Guido Barbujani
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 91202 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Guido Barbujani |
| NOMBRES | Guido |
| APELLIDO | Barbujani |
| FIRMA | BARBUJANI G |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Ferrara |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7854-6669 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 29 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 91 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 29 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1983 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2021 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Human origins in Southern African palaeo-wetlands? Strong claims from weak evidence
Genetics, Evolutionary
Ideas and methods developed in evolutionary biology, and the recent wealth of data on human genome diversity, have become indispensable tools in biological anthropology. Starting from the concept of populations at equilibrium, this entry focuses on the following three broad questions. (1) How is human genome diversity structured? (2) How did early modern humans spread from Africa? (3) To what extent did modern people interbreed with archaic forms…
The female ancestor's tale
OBJECTIVES: With the advent of ancient DNA analyses, it has been possible to disentangle the contribution of ancient populations to the genetic pool of the modern inhabitants of many regions. Reconstructing the maternal ancestry has often highlighted genetic continuity over several millennia, but almost always in isolated areas. Here we analyze North-western Tuscany, a region that was a corridor of exchanges between Central Italy and the Western …
Race
Across language families
Objectives : The notion that patterns of linguistic and biological variation may cast light on each other and on population histories dates back to Darwin's times; yet, turning this intuition into a proper research program has met with serious methodological difficulties, especially affecting language comparisons. This article takes advantage of two new tools of comparative linguistics: a refined list of Indo‐European cognate words, and a novel m…
The Neanderthal in the karst
Genetic evidence does not support an etruscan origin in Anatolia
The debate on the origins of Etruscans, documented in central Italy between the eighth century BC and the first century AD, dates back to antiquity. Herodotus described them as a group of immigrants from Lydia, in Western Anatolia, whereas for Dionysius of Halicarnassus they were an indigenous population. Dionysius' view is shared by most modern archeologists, but the observation of similarities between the (modern) mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of…
Walking with Robert Sokal
Walking with Robert Sokal Guido Barbujani It was many years ago. Robert Sokal and I were walking through the streets of Padua. It was spring, the sky was darkening, it was the time of day at which more intimate communication becomes sometimes possible. Without my asking, he started talking about his early years in Europe. On April 2, 1938, in front of an enthusiastic Viennese crowd, Adolf Hitler had proclaimed the annexation of Austria to Germany…
Walking with Robert Sokal
High mitochondrial mutation rates estimated from deep‐rooting costa rican pedigrees
Estimates of mutation rates for the noncoding hypervariable Region I (HVR‐I) of mitochondrial DNA vary widely, depending on whether they are inferred from phylogenies (assuming that molecular evolution is clock‐like) or directly from pedigrees. All pedigree‐based studies so far were conducted on populations of European origin. In this article, we analyzed 19 deep‐rooting pedigrees in a population of mixed origin in Costa Rica. We calculated two e…
Genomic Evidence for an African Expansion of Anatomically Modern Humans by a Southern Route
There is general agreement among scientists about a recent (less than 200,000 yrs ago) African origin of anatomically modern humans, whereas there is still uncertainty about whether, and to what extent, they admixed with archaic populations, which thus may have contributed to the modern populations' gene pools. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomi…
No evidence of Neandertal admixture in the mitochondrial genomes of early European modern humans and contemporary Europeans
Neandertals, the archaic human form documented in Eurasia until 29,000 years ago, share no mitochondrial haplotype with modern Europeans. Whether this means that the two groups were reproductively isolated is controversial, and indeed nuclear data have been interpreted as suggesting that they admixed. We explored the range of demographic parameters that may have generated the observed mitochondrial diversity, simulating 3.0 million genealogies un…
Clinal Variation in the Nuclear DNA of Europeans
Allele frequencies are clinally distributed for many protein polymorphisms in Europe, suggesting that the current populations are derived from an ancestral group that expanded from the Near East. It is not yet fully established whether that expansion took place during the Neolithic or earlier or whether the detectable protein variation faithfully reflects the underlying molecular variation. In this study we address the latter question by describi…
No signature of Y chromosomal resemblance between possible descendants of the Cimbri in Denmark and Northern Italy
Two European populations are believed to be related to the ancient Germanic tribe Cimbri: one living in Northern Italy, the other living in Jutland, Denmark. The people called Cimbri are documented in the ancient Roman historical record. Arriving from the far north their movements can be tracked from successive battles with the Romans. The Cimbri finally entered Italy from the northeast and were defeated at Vercellae (present day Vercelli) in 101…
Worldwide analysis of multiple microsatellites
Previous studies of the correlations between the languages spoken by human populations and the genes carried by the members of those populations have been limited by the small amount of genetic markers available and by approximations in the treatment of linguistic data. In this study we analyzed a large collection of polymorphic microsatellite loci (377), distributed on all autosomes, and used Ruhlen's linguistic classification, to investigate th…
Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans
During the late Pleistocene, early anatomically modern humans coexisted in Europe with the anatomically archaic Neandertals for some thousand years. Under the recent variants of the multiregional model of human evolution, modern and archaic forms were different but related populations within a single evolving species, and both have contributed to the gene pool of current humans. Conversely, the Out-of-Africa model considers the transition between…
Mitochondrial Diversity in Linguistic Isolates of the Alps
In Stenico et al. (1996) we reported unusually high levels of mitochondrial diversity in the Alps. In particular, two communities of Ladin speakers appeared the most extreme European mitochondrial outliers at that time. Recently, it has been observed that some rare nucleotide substitutions occur repeatedly among those sequences, raising the possibility of systematic sequencing errors. No biological material was left from the previous study, and h…
DNA diversity and population admixture in Anatolia
The Turkic language was introduced in Anatolia at the start of this millennium, by nomadic Turkmen groups from Central Asia. Whether that cultural transition also had significant population‐genetics consequences is not fully understood. Three nuclear microsatellite loci, the hypervariable region I of the mitochondrial genome, six microsatellite loci of the Y chromosome, and one Alu insertion ( YAP ) were amplified and typed in 118 individuals fro…
Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language
An apportionment of human DNA diversity
It is often taken for granted that the human species is divided in rather homogeneous groups or races, among which biological differences are large. Studies of allele frequencies do not support this view, but they have not been sufficient to rule it out either. We analyzed human molecular diversity at 109 DNA markers, namely 30 microsatellite loci and 79 polymorphic restriction sites (restriction fragment length polymorphism loci) in 16 populatio…
Indo‐European origins
Allele frequency distributions were generated by computer simulation of five models of microevolution in European populations. Genetic distances calculated from these distributions were compared with observed genetic distances among Indo‐European speakers. The simulated models differ in complexity, but all incorporate random genetic drift and short‐range gene flow (isolation by distance). The best correlations between observed and simulated data …
Predicting Similarity in Material Culture among New Guinea Villages from Propinquity and Language
Genetic variation in North Africa and Eurasia
The hypothesis that both genetic and linguistic similarities among Eurasian and North African populations are due to demic diffusion of neolithic farmers is tested against a wide database of allele frequencies. Demic diffusion of farming and languages from the Near East should have determined clines in areas defined by linguistic criteria; the alternative hypothesis of cultural transmission does not predict clines. Spatial autocorrelation analysi…
Linkage of biopsy, cancer, and population records aimed at the estimation of family risks in neoplasia
STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to link individual demographic and medical records into sibships to obtain the sibling distribution of biopsies and cancers, and thereby calculate heritability and recurrence risks in families, thus aiding early diagnosis and prevention of cancers. DESIGN--The 157,823 individual records of the inhabitants of the town of Ferrara in Italy were automatically linked into 106,821 sibships. A 10% sample (10,842 sibships) wa…
Zones of sharp genetic change in Europe are also linguistic boundaries.
A newly elaborated method, "Wombling," for detecting regions of abrupt change in biological variables was applied to 63 human allele frequencies in Europe. Of the 33 gene-frequency boundaries discovered in this way, 31 are coincident with linguistic boundaries marking contiguous regions of different language families, languages, or dialects. The remaining two boundaries (through Iceland and Greece) separate descendants of different ethnic or geog…
Predicting Similarity in Material Culture among New Guinea Villages from Propinquity and Language
Indo‐European origins
Allele frequency distributions were generated by computer simulation of five models of microevolution in European populations. Genetic distances calculated from these distributions were compared with observed genetic distances among Indo‐European speakers. The simulated models differ in complexity, but all incorporate random genetic drift and short‐range gene flow (isolation by distance). The best correlations between observed and simulated data …
The Neanderthal in the karst
Genetic variation in North Africa and Eurasia
The hypothesis that both genetic and linguistic similarities among Eurasian and North African populations are due to demic diffusion of neolithic farmers is tested against a wide database of allele frequencies. Demic diffusion of farming and languages from the Near East should have determined clines in areas defined by linguistic criteria; the alternative hypothesis of cultural transmission does not predict clines. Spatial autocorrelation analysi…
Worldwide analysis of multiple microsatellites
Previous studies of the correlations between the languages spoken by human populations and the genes carried by the members of those populations have been limited by the small amount of genetic markers available and by approximations in the treatment of linguistic data. In this study we analyzed a large collection of polymorphic microsatellite loci (377), distributed on all autosomes, and used Ruhlen's linguistic classification, to investigate th…
DNA diversity and population admixture in Anatolia
The Turkic language was introduced in Anatolia at the start of this millennium, by nomadic Turkmen groups from Central Asia. Whether that cultural transition also had significant population‐genetics consequences is not fully understood. Three nuclear microsatellite loci, the hypervariable region I of the mitochondrial genome, six microsatellite loci of the Y chromosome, and one Alu insertion ( YAP ) were amplified and typed in 118 individuals fro…
No evidence of Neandertal admixture in the mitochondrial genomes of early European modern humans and contemporary Europeans
Neandertals, the archaic human form documented in Eurasia until 29,000 years ago, share no mitochondrial haplotype with modern Europeans. Whether this means that the two groups were reproductively isolated is controversial, and indeed nuclear data have been interpreted as suggesting that they admixed. We explored the range of demographic parameters that may have generated the observed mitochondrial diversity, simulating 3.0 million genealogies un…
Human origins in Southern African palaeo-wetlands? Strong claims from weak evidence
Mitochondrial Diversity in Linguistic Isolates of the Alps
In Stenico et al. (1996) we reported unusually high levels of mitochondrial diversity in the Alps. In particular, two communities of Ladin speakers appeared the most extreme European mitochondrial outliers at that time. Recently, it has been observed that some rare nucleotide substitutions occur repeatedly among those sequences, raising the possibility of systematic sequencing errors. No biological material was left from the previous study, and h…
High mitochondrial mutation rates estimated from deep‐rooting costa rican pedigrees
Estimates of mutation rates for the noncoding hypervariable Region I (HVR‐I) of mitochondrial DNA vary widely, depending on whether they are inferred from phylogenies (assuming that molecular evolution is clock‐like) or directly from pedigrees. All pedigree‐based studies so far were conducted on populations of European origin. In this article, we analyzed 19 deep‐rooting pedigrees in a population of mixed origin in Costa Rica. We calculated two e…
No signature of Y chromosomal resemblance between possible descendants of the Cimbri in Denmark and Northern Italy
Two European populations are believed to be related to the ancient Germanic tribe Cimbri: one living in Northern Italy, the other living in Jutland, Denmark. The people called Cimbri are documented in the ancient Roman historical record. Arriving from the far north their movements can be tracked from successive battles with the Romans. The Cimbri finally entered Italy from the northeast and were defeated at Vercellae (present day Vercelli) in 101…
Across language families
Objectives : The notion that patterns of linguistic and biological variation may cast light on each other and on population histories dates back to Darwin's times; yet, turning this intuition into a proper research program has met with serious methodological difficulties, especially affecting language comparisons. This article takes advantage of two new tools of comparative linguistics: a refined list of Indo‐European cognate words, and a novel m…
Genetic evidence does not support an etruscan origin in Anatolia
The debate on the origins of Etruscans, documented in central Italy between the eighth century BC and the first century AD, dates back to antiquity. Herodotus described them as a group of immigrants from Lydia, in Western Anatolia, whereas for Dionysius of Halicarnassus they were an indigenous population. Dionysius' view is shared by most modern archeologists, but the observation of similarities between the (modern) mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of…
Diversity of some gene frequencies in European and Asian populations. Effects of longitude
Heterozygosity and geographic distances in a limited area
A cline for glyoxalase I allele frequencies in Italy
A gradient of glyoxalase I allele frequencies is described in Italian populations. The association between longitude and allele frequency is assessed through simple and multiple correlation, and gene flow is suggested as a major factor in the origin of such a pattern
Diversity of some gene frequencies in European and Asian populations. Effects of longitude
Surnames in ferrara
The distributions of surnames in populations of small and large towns are almost exactly linearized by a log-log transformation. This indicates probable fit of genetic models to most such distributions, even when the number of surnames is very large. Genetic parameters can then be conveniently calculated from surname distributions. It was found that inbreeding indicators calculated from isonymy are negatively correlated with the size of the towns…
Zones of sharp genetic change in Europe are also linguistic boundaries.
A newly elaborated method, "Wombling," for detecting regions of abrupt change in biological variables was applied to 63 human allele frequencies in Europe. Of the 33 gene-frequency boundaries discovered in this way, 31 are coincident with linguistic boundaries marking contiguous regions of different language families, languages, or dialects. The remaining two boundaries (through Iceland and Greece) separate descendants of different ethnic or geog…
Linkage of biopsy, cancer, and population records aimed at the estimation of family risks in neoplasia
STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to link individual demographic and medical records into sibships to obtain the sibling distribution of biopsies and cancers, and thereby calculate heritability and recurrence risks in families, thus aiding early diagnosis and prevention of cancers. DESIGN--The 157,823 individual records of the inhabitants of the town of Ferrara in Italy were automatically linked into 106,821 sibships. A 10% sample (10,842 sibships) wa…
Genetic variation in North Africa and Eurasia
The hypothesis that both genetic and linguistic similarities among Eurasian and North African populations are due to demic diffusion of neolithic farmers is tested against a wide database of allele frequencies. Demic diffusion of farming and languages from the Near East should have determined clines in areas defined by linguistic criteria; the alternative hypothesis of cultural transmission does not predict clines. Spatial autocorrelation analysi…
Indo‐European origins
Allele frequency distributions were generated by computer simulation of five models of microevolution in European populations. Genetic distances calculated from these distributions were compared with observed genetic distances among Indo‐European speakers. The simulated models differ in complexity, but all incorporate random genetic drift and short‐range gene flow (isolation by distance). The best correlations between observed and simulated data …
Predicting Similarity in Material Culture among New Guinea Villages from Propinquity and Language
An apportionment of human DNA diversity
It is often taken for granted that the human species is divided in rather homogeneous groups or races, among which biological differences are large. Studies of allele frequencies do not support this view, but they have not been sufficient to rule it out either. We analyzed human molecular diversity at 109 DNA markers, namely 30 microsatellite loci and 79 polymorphic restriction sites (restriction fragment length polymorphism loci) in 16 populatio…
Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language
DNA diversity and population admixture in Anatolia
The Turkic language was introduced in Anatolia at the start of this millennium, by nomadic Turkmen groups from Central Asia. Whether that cultural transition also had significant population‐genetics consequences is not fully understood. Three nuclear microsatellite loci, the hypervariable region I of the mitochondrial genome, six microsatellite loci of the Y chromosome, and one Alu insertion ( YAP ) were amplified and typed in 118 individuals fro…
Mitochondrial Diversity in Linguistic Isolates of the Alps
In Stenico et al. (1996) we reported unusually high levels of mitochondrial diversity in the Alps. In particular, two communities of Ladin speakers appeared the most extreme European mitochondrial outliers at that time. Recently, it has been observed that some rare nucleotide substitutions occur repeatedly among those sequences, raising the possibility of systematic sequencing errors. No biological material was left from the previous study, and h…
Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans
During the late Pleistocene, early anatomically modern humans coexisted in Europe with the anatomically archaic Neandertals for some thousand years. Under the recent variants of the multiregional model of human evolution, modern and archaic forms were different but related populations within a single evolving species, and both have contributed to the gene pool of current humans. Conversely, the Out-of-Africa model considers the transition between…
No signature of Y chromosomal resemblance between possible descendants of the Cimbri in Denmark and Northern Italy
Two European populations are believed to be related to the ancient Germanic tribe Cimbri: one living in Northern Italy, the other living in Jutland, Denmark. The people called Cimbri are documented in the ancient Roman historical record. Arriving from the far north their movements can be tracked from successive battles with the Romans. The Cimbri finally entered Italy from the northeast and were defeated at Vercellae (present day Vercelli) in 101…
Worldwide analysis of multiple microsatellites
Previous studies of the correlations between the languages spoken by human populations and the genes carried by the members of those populations have been limited by the small amount of genetic markers available and by approximations in the treatment of linguistic data. In this study we analyzed a large collection of polymorphic microsatellite loci (377), distributed on all autosomes, and used Ruhlen's linguistic classification, to investigate th…
Clinal Variation in the Nuclear DNA of Europeans
Allele frequencies are clinally distributed for many protein polymorphisms in Europe, suggesting that the current populations are derived from an ancestral group that expanded from the Near East. It is not yet fully established whether that expansion took place during the Neolithic or earlier or whether the detectable protein variation faithfully reflects the underlying molecular variation. In this study we address the latter question by describi…
Genomic Evidence for an African Expansion of Anatomically Modern Humans by a Southern Route
There is general agreement among scientists about a recent (less than 200,000 yrs ago) African origin of anatomically modern humans, whereas there is still uncertainty about whether, and to what extent, they admixed with archaic populations, which thus may have contributed to the modern populations' gene pools. Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomi…
No evidence of Neandertal admixture in the mitochondrial genomes of early European modern humans and contemporary Europeans
Neandertals, the archaic human form documented in Eurasia until 29,000 years ago, share no mitochondrial haplotype with modern Europeans. Whether this means that the two groups were reproductively isolated is controversial, and indeed nuclear data have been interpreted as suggesting that they admixed. We explored the range of demographic parameters that may have generated the observed mitochondrial diversity, simulating 3.0 million genealogies un…
Walking with Robert Sokal
Walking with Robert Sokal Guido Barbujani It was many years ago. Robert Sokal and I were walking through the streets of Padua. It was spring, the sky was darkening, it was the time of day at which more intimate communication becomes sometimes possible. Without my asking, he started talking about his early years in Europe. On April 2, 1938, in front of an enthusiastic Viennese crowd, Adolf Hitler had proclaimed the annexation of Austria to Germany…
Walking with Robert Sokal
High mitochondrial mutation rates estimated from deep‐rooting costa rican pedigrees
Estimates of mutation rates for the noncoding hypervariable Region I (HVR‐I) of mitochondrial DNA vary widely, depending on whether they are inferred from phylogenies (assuming that molecular evolution is clock‐like) or directly from pedigrees. All pedigree‐based studies so far were conducted on populations of European origin. In this article, we analyzed 19 deep‐rooting pedigrees in a population of mixed origin in Costa Rica. We calculated two e…
Genetic evidence does not support an etruscan origin in Anatolia
The debate on the origins of Etruscans, documented in central Italy between the eighth century BC and the first century AD, dates back to antiquity. Herodotus described them as a group of immigrants from Lydia, in Western Anatolia, whereas for Dionysius of Halicarnassus they were an indigenous population. Dionysius' view is shared by most modern archeologists, but the observation of similarities between the (modern) mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of…
Race
Across language families
Objectives : The notion that patterns of linguistic and biological variation may cast light on each other and on population histories dates back to Darwin's times; yet, turning this intuition into a proper research program has met with serious methodological difficulties, especially affecting language comparisons. This article takes advantage of two new tools of comparative linguistics: a refined list of Indo‐European cognate words, and a novel m…
Biology (25 obras) · Demography (21 obras) · Evolutionary biology (21 obras) · Population (21 obras) · Geography (20 obras) · Forensic and Genetic Research (17 obras) · Genetics (14 obras) · Sociology (13 obras) · Genetic diversity and population structure (12 obras) · Genetics (12 obras)