Nicole Bolleyer
Biographic Data
| ID | 909413 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Nicole Bolleyer |
| GIVEN NAMES | Nicole |
| FAMILY NAME | Bolleyer |
| SIGNATURE | BOLLEYER N |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Exeter |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2393-3757 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 71 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 727 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 71 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2006 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Governments limiting fundamental rights: An expansion of liberal-democratic self-defense in Europe
Governments across Europe increasingly limit fundamental rights to defend themselves against internal threats. Distinguishing between procedural and substantive notions of liberal-democratic self-defense, we evaluate the adoption and removal of legal provisions formally designed to address serious harm to the state, to the democratic process, and to liberal values in the regulation of freedom of association, assembly, and expression across 12 Eur…
Specifying the Outer Boundaries of Constitutional Self-Defense in Liberal Democratic States: A Framework for Analysis
Elected governments across the globe increasingly limit fundamental rights, arguably to manage societal divisions or counter serious harms, such as extremism and political violence. Yet which speech restrictions and group bans qualify as illiberal restrictions adopted by intrusive states, and which constitute safeguards in liberal societies endangered by extremism, remain open questions. This uncertainty hinders normative and empirical assessment…
Pirate party trajectories in European multilevel systems: Organizational choices and their consequences
Studying the shrinking and expansion of civil society space in Europe
Various studies have highlighted a worrying trend: many regimes – including established democracies – increasingly adopt legal provisions that curtail civil society organizations’ (CSOs) capacity to survive, operate, and perform key tasks, i.e. provisions that delimit CSOs’ room for manoeuvre or, as we call it, legally defined civil society space. This article presents a new dataset covering annual change in CSO regulation across 12 European coun…
Liberal-democratic self-defense through rights restrictions: The European Court of Human Rights between enabling self-defense and constraining governmental overreach
The Study of Intraparty Frictions: Conceptual Reflections on Preference Heterogeneity, Disagreement, and Conflict
Every complex organization is sometimes marked by preference heterogeneity, disagreement, and conflict. Within political parties, such frictions are traditionally viewed negatively, while recent research has started to perceive them more positively. How might such contradictory evaluations be explained? Through a three-step conceptual analysis we (1) identify two analytical perspectives on intraparty friction, one rooted in a primarily structural…
When Do Liberal Governments Restrict Civil Society
Liberal democracies increasingly restrict civil society organizations (CSOs), a trend frequently linked to illiberal governments. But when do ideologically liberal governments resort to such restrictions? Linking research on state traditions, party ideology and crisis governance, we theorize factors enhancing liberal governments' propensity to adopt normatively contentious CSO restrictions. Distinguishing formal‐legal restrictions on CSO voice fr…
Civil Society's Democratic Potential: Organizational Trade-offs between Participation and Representation
Which civil society organizations (CSOs) contribute to democracy, how, and why? Organized civil society including interest groups, political parties, and service-oriented associations is traditionally considered a cornerstone of democracy. Their potential to contribute to democracy is more often than not treated as a given. Nevertheless, individual CSOs’ readiness and ability to serve as venues for participation, vehicles of democratic representa…
How to study political parties: From civil society to the state and back. The Peter Mair lecture 2023
Cartel party theory has put the study of party-state relations high on the research agenda, deliberately shifting the focus of researchers away from an understanding of political parties on the basis of their relationship with civil society or, indeed, as part of civil society itself. As fruitful as this reorientation has been, this essay argues that the resulting emphasis on 'parties as governors' has produced downsides of its own. Cartel party …
Genetic Imprints, Party Life Cycles, and Organizational Mortality: An Application of State-Space Duration Models
This is the final version. Available from University of Chicago Press via the DOI in this record
Member Influence and Involvement in Civil Society Organizations: A Resource Dependency Perspective on Groups and Parties
Which membership-based voluntary organizations constitutive of civil society such as parties, interest groups or service-oriented organizations keep their members active and which forms of activism do they cultivate? This article addresses this important question distinguishing two forms of ‘member activism’: ‘member involvement’, defined as members working for an organization, and ‘member influence’, defined as members’ participation in intra-or…
Party conflict regulation and intra-party hierarchy in contemporary party organization
This paper is concerned with one important dimension of intra-organizational hierarchy that has to date received only little attention in cross-national party research, although its relevance has grown in light of both the increasing empowerment of rank-and-file members and the growing inclusiveness of contemporary party organizations: the range of monitoring and disciplinary mechanisms available to parties to manage internal differences and diss…
Advocacy in European Civil Societies: Organizational Trade-offs Between Selective and Collective Incentive Provision
Civil society organizations (CSOs) are a cornerstone of democracy in Europe. Nonetheless, “civil society” and “political society” should not be equated as membership-based organizations are not necessarily politically engaged. This paper theorizes and empirically examines which membership-based CSOs engage in interest representation through sustained advocacy activity. We propose an incentive-theoretical framework on CSO investments in advocacy a…
Parliaments in times of crisis: Covid-19, populism and executive dominance
This article assesses the extent to which European governments’ legal strategies (i.e. the choices of and changes in the legal foundation(s) authorising executive action) to address the COVID-19 pandemic enhanced executive autonomy to the detriment of parliamentary policy-making power, defined as the formal ability of parliaments to constrain executive rule making. Approaching the reduction in parliamentary policy-making power as one indication o…
State funding pressure in interest groups, political parties and service-oriented membership organisations
This article explores which interest groups, political parties and service-oriented organisations – membership-based voluntary organisations constitutive for civil society – experience the accessing and maintenance of state funding as a major challenge and why. Building on resource dependency theory, hypotheses are presented on how different financial dependencies (public and private) and the diversity of organisational income affect how intensel…
Civil society – Politically engaged or member-serving? A governance perspective
Which types of civil society organizations are politicized as indicated by regular political engagement and why? If they are, how wide-ranging are their political action repertoires? This article proposes an ‘organizational governance perspective’ on civil society organizations’ political engagement by arguing that organizations resembling traditional ‘voluntary associations’ are less likely to be politicized and to employ a broad political actio…
Self-maintenance vs. goal attainment: Drivers of mortality anxiety in organized civil society
When do membership-based civil society organizations such as interest groups, political parties or service-oriented organizations consider their existence under threat? Distinguishing pressures of organizational self-maintenance from functional pressures of goal attainment, which all voluntary membership organizations – irrespective of their political or societal functions - need to reconcile, we propose a framework theorizing distinct categories…
Legal Regulation and the Juridification of Party Governance
Although democratic states increasingly regulate political parties, we know little about how legal environments shape parties' internal lives. This article conceptualizes and measures the "juridification" of party organizations' conflict regulation regimes: that is, the extent to which parties replicate external legal standards (e.g. norms of due process) within their own procedures. Formulating hypotheses on juridification within different parti…
Party institutionalization as multilevel concept: Base- versus elite-level routinization
The comparative study of democratic reform
Response to Stephanie McNulty’s review of The State and Civil Society: Regulating Interest Groups, Parties, and Public Benefit Organizations in Contemporary Democracies
This is the author accepted manuscript
Judicial decision-making within political parties: A political approach
How do German intra-party tribunals manage internal conflicts? More specifically, why do they accept some cases for trial but reject others? Required by law to strictly adhere to implement rule of law standards, German intra-party tribunals are designed to insulate conflict regulation from politics. Meanwhile, research on judicial politics highlights the role of political and strategic considerations in accepting cases for trial. Building on the …
Perspectives on political party death: Theorizing and testing Downsian and sociological rationales
Which of the new political parties that emerged in advanced democracies faded away and which ones managed to survive and why? Considering a party as dead once it ceases to nominate candidates in any elections, we develop two sets of hypotheses to account for party death derived from two conceptions of political parties. One conceptualizes parties as vehicles formed by career-oriented politicians eager to maximize individual rewards. Failure to de…
Political Party Mortality in Established Party Systems: A Hierarchical Competing Risks Approach
Existing scholarship offers few answers to fundamental questions about the mortality of political parties in established party systems. Linking party research to the organization literature, we conceptualize two types of party death, dissolution and merger, reflecting distinct theoretical rationales. They underpin a new framework on party organizational mortality theorizing three sets of factors: those shaping mortality generally and those shapin…
Forms of Inter-party Cooperation: Electoral Coalitions and Party Mergers
This article is part of the special cluster titled Parties and Democratic Linkage in Post-Communist Europe, guest edited by Lori Thorlakson, and will be published in the August 2018 issue of EEPS Various forms of inter-party cooperation have important effects on party system fragmentation and stability in young democracies. However, the conceptualisation and measurement of these forms of inter-party cooperation and the examination of their conseq…
New party organization in Western Europe: Of party hierarchies, stratarchies and federations
Scholarly work on models of party organization tends to treat stratarchy and hierarchy as analytical opposites. Based on two different visions of stratarchy that co-exist in the literature, this article presents a threefold typology locating party stratarchy as a model between party hierarchy, as one counter-image, and party federation, as the other. The types differ in the extent to which core competences and resources (e.g. selection of parliam…
Origins of party formation and new party success in advanced democracies
Which new parties entered national parliaments in advanced democracies over the last four decades and how did they perform after their national breakthrough? This article argues that distinguishing two types of party formation (that facilitate or complicate party institutionalisation) helps to explain why some entries flourish, while others vanish quickly from the national stage. New parties formed by individual entrepreneurs that cannot rely on …
Inside the Cartel Party: Party Organisation in Government and Opposition
This article assesses the internal dynamics of the cartel party model. It argues that a party's endeavour to increase its societal reach by opening membership boundaries while keeping candidate selection local (two tendencies ascribed to this model), and the general need to maintain party unity, are difficult to reconcile. Therefore a fully fledged cartel party is organisationally vulnerable, which reinforces its resort to selective benefits (i.e…
New party performance after breakthrough: Party origin, building and leadership
Parliamentary entry on the national level is a crucial achievement for any new party. But its repercussions are not necessarily beneficial. This article assesses the electoral consequences of parliamentary breakthrough by theorizing factors that shape (a) a new party organization’s capacity to cope with pressures generated by parliamentary entry and (b) the relative intensity of the new functional pressures a new party is exposed to after breakth…
Beyond Decentralization--The Comparative Study of Interdependence in Federal Systems
The degree of decentralization is an important explanatory variable in comparative federalism research. Nonetheless, the relationship between decentralization and the interdependence between governments is underspecified. This article distinguishes decentralization and interdependence conceptually, specifies institutional components of interdependence, and develops jurisdictional measures to capture them. A comparative analysis of eleven federal …
Small parties: From party pledges to government policy
When estimating a party's capacity for goal co-ordination, scholars need not only consider contextual constraints but also the party's properties, since these directly affect its strategic choices. For small parties which are crucial in virtually all multi-party systems the co-ordination of votes, office and policy is much more difficult than for numerically strong actors. Since the conceptual tools to assess the weight of small coalition partner…
Federal Dynamics in Canada, the United States, and Switzerland: How Substates' Internal Organization Affects Intergovernmental Relations
This article argues that internal substate dynamics can systematically account for the organization of intergovernmental relations (IGR) in dual federal systems. Whereas majoritarian executive-legislative relations tend to weaken the institutionalization of intergovernmental arrangements (IGAs), power-sharing executive-legislative relations tend to facilitate it. Two of the mechanisms at work serve to illustrate this point. Given one-party majori…
Non-hierarchical policy coordination in multilevel systems
In theory, lower-level governments (provinces, regional governments, or member states) operating in multilevel systems within and beyond the nation-state can choose from a wide repertoire of modes of policy coordination to solve collective problems non-hierarchically. These modes range from unilateral policy emulation over informal intergovernmental agreements to binding interstate law. The modes that governments arewillingandcapable to use, howe…
Parliaments in times of crisis: Covid-19, populism and executive dominance
This article assesses the extent to which European governments’ legal strategies (i.e. the choices of and changes in the legal foundation(s) authorising executive action) to address the COVID-19 pandemic enhanced executive autonomy to the detriment of parliamentary policy-making power, defined as the formal ability of parliaments to constrain executive rule making. Approaching the reduction in parliamentary policy-making power as one indication o…
Elite Investments in Party Institutionalization in New Democracies: A Two-Dimensional Approach
This article conceptualizes party institutionalization and theorizes the conditions under which party elites invest in institutionalized parties in new democracies. We specify routinization and value infusion as two central dimensions of party institutionalization and theorize conditions relevant for party institutionalization across three central spheres: the party system, the state, and society. Constructing measures for routinization and value…
The Influence of Political Parties on Policy Coordination: Political Parties and Policy Coordination
Despite an increasing interest in party-state relations, the functions political parties as organizations fulfill in the government apparatus are rarely theorized or empirically examined. Instead of focusing on citizen demands toward parties, this article focuses on the demands of government. It argues that party organizational linkages help integrate an increasingly complex government apparatus. To substantiate this claim, it analyzes the impact…
New Parties in Government: Party Organisation and the Costs of Public Office
Previous studies suggest, and common wisdom holds, that government participation is detrimental for new parties. This paper argues that the opposite is true. Drawing on a large-N analysis (111 parties in 16 countries) in combination with two case studies, it demonstrates that new parties generally benefit organisationally from supporting or entering a government coalition. Compared to established parties, new parties have the advantage that their…
The puzzle of non-party actors in party democracy: Independents in Ireland
Implementing Democratic Equality in Political Parties: Organisational Consequences in theSwedish and theGerman Pirate Parties
This article theorises and empirically assesses some important intra‐organisational implications of maximising democratic equality in political parties both between followers and members and between members and elites. They include weak member commitment, passivity of the rank‐and‐file membership and – depending on party structure – high levels of internal conflict. To substantiate the arguments, two parties that implement principles of democrati…
Member Influence and Involvement in Civil Society Organizations: A Resource Dependency Perspective on Groups and Parties
Which membership-based voluntary organizations constitutive of civil society such as parties, interest groups or service-oriented organizations keep their members active and which forms of activism do they cultivate? This article addresses this important question distinguishing two forms of ‘member activism’: ‘member involvement’, defined as members working for an organization, and ‘member influence’, defined as members’ participation in intra-or…
The Irish Green Party: From Protest to Mainstream Party
In the comparative study of party organisation and party systems Irish parties have long been considered as deviant. While this might, in certain respects at least, be a proper description for the major Irish parties, the Irish Green Party mirrors the transformation from a loose protest movement opposed to ‘conventional politics’ into an established force in the Irish party system – most visible in its current government participation – that a ra…
Conflict of interest regulation in European parliaments: Studying the evolution of complex regulatory regimes
The growing complexity of parliamentary ethics regulation adopted over the last decades makes the systematic examination of its nature and the rationales underpinning regulatory choices an important endeavor. In this paper we introduce conceptualizations and measurements of conflict of interest (COI) regulation directed toward assuring the impartial and unbiased decisionmaking of national parliamentarians. We distinguish the strictness of rules, …
Intergovernmental Arrangements in Spanish and Swiss Federalism: The Impact of Power-Concentrating and Power-Sharing Executives on Intergovernmental Institutionalization
This article argues that the mode of decision making within federal sub-units affects the organizational patterns of intergovernmental relations (IGR) through which regional actors engage in cross-jurisdictional co-operation. In a nutshell, majoritarian executive-legislative relations tend to weaken the institutionalization of intergovernmental arrangements (IGAs), while power-sharing executive-legislative relations tend to facilitate it. This is…
EU legitimacy revisited: The Normative Foundations of a Multilevel Polity
This paper reconceptualizes the challenge of legitimate governance in the European Union (EU) as a multilevel polity. Legitimacy is defined as one possible motivation for accepting political rule; it roots in citizens’ affiliation with a balanced set of core values and their structural realization. This article argues that any attempt to legitimize the EU faces two distinct challenges. First, owing to the co-existence of states and individuals as…
Government Congruence and Intergovernmental Relations in Federal Systems
Intergovernmental arrangements in federal systems are important instruments to co-ordinate policy making between subnational governments. We argue that the capacity of these arrangements to guide government behaviour is shaped by the arrangements' institutionalization, which is affected by the programmatic differences between the governmental parties embedded in them. This paper presents first a measure of government congruence, which captures th…
Political Party Mortality in Established Party Systems: A Hierarchical Competing Risks Approach
Existing scholarship offers few answers to fundamental questions about the mortality of political parties in established party systems. Linking party research to the organization literature, we conceptualize two types of party death, dissolution and merger, reflecting distinct theoretical rationales. They underpin a new framework on party organizational mortality theorizing three sets of factors: those shaping mortality generally and those shapin…
Consociationalism and Intergovernmental Relations - Linking Internal and External Power-Sharing in the Swiss Federal Polity1
For several decades, comparative politics has treated the Swiss political system as the prime example of a power-sharing polity in which consociationalism and cooperative intergovernmental relations co-exist in a mutually reinforcing manner.Surprisingly enough, so far the linkages between these two types of power-sharing have been neither adequately theorized nor empirically analyzed.In order to substantiate how intra-governmental power-sharing f…
The survival and termination of party mergers in Europe: The Survival and Termination of Party Mergers in Europe
Why do constituent parties that participated in a party merger that was intended to be permanent decide to leave the merger to re-enter party competition separately? To address this question, merger termination is conceptualised in this article as an instance of new party formation, coalition termination and institutionalisation failure. Building on this conceptualisation, three sets of factors are presented that account for which mergers are lik…
Why Groups Are Politically Active: An Incentive-Theoretical Approach
Political activity is conventionally considered a constitutive feature of interest groups, underpinning an impressive literature on the strategies groups employ to exercise political influence. Whether and how intensely voluntary membership groups engage in political activities to start with, however, are rarely examined. We present a new incentive-theoretical perspective on group political activity, considering both member demands and leadership…
Intergovernmental Relations in the UK: Continuity in a Time of Change
Party political incongruence in the UK after 2007 has had a moderate effect on both the machinery of intergovernmental relations and the dominant modes of intergovernmental interaction. In assessing changes in intergovernmental structures, we find more frequent meetings and more formalised interactions. A preference for informal bilateral exchange, however, still prevails. In assessing changes in the nature of intergovernmental relations, we find…
Intergovernmental Arrangements in Spanish and Swiss Federalism: The Impact of Power-Concentrating and Power-Sharing Executives on Intergovernmental Institutionalization
This article argues that the mode of decision making within federal sub-units affects the organizational patterns of intergovernmental relations (IGR) through which regional actors engage in cross-jurisdictional co-operation. In a nutshell, majoritarian executive-legislative relations tend to weaken the institutionalization of intergovernmental arrangements (IGAs), while power-sharing executive-legislative relations tend to facilitate it. This is…
Consociationalism and Intergovernmental Relations - Linking Internal and External Power-Sharing in the Swiss Federal Polity1
For several decades, comparative politics has treated the Swiss political system as the prime example of a power-sharing polity in which consociationalism and cooperative intergovernmental relations co-exist in a mutually reinforcing manner.Surprisingly enough, so far the linkages between these two types of power-sharing have been neither adequately theorized nor empirically analyzed.In order to substantiate how intra-governmental power-sharing f…
Federal Dynamics in Canada, the United States, and Switzerland: How Substates' Internal Organization Affects Intergovernmental Relations
This article argues that internal substate dynamics can systematically account for the organization of intergovernmental relations (IGR) in dual federal systems. Whereas majoritarian executive-legislative relations tend to weaken the institutionalization of intergovernmental arrangements (IGAs), power-sharing executive-legislative relations tend to facilitate it. Two of the mechanisms at work serve to illustrate this point. Given one-party majori…
Small parties: From party pledges to government policy
When estimating a party's capacity for goal co-ordination, scholars need not only consider contextual constraints but also the party's properties, since these directly affect its strategic choices. For small parties which are crucial in virtually all multi-party systems the co-ordination of votes, office and policy is much more difficult than for numerically strong actors. Since the conceptual tools to assess the weight of small coalition partner…
Intergovernmental Cooperation: Rational Choices in Federal Systems and Beyond
This text argues that governments' choices in favour or against strong intergovernmental institutions are not primarily driven by considerations of efficiency but by internal political dynamics within their own boundaries. It applies the argument to Canada, Switzerland, the United States, and finally to the European Union.
The puzzle of non-party actors in party democracy: Independents in Ireland
Has Europeanization gone too far
Government Congruence and Intergovernmental Relations in Federal Systems
Intergovernmental arrangements in federal systems are important instruments to co-ordinate policy making between subnational governments. We argue that the capacity of these arrangements to guide government behaviour is shaped by the arrangements' institutionalization, which is affected by the programmatic differences between the governmental parties embedded in them. This paper presents first a measure of government congruence, which captures th…
Revue des revues: On trouvera sous cette rubrique les sommaires les plus récents des grandes revues internationales de science politique
Distribution lectronique Cairn.info pour Presses de Sciences Po. Distribution lectronique Cairn.info pour Presses de Sciences Po. La reproduction ou reprsentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorise que dans les limites des conditions gnrales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas chant, des conditions gnrales de la licence souscrite par votre tablissement. Toute autre reproduction ou reprsentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque …
The Irish Green Party and Europe: An Unhappy Marriage
To what extent is the Irish Green Party affected by the presence of an additional, European arena next to the domestic one? The answer is twofold. Organizationally, the Irish Green Party drew on the experience and support of the pan‐European Green Party Federation and more developed Green parties in other countries. The European arena also provided a platform for electoral success and thereby an important route to resources used to professionaliz…
Inside the Cartel Party: Party Organisation in Government and Opposition
This article assesses the internal dynamics of the cartel party model. It argues that a party's endeavour to increase its societal reach by opening membership boundaries while keeping candidate selection local (two tendencies ascribed to this model), and the general need to maintain party unity, are difficult to reconcile. Therefore a fully fledged cartel party is organisationally vulnerable, which reinforces its resort to selective benefits (i.e…
Why Legislatures Organise: Inter-Parliamentary Activism in Federal Systems and its Consequences
Intensifying intergovernmental cooperation creates problems for legislatures. They are rarely involved in the policy-formulation process and are often confronted with 'take it or leave it decisions'. This paper assesses the conditions under which sub-national parliaments in federal systems try to counteract the growing executive dominance in intergovernmental relations (IGR) through collective, inter-parliamentary activism and evaluates its effec…
Non-hierarchical policy coordination in multilevel systems
In theory, lower-level governments (provinces, regional governments, or member states) operating in multilevel systems within and beyond the nation-state can choose from a wide repertoire of modes of policy coordination to solve collective problems non-hierarchically. These modes range from unilateral policy emulation over informal intergovernmental agreements to binding interstate law. The modes that governments arewillingandcapable to use, howe…
Problems of party assistance in hybrid regimes: The case of Morocco
Like many other transition countries, Morocco is a prime target for democracy promoters. In light of the ongoing democracy promotion efforts in Morocco, this study seeks to analyse the range of measures for political party assistance applied by three major providers, two of which style themselves as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and one of which is an intergovernmental organization (IGO). To estimate the likely effects of the various meas…
The Irish Green Party: From Protest to Mainstream Party
In the comparative study of party organisation and party systems Irish parties have long been considered as deviant. While this might, in certain respects at least, be a proper description for the major Irish parties, the Irish Green Party mirrors the transformation from a loose protest movement opposed to ‘conventional politics’ into an established force in the Irish party system – most visible in its current government participation – that a ra…
The Influence of Political Parties on Policy Coordination: Political Parties and Policy Coordination
Despite an increasing interest in party-state relations, the functions political parties as organizations fulfill in the government apparatus are rarely theorized or empirically examined. Instead of focusing on citizen demands toward parties, this article focuses on the demands of government. It argues that party organizational linkages help integrate an increasingly complex government apparatus. To substantiate this claim, it analyzes the impact…
Intergovernmental Relations in the UK: Continuity in a Time of Change
Party political incongruence in the UK after 2007 has had a moderate effect on both the machinery of intergovernmental relations and the dominant modes of intergovernmental interaction. In assessing changes in intergovernmental structures, we find more frequent meetings and more formalised interactions. A preference for informal bilateral exchange, however, still prevails. In assessing changes in the nature of intergovernmental relations, we find…
Introduction: Political Opposition in a Multi-Level Context
This short introduction sets out the rationale for the special issue. It introduces the concepts of intergovernmental relations (IGR) and party political incongruence which are central to the analyses contained in the issue. It considers the nature and form of intergovernmental relations in the early years of devolution, under conditions of predominant party congruence in the composition of the central and sub-state governments. It then develops …
New party organization in Western Europe: Of party hierarchies, stratarchies and federations
Scholarly work on models of party organization tends to treat stratarchy and hierarchy as analytical opposites. Based on two different visions of stratarchy that co-exist in the literature, this article presents a threefold typology locating party stratarchy as a model between party hierarchy, as one counter-image, and party federation, as the other. The types differ in the extent to which core competences and resources (e.g. selection of parliam…
New Parties in Government: Party Organisation and the Costs of Public Office
Previous studies suggest, and common wisdom holds, that government participation is detrimental for new parties. This paper argues that the opposite is true. Drawing on a large-N analysis (111 parties in 16 countries) in combination with two case studies, it demonstrates that new parties generally benefit organisationally from supporting or entering a government coalition. Compared to established parties, new parties have the advantage that their…
The Partisan Usage of Parliamentary Salaries: Informal Party Practices Compared
types: Article
Beyond Decentralization--The Comparative Study of Interdependence in Federal Systems
The degree of decentralization is an important explanatory variable in comparative federalism research. Nonetheless, the relationship between decentralization and the interdependence between governments is underspecified. This article distinguishes decentralization and interdependence conceptually, specifies institutional components of interdependence, and develops jurisdictional measures to capture them. A comparative analysis of eleven federal …
EU legitimacy revisited: The Normative Foundations of a Multilevel Polity
This paper reconceptualizes the challenge of legitimate governance in the European Union (EU) as a multilevel polity. Legitimacy is defined as one possible motivation for accepting political rule; it roots in citizens’ affiliation with a balanced set of core values and their structural realization. This article argues that any attempt to legitimize the EU faces two distinct challenges. First, owing to the co-existence of states and individuals as…
New Parties in Old Party Systems: Persistence and Decline in Seventeen Democracies
Parliamentary salaries as a party resource: Party organizational power in Westminster democracies
Research on contemporary party organization emphasizes the growing power of the party in public office (PPO). The relationship between the external party organization and the PPO, however, is rarely analysed directly. We argue that the capacity of the extra-parliamentary party to regularly extract a fixed share from their MPs' salaries – the collection of ‘party taxes' or ‘tithes' – can give us insights into the level and the nature of control th…
Political science (65 works) · Politics (56 works) · Law (55 works) · Law (52 works) · Economics (43 works) · Sociology (39 works) · Political economy (38 works) · Public Administration (38 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (37 works) · Public Administration (37 works)