisisa source of volcanic glass provided the raw material for most of the obsidian artifacts utilized in central and northern Peru thr…
Ch'arki at Chavín: Ethnographic Models and Archaeological Data
We welcome Valdez's recent contributions to the developing corpus of ethnographic observations concerning the production and use of Ch'arki in the Andes and to our understanding of the interpretative value of differential camelid bone concentrations in Andean archaeological sites. The numerous issues raised by Valdez would require more space than is available in this forum to adequately address them. What we will present here can only hope to out…
Ancón and Garagay Ceramic Production at the Time of Chavı́n de Huántar
Archaeology of Formative Ecuador
Atalla: A Center on the Periphery of the Chavín Horizon
The emergence of public architecture in Peru's central highlands occurred during the mid-first millennium B. C. and is correlated with the expansion of the Chavín sphere of interaction. Atalla, a high-altitude site in Huancavelica, represents one of the first known centers with large-scale masonry constructions. Analysis of the ceramic assemblage reveals many similarities between the local ceramics and the Janabarriu phase pottery from Chavín de …
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