Stefan Th Grie
Biographic Data
| ID | 909042 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Stefan Th Grie |
| GIVEN NAMES | Stefan Th |
| FAMILY NAME | Grie |
| SIGNATURE | GRIE S T |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of California, Santa Barbara |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6497-3958 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 54 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 517 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 54 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2003 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Metacognition of frequency, directional association strength, and dispersion of MWEs in first and second language speakers
Statistical regularities can be acquired from usage. To examine language speakers’ statistical metacognition about multiword expressions (MWEs), we collected ratings for frequency, dispersion, and directional association strength of English binomials from L1, advanced and intermediate L2 speakers. Mixed-effects modeling showed all speakers had limited speaker-to-corpus consistency but significant sensitivity to statistical regularities of languag…
Incorporating Corpora in Second‐Language Acquisition Research
This article discusses the use of corpus‐linguistic methods in second‐language acquisition research. It focuses on measurement applications, specific linguistic case studies, and an evaluation coupled with an outlook over desiderata for the future.
Corpora in World Englishes
In this overview, we survey recent and current developments in corpus‐based research on World Englishes. We exemplify current strands of research in both more theoretical and more applied parts of research on varieties of English and conclude with theoretical, methodological, and resource desiderata.
Corpus Linguistics: Quantitative Methods
This chapter surveys the most frequent statistical methods in corpus linguistics. It first discusses specifically corpus‐linguistic statistics such as frequencies, dispersion, and association/keyness, before it turns to general statistical tools used for supervised learning/predictive modeling as well as unsupervised exploratory tools.
The similative-pretence alternating pair and filler-slot relations: A revised version of distinctive collexeme analysis
The present paper investigates the similative-pretence alternating pair in Mexican Spanish ( como/igual que and como si constructions) based on the analysis of 1362 instances from The Corpus del Español NOW (News on the Web) corpus. We apply a revised version of distinctive collexeme analysis to our concordance data to explore the variety of different verbs that can occur in the first slot of similative and pretence constructions. Specifically, w…
The link between syntax, semantics, discourse, and lexicon in counteridenticals: A multivariate extension of co-varying collexeme analysis
The present study goes beyond traditional usage-based work in that it pays close attention not only to the interaction of lexicon and syntax in language use, but also to how other analytic layers of analysis (e.g., discourse) can influence the compatibility of lexemes in particular slots of constructional schemas. To investigate this domain, we examine counteridentical constructions (e.g., if I were you, I would do it ) in a dataset of more than …
Closing remarks and outlook
On regression modeling in varieties research
One particularly prominent methodological development in linguistics is what has been termed the “quantitative turn”: Not only are more and more studies using statistical tools to explore data and to test hypotheses, the complexity of the statistical methods employed is growing as well. This development is particularly prominent in all kinds of corpus‐linguistic studies: 20 years ago chi‐squared tests, t ‐tests, and Pearson's r reigned supreme, b…
Corpus Linguistics: Collostructional Methods
This entry provides an overview of the family of three methods known as collostructional analysis. It first outlines the traditional way in which these three methods were computed and interpreted and then discusses current developments and desiderata.
Testing Independent Relationships
This entry discusses the use of the chi‐squared test for distributions from two‐dimensional frequency tables.
Theoretical models and statistical modelling of linguistic epicentres
Motivated by a fundamental discussion of the relation between theoretical and statistical modelling, the present paper takes stock of the research history of linguistic epicentres in the world Englishes paradigm and seeks to provide suggestions for future epicentral studies. Based on a review of earlier research into potential epicentral constellations, we provide an overview of the genesis of the concept of linguistic epicentres, describe differ…
Corpus Linguistics: Quantitative Methods
This entry discusses the quantitative method of (distinctive) collexeme analysis, an extension of corpus‐linguistic association measures traditionally applied to the co‐occurrence of words and syntactic constructions. It discusses the statistical underpinnings of the currently most widely used methods and exemplifies applications from corpus‐linguistic analyses of native and non‐native speaker data and their correlation with experimental data fro…
The Meaning of Sex: Dynamic Words, Novel Applications, and Original Public Meaning
The meaning of sex matters. The interpretive methodology by which the meaning of sex is determined matters Both of these were at issue in the Supreme Court’s recent landmark decision in Bostock v. Clayton County, where the Court held that Title VII protects lesbians, gay men, transgender persons, and other sexual and gender minorities against workplace discrimination. Despite unanimously agreeing that Title VII should be interpreted in accordance…
Cross-language effects of phonological and orthographic similarity in cognate word recognition: The role of language dominance
This study investigated the extent to which phonological and orthographic overlap between the two languages of bilinguals predicts word processing abilities in their dominant and non-dominant languages. Forty-four English-dominant L1 English-L2 Spanish speakers and Spanish-dominant Spanish heritage speakers performed a lexical decision task while reading words in English and Spanish. We calculated orthographic and phonological similarity of cogna…
How do speakers and hearers disambiguate multi-functional words: The case of well
Well is an exemplary multi-functional word performing pragmatic and syntactic functions. That multi-functionality poses a potential problem: How do hearers in conversation determine which function is actualized and how do speakers project the function actualized? We address both questions examining factors hearers rely on to disambiguate well and the resources speakers deploy to designate well ’s function. The study is based on 8-, 9-, and 10-wor…
Acceptability of Different Psychological Verbal Constructions by Heritage Spanish Speakers from California
This study set out to investigate whether US Heritage Spanish features a more streamlined verbal paradigm in psych verb constructions compared to standard varieties of Spanish, where HS speakers find an invariable third-person singular form acceptable with both singular and plural grammatical subjects. In standard Spanish, the semantic subjects of psych verbs are typically pre-verbal experiencers cast as oblique arguments in inverse predicates su…
(Generalized Linear) Mixed-Effects Modeling: A Learner Corpus Example
This methods showcase article provides a detailed overview of a mixed-effects modeling analysis of corpus data on the use of that in object and subject complementation by native speakers of English compared to its use by German and Spanish learners of English. "We emphasize that we do not claim that our illustrations are the only way to carry out these analyses, but the strategy outlined above has yielded satisfactory results." (Bates et al., 201…
Speakers advance-project turn completion by slowing down: A multifactorial corpus analysis
Years of Collostructions: Some long overdue additions/corrections (to/of actually all sorts of corpus-linguistics measures)
This paper discusses a variety of potential shortcomings of most of the most widely-used association measures as used in collocation research and collostructional analyses. To address these shortcomings, I then discuss a research program called tupleization , an approach that does away with the usual kinds of information conflation by keeping relevant corpus-linguistic dimensions of information – e.g. frequency, association/contingency, dispersio…
Particle Placement in Learner Language
This study presents the first multifactorial corpus-based analysis of verb-particle constructions in a data sample comprising spoken and written productions by intermediate-level learners of English as a second language from 17 language backgrounds. We annotated 4,911 attestations retrieved from native speaker and language learner corpora for 14 predictors, including syntactic complexity, rhythmic and segment alternation, and the verb framing of …
Mechanistic formal approaches to language acquisition: Yes, but at the right level(s) of resolution
Preview this article: Mechanistic formal approaches to language acquisition, Page 1 of 1 /docserver/preview/fulltext/lab.18050.gri-1.gif
Quantitative Corpus Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction
As in its first edition, the new edition of Quantitative Corpus Linguistics with R demonstrates how to process corpus-linguistic data with the open-source programming language and environment R. Geared in general towards linguists working with observational data, and particularly corpus linguists, it introduces R programming with emphasis on: data processing and manipulation in general; text processing with and without regular expressions of larg…
Profiling verb complementation constructions across New Englishes: A two-step random forests analysis of ing vs. to complements
In this paper, we explore verb complementation patterns with to and ing in native English (British and American English) as compared to three Asian Englishes (Hong Kong, Indian, and Singaporean English). Based on data from the International Corpus of English annotated for variables describing the matrix verb and the complement, we run two random forests analyses to determine where the Asian Englishes have developed complementation preferences dif…
Exploring epicentres empirically: Focus on South Asian Englishes
The present paper studies the dative alternation with GIVE, i.e. the alternation between the double-object construction (e.g. John gave Mary a book ) and the prepositional dative (e.g. John gave a book to Mary ), in relation to the norms underlying this constructional choice in six South Asian Englishes. Via Multifactorial Prediction and Deviation Analysis with Regression (MuPDAR) including random effects, we identify (i) factors triggering diffe…
Quantitative Linguistics
Collostructions: Investigating the interaction of words and constructions
This paper introduces an extension of collocational analysis that takes into account grammatical structure and is specifically geared to investigating the interaction of lexemes and the grammatical constructions associated with them. The method is framed in a construction-based approach to language, i.e. it assumes that grammar consists of signs (form-meaning pairs) and is thus not fundamentally different from the lexicon. The method is applied t…
Extending collostructional analysis: A corpus-based perspective on `alternations
This paper introduces an extension of distinctive-collocate analysis that takes into account grammatical structure and is specifically geared to investigating pairs of semantically similar grammatical constructions and the lexemes that occur in them. The method, referred to as `distinctive-collexeme analysis', identifies lexemes that exhibit a strong preference for one member of the pair as opposed to the other, and thus makes it possible to iden…
Dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora
The most frequent statistics in corpus linguistics are frequencies of occurrence and frequencies of co-occurrence of two or more linguistic variables. However, such frequencies in isolation may sometimes be misleading since they do not take into consideration the degree of dispersion of the relevant linguistic variable. Many dispersion measures and adjusted frequency measures have been suggested but are neither widely known nor applied. Another u…
Syntactic Priming: A Corpus-based Approach
Something Years of Work on Collocations: What is or should be next
This paper explores ways in which research into collocation should be improved. After a discussion of the parameters underlying the notion of collocation, the paper has three main parts. First, I argue that corpus linguistics would benefit from taking more seriously the understudied fact that collocations are not necessarily symmetric, as most association measures imply. Also, I introduce an association measure from the associative learning liter…
Converging evidence: Bringing together experimental and corpus data on the association of verbs and constructions
Much recent work in Cognitive Linguistics and neighbouring disciplines has adopted a so-called usage-based perspective in which generalizations are based on the analysis of authentic usage data provided by computerized corpora. However, the analysis of such data does not always utilize methodological findings from other disciplines to avoid analytical pitfalls and, at the same time, generate robust results. A case in point is the strategy of usin…
Exploring epicentres empirically: Focus on South Asian Englishes
The present paper studies the dative alternation with GIVE, i.e. the alternation between the double-object construction (e.g. John gave Mary a book ) and the prepositional dative (e.g. John gave a book to Mary ), in relation to the norms underlying this constructional choice in six South Asian Englishes. Via Multifactorial Prediction and Deviation Analysis with Regression (MuPDAR) including random effects, we identify (i) factors triggering diffe…
Statistical Measures for Usage-Based Linguistics
The advent of usage-/exemplar-based approaches has resulted in a major change in the theoretical landscape of linguistics, but also in the range of methodologies that are brought to bear on the study oflanguage acquisition/learning, structure, and use. In particular, methods from corpus linguistics are now frequently used to study distributional characteristics of linguistics units and what they reveal about cognitive and psycholinguistic process…
The dative alternation in South Asian English(es): Modelling predictors and predicting prototypes
The present paper focuses on the modelling of cross-varietal differences and similarities in South Asian English(es) and British English at the level of verb complementation. Specifically, we analyse the dative alternation with GIVE, i.e. the alternation between the double-object construction ( John gave Mary a book ) and the prepositional dative ( John gave a book to Mary ) as well as their passivised constructions with regard to the factors tha…
Collostructional nativisation in New Englishes: Verb-construction associations in the International Corpus of English
The present paper investigates the strength of verb-construction associations across various New Englishes on the basis of comparable corpora. In contrast to previous studies into verb complementation in New Englishes, we start off from three basic constructions in English — the intransitive, the monotransitive and the ditransitive construction — and analyse the co-occurrences of the three constructions and a wide range of verbs. The present stud…
Lexical gravity across varieties of English: An ICE-based study of n -grams in Asian Englishes
In our earlier work on three Asian Englishes and British English, we showed how lexico-syntactic co-occurrence preferences for three argument structure constructions revealed differences between varieties that correlated well with Schneider’s (2003, 2007) model of evolutionary stages. Here, we turn to lexical co-occurrence preferences and investigate if and to what degree n -grams distinguish between different modes and varieties in the same comp…
(Generalized Linear) Mixed-Effects Modeling: A Learner Corpus Example
This methods showcase article provides a detailed overview of a mixed-effects modeling analysis of corpus data on the use of that in object and subject complementation by native speakers of English compared to its use by German and Spanish learners of English. "We emphasize that we do not claim that our illustrations are the only way to carry out these analyses, but the strategy outlined above has yielded satisfactory results." (Bates et al., 201…
More (old and new) misunderstandings of collostructional analysis: On Schmid and Küchenhoff (2013)
Ever since the first studies introducing collostructional analysis in general and collexeme analysis in particular, these methods have been widely used for the analysis of constructions’ semantic and functional characteristics. However, the more recent past has seen two publications, Bybee (2010) and Schmid and Küchenhoff (2013), which criticized several aspects of these methods. This paper briefly recaps my response to Bybee (2010) (published as…
Sources of variability relevant to the cognitive sociolinguist, and corpus- as well as psycholinguistic methods and notions to handle them
What is Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics is one of the fastest-growing methodologies in contemporary linguistics. In a conversational format, this article answers a few questions that corpus linguists regularly face from linguists who have not used corpus-based methods so far. It discusses some of the central assumptions ('formal distributional differences reflect functional differences'), notions (corpora, representativity and balancedness, markup and annotation), an…
Turn order and turn distribution in multi-party storytelling
The genitive alternation in Chinese and German ESL learners: Towards a multifactorial notion of context in learner corpus research
This paper exemplifies an approach to learner corpus data that adopts a multifactorial definition of ‘context’. We apply a logistic regression to 2,986 attestations of genitive alternation (the squirrel’s nest vs. the nest of the squirrel) from the Chinese and German sub-sections of the International Corpus of Learner English and the British component of the International Corpus of English that were coded for 12 factors. Importantly, the speakers…
Shouldnt it be breakfunch? A quantitative analysis of blend structure in English
Speakers advance-project turn completion by slowing down: A multifactorial corpus analysis
Years of Collostructions: Some long overdue additions/corrections (to/of actually all sorts of corpus-linguistics measures)
This paper discusses a variety of potential shortcomings of most of the most widely-used association measures as used in collocation research and collostructional analyses. To address these shortcomings, I then discuss a research program called tupleization , an approach that does away with the usual kinds of information conflation by keeping relevant corpus-linguistic dimensions of information – e.g. frequency, association/contingency, dispersio…
Testing the sub-test: An analysis of English -ic and -ical adjectives
This paper pursues two objectives, one linguistic and one methodological in nature. First, it is concerned with a corpus-based analysis of the degree to which pairs of -ic/-ical adjectives (e.g. classic/classical) are synonymous. Second, it investigates whether Church et al.'s (1994) sub-test can be fruitfully applied to this phenomenon. As to the first issue, I conclude that individual -ic/-ical adjectives can be located on a continuum of semant…
Profiling verb complementation constructions across New Englishes: A two-step random forests analysis of ing vs. to complements
In this paper, we explore verb complementation patterns with to and ing in native English (British and American English) as compared to three Asian Englishes (Hong Kong, Indian, and Singaporean English). Based on data from the International Corpus of English annotated for variables describing the matrix verb and the complement, we run two random forests analyses to determine where the Asian Englishes have developed complementation preferences dif…
Corpus linguistics and theoretical linguistics: A love–hate relationship? Not necessarily
Preview this article: Corpus linguistics and theoretical linguistics: A love–hate relationship? Not necessarily..., Page 1 of 1 /docserver/preview/fulltext/ijcl.15.3.02gri-1.gif
Particle Placement in Learner Language
This study presents the first multifactorial corpus-based analysis of verb-particle constructions in a data sample comprising spoken and written productions by intermediate-level learners of English as a second language from 17 language backgrounds. We annotated 4,911 attestations retrieved from native speaker and language learner corpora for 14 predictors, including syntactic complexity, rhythmic and segment alternation, and the verb framing of …
Cognitive determinants of subtractive word formation: A corpus-based perspective
This paper investigates mechanisms underlying the coining of intentional morphological blends and complex clippings. In one case study, I investigate the degree to which (a corpus-based definition of) psycholinguistic recognition points play a role in these subtractive word-formation processes. Also, I am concerned with the issue whether a separation of these two categories, which has been embraced by some but not all morphologists, is supported.…
Testing the sub-test: An analysis of English -ic and -ical adjectives
This paper pursues two objectives, one linguistic and one methodological in nature. First, it is concerned with a corpus-based analysis of the degree to which pairs of -ic/-ical adjectives (e.g. classic/classical) are synonymous. Second, it investigates whether Church et al.'s (1994) sub-test can be fruitfully applied to this phenomenon. As to the first issue, I conclude that individual -ic/-ical adjectives can be located on a continuum of semant…
Collostructions: Investigating the interaction of words and constructions
This paper introduces an extension of collocational analysis that takes into account grammatical structure and is specifically geared to investigating the interaction of lexemes and the grammatical constructions associated with them. The method is framed in a construction-based approach to language, i.e. it assumes that grammar consists of signs (form-meaning pairs) and is thus not fundamentally different from the lexicon. The method is applied t…
Extending collostructional analysis: A corpus-based perspective on `alternations
This paper introduces an extension of distinctive-collocate analysis that takes into account grammatical structure and is specifically geared to investigating pairs of semantically similar grammatical constructions and the lexemes that occur in them. The method, referred to as `distinctive-collexeme analysis', identifies lexemes that exhibit a strong preference for one member of the pair as opposed to the other, and thus makes it possible to iden…
Shouldnt it be breakfunch? A quantitative analysis of blend structure in English
Covarying collexemes
Adopting the perspective of construction grammar and related frameworks, this paper introduces a corpus-based method for investigating correlations between lexical items occurring in two different slots of a grammatical construction. On the basis of three case studies dealing with the into -causative, English possessive constructions, and the way-construction, we show that such correlations are determined by semantic coherence. We identify three …
Converging evidence: Bringing together experimental and corpus data on the association of verbs and constructions
Much recent work in Cognitive Linguistics and neighbouring disciplines has adopted a so-called usage-based perspective in which generalizations are based on the analysis of authentic usage data provided by computerized corpora. However, the analysis of such data does not always utilize methodological findings from other disciplines to avoid analytical pitfalls and, at the same time, generate robust results. A case in point is the strategy of usin…
Syntactic Priming: A Corpus-based Approach
Some Proposals towards a More Rigorous Corpus Linguistics
Over the past few decades, corpus linguistics has evolved into a fullyfledged methodological approach with an increasing number of scholars using various different methods. In this rather programmatic paper, I will argue, however, that corpus linguistics has, in some respects at least, still some way to go in terms of developing rigorous tools and methods and using them more often. More specifically, corpus linguistics - as the young discipline i…
Cognitive determinants of subtractive word formation: A corpus-based perspective
This paper investigates mechanisms underlying the coining of intentional morphological blends and complex clippings. In one case study, I investigate the degree to which (a corpus-based definition of) psycholinguistic recognition points play a role in these subtractive word-formation processes. Also, I am concerned with the issue whether a separation of these two categories, which has been embraced by some but not all morphologists, is supported.…
Dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora
The most frequent statistics in corpus linguistics are frequencies of occurrence and frequencies of co-occurrence of two or more linguistic variables. However, such frequencies in isolation may sometimes be misleading since they do not take into consideration the degree of dispersion of the relevant linguistic variable. Many dispersion measures and adjusted frequency measures have been suggested but are neither widely known nor applied. Another u…
How to measure development in corpora? An association strength approach
In this paper we propose a method for characterizing development in large longitudinal corpora. The method has the following three features: (i) it suggests how to represent development without assuming predefined stages; (ii) it includes caregiver speech/child-directed speech; (iii) it uses statistical association measures for investigating co-occurrence data. We exemplify the implementation of these proposals with data on the acquisition of the…
Collostructional nativisation in New Englishes: Verb-construction associations in the International Corpus of English
The present paper investigates the strength of verb-construction associations across various New Englishes on the basis of comparable corpora. In contrast to previous studies into verb complementation in New Englishes, we start off from three basic constructions in English — the intransitive, the monotransitive and the ditransitive construction — and analyse the co-occurrences of the three constructions and a wide range of verbs. The present stud…
What is Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics is one of the fastest-growing methodologies in contemporary linguistics. In a conversational format, this article answers a few questions that corpus linguists regularly face from linguists who have not used corpus-based methods so far. It discusses some of the central assumptions ('formal distributional differences reflect functional differences'), notions (corpora, representativity and balancedness, markup and annotation), an…
Corpus linguistics and theoretical linguistics: A love–hate relationship? Not necessarily
Preview this article: Corpus linguistics and theoretical linguistics: A love–hate relationship? Not necessarily..., Page 1 of 1 /docserver/preview/fulltext/ijcl.15.3.02gri-1.gif
Lexical gravity across varieties of English: An ICE-based study of n -grams in Asian Englishes
In our earlier work on three Asian Englishes and British English, we showed how lexico-syntactic co-occurrence preferences for three argument structure constructions revealed differences between varieties that correlated well with Schneider’s (2003, 2007) model of evolutionary stages. Here, we turn to lexical co-occurrence preferences and investigate if and to what degree n -grams distinguish between different modes and varieties in the same comp…
Phonological similarity in multi-word units
In this paper, I investigate the phonological similarity of different elements of the phonological pole of multi-word units. I discuss two case studies on slightly different levels of abstractness. The first case study investigates lexically fully-specified V-NP DirObj idioms such as kick the bucket and lose one's cool ; the idioms investigated are taken from the Collins Cobuild Dictionary of Idioms (Harper Collins, 2002). The second case study i…
Corpus Linguistics: Quantitative Methods
Ever since technological development has made it possible to search large corpora in a very short time, corpus linguists have done a lot of interesting work in linguistics in general, and in applied linguistics in particular.
Testing Independent Relationships
In one of the most frequent empirical scenarios in applied linguistics, a researcher's empirical results can be summarized in a two‐dimensional table, in which
Frequencies, probabilities, and association measures in usage-/exemplar-based linguistics: Some necessary clarifications
In the last few years, a particular quantitative approach to the syntax-lexis interface has been developed: collostructional analysis (CA). This approach is an application of association measures to co-occurrence data from corpora, from a usage-based/cognitive-linguistic perspective. In spite of some popularity, this approach has come under criticism in Bybee (2010), who criticizes the method for several perceived shortcomings and advocates the u…
Statistics for Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction
This book is the revised and extended second edition of Statistics for Linguistics with R . The volume is an introduction to statistics for linguists using the open source software R. It is aimed at students and instructors/professors with little or no statistical background and is written in a non-technical and reader-friendly/accessible style. It first introduces in detail the overall logic underlying quantitative studies: exploration, hypothes…
Something Years of Work on Collocations: What is or should be next
This paper explores ways in which research into collocation should be improved. After a discussion of the parameters underlying the notion of collocation, the paper has three main parts. First, I argue that corpus linguistics would benefit from taking more seriously the understudied fact that collocations are not necessarily symmetric, as most association measures imply. Also, I introduce an association measure from the associative learning liter…
The genitive alternation in Chinese and German ESL learners: Towards a multifactorial notion of context in learner corpus research
This paper exemplifies an approach to learner corpus data that adopts a multifactorial definition of ‘context’. We apply a logistic regression to 2,986 attestations of genitive alternation (the squirrel’s nest vs. the nest of the squirrel) from the Chinese and German sub-sections of the International Corpus of Learner English and the British component of the International Corpus of English that were coded for 12 factors. Importantly, the speakers…
Sources of variability relevant to the cognitive sociolinguist, and corpus- as well as psycholinguistic methods and notions to handle them
The dative alternation in South Asian English(es): Modelling predictors and predicting prototypes
The present paper focuses on the modelling of cross-varietal differences and similarities in South Asian English(es) and British English at the level of verb complementation. Specifically, we analyse the dative alternation with GIVE, i.e. the alternation between the double-object construction ( John gave Mary a book ) and the prepositional dative ( John gave a book to Mary ) as well as their passivised constructions with regard to the factors tha…
Quantitative Linguistics
Linguistics (41 works) · Computer Science (38 works) · Philosophy (30 works) · Natural Language Processing Techniques (29 works) · Psychology (22 works) · Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation (21 works) · Natural language processing (19 works) · Artificial Intelligence (18 works) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (18 works) · Mathematics (13 works)