Pat Caldwell
Biographic Data
| ID | 91628 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Pat Caldwell |
| GIVEN NAMES | Pat |
| FAMILY NAME | Caldwell |
| SIGNATURE | CALDWELL P |
| AFFILIATIONS | Australian National University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 46 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 907 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 46 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1976 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| H-INDEX | 18 |
Policy responses to low fertility and its consequences: A global survey
Africa: The New Family Planning Frontier
Sub‐Saharan Africa will be the family planning frontier of the twenty‐first century. Fertility levels and population growth rates are still high, and family planning programs suited to the region are still being developed. Nevertheless, by the end of the twentieth century, fertility transition was under way in Southern Africa and a few countries elsewhere. Successful regional family planning in the twenty‐first century will depend upon stronger p…
Regional paths to fertility transition
Female genital mutilation: Conditions of decline
Sexual regimes and sexual networking: The risk of an HIV/Aids epidemic in Bangladesh
The Bangladesh Fertility Decline: An Interpretation
The claim has been made, notably in a 1994 World Bank report, that the Bangladesh fertility decline shows that efficient national family planning programs can achieve major fertility declines even in countries that are very poor, and even if females have a low status and significant socioeconomic change has not occurred. This article challenges this claim on the grounds that Bangladesh did experience major social and economic change, real and per…
The Construction of Adolescence in a Changing World: Implications for Sexuality, Reproduction, and Marriage
This article aims to show how the period now known as adolescence came into being and how it was shaped by international economic, institutional, and social influences. It considers premodern societies and argues that traditional culture has shaped contemporary adolescence even more than has global society. Explanations are offered for the enormous differences across the world in adolescent sexuality, reproduction, and marriage. The data are draw…
Mobility, Migration, Sex, STDs, and Aids: An Essay on Sub-Saharan Africa with Other Parallels
Migration has always facilitated the spread of any infectious disease. This has been the case even with diseases transmitted by insect vectors as has been demon strated in Nigeria (Prothero, 1965). Migration does this in two ways. First, it brings more people into contact with each other and is the means whereby dis eases can be carried from one community to others over considerable distances. Second, it has been a major factor in the growth of u…
Male and female circumcision in Africa from a regional to a specific Nigerian examination
Perceived male sexual needs and male sexual behaviour in southwest Nigeria
Child survival: Physical vulnerability and resilience in adversity in the European past and the contemporary Third World
Toward an Epidemiological Model of Aids in Sub-Saharan Africa
The family in South India: Past, present and future
African women's control over their sexuality in an era of Aids
The South African Fertility Decline
There is some evidence to suggest that Black South African started to decline in 1960 which was earlier than anywhere else in Black Africa. The Black South African population is larger than any Black population in Africa with the exception of Nigeria Ethiopia and Zaire. The national population program was an Asian-type program distinguished by expenditures and services not evident elsewhere in Africa. Clinical family planning (FP) services were d…
The Nature and Limits of the sub-Saharan African Aids Epidemic: Evidence from Geographic and Other Patterns
John C. Caldwell, Pat Caldwell, The Nature and Limits of the sub-Saharan African AIDS Epidemic: Evidence from Geographic and Other Patterns, Population and Development Review, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Dec., 1993), pp. 817-848
Diffusion and Focus in Sexual Networking: Identifying Partners and Partners' Partners
This article describes the second stage of a research project on sexual networking that aims to further understanding of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS in Ondo State, Nigeria. A sample of 488 males aged 15-50 were interviewed in depth to ascertain (1) the numbers and characteristics of their sexual partners, (2) the numbers and characteristics of the partners of those partners, and (3) the extent to which these relations…
What Does the Matlab Fertility Experience Really Show
The family planning program in the Matlab District of Bangladesh has been described in unique detail for more than 25 years and is regarded as a model for equally poor parts of the world. Its experience has been reported as showing the ineffectiveness of contraceptive saturation approaches and the prime importance of program management and especially of the selection of a special type of family planning household visitor, criteria that render fam…
The Family and Sexual Networking in Sub-Saharan Africa: Historical Regional Differences and Present-Day Implications
The geographical pattern of the AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa suggests the possibility of different contemporary regional patterns of sexual networking which originated in different historical patterns. Because sexual behaviour is inadequately reported by the oral tradition, this paper concentrates on nineteenth-century contemporary accounts and twentieth-century reconstructions with the older population. It relates sexual behaviour to othe…
Underreaction to Aids in Sub-Saharan Africa
Fertility Decline in Africa: A New Type of Transition
Botswana Zimbabwe and Kenya appeared in 1990 to be experiencing fertility declines of 15-25% and there is some 1991 evidence that parts of Nigeria experienced fertility declines of over 10%. These trends are in contrast to the widely held belief that sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in the world not experiencing fertility transition. The nature of the African fertility transition is characterized and the reasons for resistance to fertility d…
Sexual Networking in the Ekiti District of Nigeria
The confirmation of a significant number of HIV-positive persons and some deaths due to AIDS in Nigeria has rendered more urgent the study of sexual networking, both for an understanding of the risk of HIV transmission and also that of sexually transmitted diseases, which may serve as a vehicle for HIV infection. This article reports on a research project that concentrated initially on developing both small-scale survey and anthropological method…
The African Sexual System: Reply to Le Blanc et al
This Caldwell et al. response to the Le Blanc et al. criticism of methodological flaws and ethnographic omissions focuses on 4 issues: 1) the theoretical generalizations which Le Blanc considers to be deficient in evidence 2) ethnographic omissions that distort 3) methodological flaws and 4) an interpretation of the debate. It is stated that Le Blanc is behaving as if African society needs to be protected from the charge that there is insufficien…
Why is health relatively poor on Sri Lanka's tea estates
The Destabilization of the Traditional Yoruba Sexual System
Ekiti Yoruba society in Nigeria is characterized like many African societies by high levels of polygyny necessitating a late age of male marriage and by a long duration of postpartum female sexual abstinence. Thus about three-quarters of postpubertal males have no current access to a wife for sexual activity in a society that does not enforce male continence. The contemporary solution is a high level of male premarital and extramarital sexuality …
The Cultural Context of High Fertility in sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa may offer greater resistance to fertility decline than any other world region as a result of a lineage-based traditional belief system. Traditional African religious values have sustained high fertility in 2 ways: 1stthey have acted directly to equate fertility with virtue and reproductive failure with sin and 2nd they have provided support for a system of upward flows of wealth. The African family structure generally places re…
Fertility Decline in Africa: A New Type of Transition
Botswana Zimbabwe and Kenya appeared in 1990 to be experiencing fertility declines of 15-25% and there is some 1991 evidence that parts of Nigeria experienced fertility declines of over 10%. These trends are in contrast to the widely held belief that sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in the world not experiencing fertility transition. The nature of the African fertility transition is characterized and the reasons for resistance to fertility d…
The Social Context of Aids in sub-Saharan Africa
The world region most likely to record the greatest numbers of deaths from Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is sub-Saharan Africa where most transmission of the HIV virus is heterosexual. Drawing extensively on the primarily anthropological often scattered literature and on their own research the authors argue that sexual activity in sub-Saharan Africa has not been subject to the same moral and religious constraints as in the West. Sexua…
The causes of marriage change in South India
The average age at marriage of women has been rising in most developing countries including India. In this paper we report on the use of case studies, surveys and anthropological methods in a rural area of South India to investigate the mechanisms involved in this change. In an area where all marriages are still arranged it was found that there had been a recent shift from bridewealth to dowry and a diminution in the proportion of all marriages o…
The Role of Marital Sexual Abstinence in Determining Fertility: A Study of the Yoruba in Nigeria
African women's control over their sexuality in an era of Aids
The Causes of Demographic Change in Rural South India: A Micro Approach
Study to explain changes in demographic behavior observed in a small area of rural Karnataka over the last third of a century. An anthropological approach was employed with the authors living in villages several months per year learning by participant observation. Censuses and surveys were also employed. Among the demographic changes observed are declining mortality rising age at female marriage reductions in fertility and shortened periods of po…
The South African Fertility Decline
There is some evidence to suggest that Black South African started to decline in 1960 which was earlier than anywhere else in Black Africa. The Black South African population is larger than any Black population in Africa with the exception of Nigeria Ethiopia and Zaire. The national population program was an Asian-type program distinguished by expenditures and services not evident elsewhere in Africa. Clinical family planning (FP) services were d…
The Family and Sexual Networking in Sub-Saharan Africa: Historical Regional Differences and Present-Day Implications
The geographical pattern of the AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa suggests the possibility of different contemporary regional patterns of sexual networking which originated in different historical patterns. Because sexual behaviour is inadequately reported by the oral tradition, this paper concentrates on nineteenth-century contemporary accounts and twentieth-century reconstructions with the older population. It relates sexual behaviour to othe…
Perceived male sexual needs and male sexual behaviour in southwest Nigeria
Sexual Networking in the Ekiti District of Nigeria
The confirmation of a significant number of HIV-positive persons and some deaths due to AIDS in Nigeria has rendered more urgent the study of sexual networking, both for an understanding of the risk of HIV transmission and also that of sexually transmitted diseases, which may serve as a vehicle for HIV infection. This article reports on a research project that concentrated initially on developing both small-scale survey and anthropological method…
The Destabilization of the Traditional Yoruba Sexual System
Ekiti Yoruba society in Nigeria is characterized like many African societies by high levels of polygyny necessitating a late age of male marriage and by a long duration of postpartum female sexual abstinence. Thus about three-quarters of postpubertal males have no current access to a wife for sexual activity in a society that does not enforce male continence. The contemporary solution is a high level of male premarital and extramarital sexuality …
Anthropology and Demography: The Mutual Reinforcement of Speculation and Research [and Comments and Reply]
Is the Asian Family Planning Program Model Suited to Africa
This paper examines four Asian countries where fertility declines between the early 1960s and early 1980s ranged from 29 to 57 percent and contrasts their situations with seven African countries where fertility either remained constant or rose. It is shown that the difference is not explained by the African countries being at an earlier stage of socioeconomic development nor by the failure to provide family planning programs. The explanation is a…
The Bangladesh Fertility Decline: An Interpretation
The claim has been made, notably in a 1994 World Bank report, that the Bangladesh fertility decline shows that efficient national family planning programs can achieve major fertility declines even in countries that are very poor, and even if females have a low status and significant socioeconomic change has not occurred. This article challenges this claim on the grounds that Bangladesh did experience major social and economic change, real and per…
Underreaction to Aids in Sub-Saharan Africa
The Determinants of Family Structure in Rural South India
An ongoing research project in an area of 9 villages in south India provides the opportunity for studying the circumstances leading to the formation of families of different types and for determining whether the incidence of families of different types is changing. Methodological experimentation with a quasi-anthropological approach to demographic data collection together with the employment of village censuses and small sharply focused surveys p…
The Construction of Adolescence in a Changing World: Implications for Sexuality, Reproduction, and Marriage
This article aims to show how the period now known as adolescence came into being and how it was shaped by international economic, institutional, and social influences. It considers premodern societies and argues that traditional culture has shaped contemporary adolescence even more than has global society. Explanations are offered for the enormous differences across the world in adolescent sexuality, reproduction, and marriage. The data are draw…
The Nature and Limits of the sub-Saharan African Aids Epidemic: Evidence from Geographic and Other Patterns
John C. Caldwell, Pat Caldwell, The Nature and Limits of the sub-Saharan African AIDS Epidemic: Evidence from Geographic and Other Patterns, Population and Development Review, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Dec., 1993), pp. 817-848
Sensitization to illness and the risk of death: An explanation for Sri Lanka's approach to good health for all
Educational Transition in Rural South India
To account for a rise in the demand for family planning in a village in rural south India the authors posited a triangle: falling demand for family labor among both farmers and agricultural laborers because of declining farm size; increasing demand for education in a situation where schools were more available and a growing labor market offered the possibility of diversifying sources of income; and the high cost of keeping many children in school…
Male and female circumcision in Africa from a regional to a specific Nigerian examination
Diffusion and Focus in Sexual Networking: Identifying Partners and Partners' Partners
This article describes the second stage of a research project on sexual networking that aims to further understanding of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS in Ondo State, Nigeria. A sample of 488 males aged 15-50 were interviewed in depth to ascertain (1) the numbers and characteristics of their sexual partners, (2) the numbers and characteristics of the partners of those partners, and (3) the extent to which these relations…
Africa: The New Family Planning Frontier
Sub‐Saharan Africa will be the family planning frontier of the twenty‐first century. Fertility levels and population growth rates are still high, and family planning programs suited to the region are still being developed. Nevertheless, by the end of the twentieth century, fertility transition was under way in Southern Africa and a few countries elsewhere. Successful regional family planning in the twenty‐first century will depend upon stronger p…
Periodic High Risk as a Cause of Fertility Decline in a Changing Rural Environment: Survival Strategies in the 1980-1983 South Indian Drought
Demographic and contraceptive innovators: A study of transitional African society
Data are employed from six surveys carried out in Ibadan City, Nigeria, during two survey programmes: the Nigerian segment of the Changing African Family Project in 1973, and the Nigerian Family Study in 1974–5. A distinction is made between contraceptive innovators, those who use any means to control fertility except the traditional Yoruba sexual abstinence, and demographic innovators, those who succeed in limiting their family size. It is shown…
The Changing African Family Project: A Report with Special Reference to the Nigerian Segment
The Changing African Family Project was begun in 1973 as a cooperative venture of the Sociology Department of the University of Ibadan and the Demography Department of the Australian National University, with research institutes and individual researchers in 11 representative countries of Africa, to investigate the preconditions for fertility decline. This paper reports initial initial findings from the large Nigerian segment of the project, whic…
Demographic and contraceptive innovators: A study of transitional African society
Data are used from 6 surveys conducted in Ibadan City Nigeria during 2 survey programs - the Nigerian segment of the Changing African Family project 1973 and the Nigerian Family Study in 1974 1975. A distinction is made between contraceptive innovators those who use any means to control fertility except the traditional Yoruba method of sexual abstinence and demographic innovators those who succeed in limiting their family size. Although it appear…
The Role of Marital Sexual Abstinence in Determining Fertility: A Study of the Yoruba in Nigeria
The Achieved Small Family: Early Fertility Transition in an African City
A survey was conducted in Ibadan City Nigeria in 1973 among all completed Yoruba families that were through deliberate fertility limitation. All eligible women i.e. those with 5 or fewer deliberately chosen live births were interviewed; husbands who had played a role in the decision were also included. The number of so-called innovators was very small - 1.4% of all women aged 40 or over with younger women slightly more likely to be among the grou…
Family planning in India: A worm's eye view from a rural area in South India
The Causes of Demographic Change in Rural South India: A Micro Approach
Study to explain changes in demographic behavior observed in a small area of rural Karnataka over the last third of a century. An anthropological approach was employed with the authors living in villages several months per year learning by participant observation. Censuses and surveys were also employed. Among the demographic changes observed are declining mortality rising age at female marriage reductions in fertility and shortened periods of po…
The social component of mortality decline: An investigation in south India employing alternative methodologies
This paper reports on research in which an attempt is made to explore and explain the impact of social changes on mortality decline. The work has been part of a four-year project in nine villages of Karnataka, South India, and anthropological as well as survey approaches have been used. In the study area mortality continued to fall long after control of the major epidemic diseases had been achieved, although no addition had been made to the exist…
The causes of marriage change in South India
The average age at marriage of women has been rising in most developing countries including India. In this paper we report on the use of case studies, surveys and anthropological methods in a rural area of South India to investigate the mechanisms involved in this change. In an area where all marriages are still arranged it was found that there had been a recent shift from bridewealth to dowry and a diminution in the proportion of all marriages o…
The Determinants of Family Structure in Rural South India
An ongoing research project in an area of 9 villages in south India provides the opportunity for studying the circumstances leading to the formation of families of different types and for determining whether the incidence of families of different types is changing. Methodological experimentation with a quasi-anthropological approach to demographic data collection together with the employment of village censuses and small sharply focused surveys p…
Educational Transition in Rural South India
To account for a rise in the demand for family planning in a village in rural south India the authors posited a triangle: falling demand for family labor among both farmers and agricultural laborers because of declining farm size; increasing demand for education in a situation where schools were more available and a growing labor market offered the possibility of diversifying sources of income; and the high cost of keeping many children in school…
Periodic High Risk as a Cause of Fertility Decline in a Changing Rural Environment: Survival Strategies in the 1980-1983 South Indian Drought
The Role of Traditional Fertility Regulation in Sri Lanka
Among the countries of South Asia, Sri Lanka, with a birth rate of 26 per 1,000, has achieved by far the lowest fertility level. The research reported here shows that at least half of all fertility control there is still practiced by means other than those offered by the national family planning program. This paper reports on an investigation carried out by the Sri Lankan Department of Census and Statistics, employing a micro-approach to demograp…
Anthropology and Demography: The Mutual Reinforcement of Speculation and Research [and Comments and Reply]
Limiting Population Growth and the Ford Foundation Contribution
This book provides a comprehensive historical review of the Ford Foundations investment in the development of graduate education in the field of population. Academic population programs were established in several US universities in the early 1960s in time to address the critical need for the establishment of new population/family planning programs in Third World countries. The Ford Foundations lack of enforced direction of funding meant that hig…
The Cultural Context of High Fertility in sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa may offer greater resistance to fertility decline than any other world region as a result of a lineage-based traditional belief system. Traditional African religious values have sustained high fertility in 2 ways: 1stthey have acted directly to equate fertility with virtue and reproductive failure with sin and 2nd they have provided support for a system of upward flows of wealth. The African family structure generally places re…
Is the Asian Family Planning Program Model Suited to Africa
This paper examines four Asian countries where fertility declines between the early 1960s and early 1980s ranged from 29 to 57 percent and contrasts their situations with seven African countries where fertility either remained constant or rose. It is shown that the difference is not explained by the African countries being at an earlier stage of socioeconomic development nor by the failure to provide family planning programs. The explanation is a…
Is Marriage Delay a Multiphasic Response to Pressures for Fertility Decline? The Case of Sri Lanka
John Caldwell, Indra Gajanayake, Bruce Caldwell, Pat Caldwell, Is Marriage Delay a Multiphasic Response to Pressures for Fertility Decline? The Case of Sri Lanka, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 51, No. 2 (May, 1989), pp. 337-351
Sensitization to illness and the risk of death: An explanation for Sri Lanka's approach to good health for all
The Social Context of Aids in sub-Saharan Africa
The world region most likely to record the greatest numbers of deaths from Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is sub-Saharan Africa where most transmission of the HIV virus is heterosexual. Drawing extensively on the primarily anthropological often scattered literature and on their own research the authors argue that sexual activity in sub-Saharan Africa has not been subject to the same moral and religious constraints as in the West. Sexua…
The Causes of Demographic Change: Experimental Research in South India
Sexual Networking in the Ekiti District of Nigeria
The confirmation of a significant number of HIV-positive persons and some deaths due to AIDS in Nigeria has rendered more urgent the study of sexual networking, both for an understanding of the risk of HIV transmission and also that of sexually transmitted diseases, which may serve as a vehicle for HIV infection. This article reports on a research project that concentrated initially on developing both small-scale survey and anthropological method…
The African Sexual System: Reply to Le Blanc et al
This Caldwell et al. response to the Le Blanc et al. criticism of methodological flaws and ethnographic omissions focuses on 4 issues: 1) the theoretical generalizations which Le Blanc considers to be deficient in evidence 2) ethnographic omissions that distort 3) methodological flaws and 4) an interpretation of the debate. It is stated that Le Blanc is behaving as if African society needs to be protected from the charge that there is insufficien…
Why is health relatively poor on Sri Lanka's tea estates
The Destabilization of the Traditional Yoruba Sexual System
Ekiti Yoruba society in Nigeria is characterized like many African societies by high levels of polygyny necessitating a late age of male marriage and by a long duration of postpartum female sexual abstinence. Thus about three-quarters of postpubertal males have no current access to a wife for sexual activity in a society that does not enforce male continence. The contemporary solution is a high level of male premarital and extramarital sexuality …
Sociology (41 works) · Demography (32 works) · Population (29 works) · Economics (28 works) · Geography (25 works) · Socioeconomics (24 works) · Economic growth (23 works) · Political science (23 works) · Demography (18 works) · Fertility (17 works)