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Kazuaki Hirata

Biographic Data

ID91767
NAMEKazuaki Hirata
GIVEN NAMESKazuaki
FAMILY NAMEHirata
SIGNATUREHIRATA K
AFFILIATIONSSt. Marianna University School of Medicine
VERIFIEDNo
TOTAL WORKS39
TOTAL CITATIONS157
AUTHOR COUNT39
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1992
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2026
H-INDEX9
  • Demographic history of the Jomon people: Insights from whole-mitogenome analysis

    Open Access•Koki Yoshida, Yoshiki Wakiyama et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2026•References: 11

    The Jomon culture that spread across the Japanese archipelago began about 16000 years ago and lasted for over 10000 years. The population history of the Jomon people, prehistoric hunter-gatherers bearing the Jomon culture, is of great interest in understanding prehistoric East Eurasians. Traditionally, population size and its fluctuations, i.e. Jomon demography, have been estimated in the archaeological context, but over the past 20 years, statis…

  • Collagen of ancient bones gives an indication of endogenous DNA preservation based on next-generation sequencing technology

    Open Access•Yuka Nakamura, Daisuke Waku et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2024•Cited by: 2•References: 5

    Ancient genome analysis has become an indispensable tool in studies of human population history and evolution since the breakthrough of whole-genome sequencing technology. The problem remains, however, that ancient genomes cannot be analyzed without crushing non-small pieces of precious specimens; moreover, in many cases, there is insufficient DNA remaining in the pieces of sample to obtain whole-genome sequences. In previous studies, therefore, …

  • Limb segment proportions of prehistoric Jomon hunter-gatherers from fetal life to adolescence: Comparison with four other chronological groups from Japan

    Open Access•Soichiro Mizushima, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2023•References: 3

    Adult individuals from the Jomon period are known to have upper- and lower-limb skeletons characterized by relatively longer distal segments (radius and tibia) than their proximal counterparts (humerus and femur, respectively), in contrast to later historical and modern Japanese individuals. However, it is currently unclear at what age the characteristics of Jomon limb segment proportions emerged and reached adult-equivalent levels. To address th…

  • A comparative analysis of fetal to adolescent limb segment proportions of prehistoric Jomon hunter-gatherers and modern Japanese

    Open Access•Soichiro Mizushima, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2020•References: 38

    成人期縄文人の四肢プロポーションは,現代日本人と比べると,上肢では上腕骨に対して前腕骨が長く,下肢では大腿骨に対して下腿骨が長いことが知られている。本研究では,縄文人四肢骨のプロポーション特徴についてさらに理解を深めるため,胎生5ヶ月から19歳にわたる縄文人118体と現代日本人311体の主要四肢骨を用いて各種のプロポーション示数(上腕骨橈骨示数,大腿骨脛骨示数,肢間示数など)の集団比較を行った。その結果,(1)縄文人四肢骨の遠位分節が相対的に長いという特徴は,上肢・下肢ともに胎・乳児期に発現しており,その特徴は思春期の終わりまで一貫して保持されていることがわかった。特に上肢に関しては胎生期の段階で明瞭な集団差を確認することができ,発生初期における四肢パターン形成の影響が考えられた。また,(2)どちらの集団も,上肢・下肢の各遠位/近位分節比は,胎児段階では成人と比べて著しく遠位分節の長いプロポーション傾向を示すが,おおよそ1歳半の時期に成人水準に到達しており,その後の成長では思春期の終わり…

  • A health crisis during the Japanese Medieval Period: A new paleodemographic perspective

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Hajime Ishida et al.•ARTICLE•International Journal of…•2019

  • Variation in cranial shape in medieval Japanese from Kamakura City

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Hiroki Seike et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2018•References: 4

    Many medieval skulls from Kamakura, Japan were found to be characterized by dolichocephaly, although these medieval people are most likely to be the ancestors of the modern Japanese. The specificity in the metric cranial traits has been repeatedly demonstrated by archaeological findings from other medieval sites in Kamakura City. It is not known whether these specific features were shared by the descendants of the medieval Kamakura people due to …

  • The bioarchaeology of a Japanese population from the Nozoji-ato site in Kamakura City, Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Keigo Hoshino et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2018•Cited by: 2•References: 10

    The Japanese medieval period encompassed almost 400 years, between 1185 and 1573 AD. Previous research of human skeletal remains from medieval Kamakura City has shown that medieval people had a poor level of health and general living conditions because of malnutrition and interpersonal violence. The aims of this study are to apply bioarchaelogical analyses to a new series of human skeletal remains from the Nozoji-ato site in Kamakura City and to …

  • Degenerative changes in the appendicular joints of ancient human populations from the Japan Islands

    Open Access•Shinji Suzuki, Masanobu Sunagawa et al.•ARTICLE•Quaternary International•2016

  • Paleodemography of the early modern human skeletons from Kumejima (Okinawa, Japan)

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Hajime Ishida et al.•ARTICLE•Quaternary International•2016

  • A comparative analysis of fetal to subadult femoral midshaft bone distribution of prehistoric Jomon hunter-gatherers and modern Japanese

    Open Access•Soichiro Mizushima, Gen Suwa et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2016•Cited by: 9•References: 6

    Adult Jomon femora are known to be more robust with mid-diaphyseal cross sections that are more elongated anteroposteriorly than in the modern Japanese. In the present study, we compared femoral midshaft cross-sectional geometric properties between prehistoric Jomon hunter-gatherers and modern Japanese from the seventh fetal month to 17 years of age. The cross-sectional properties reflecting mechanical strength and shape (e.g. cortical bone area,…

  • Infant feeding practice in medieval J apan: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human skeletons from Y uigahama‐minami

    Open Access•T Tsutaya, Akina Shimomi et al.•ARTICLE•American Journal of Physical…•2015•Cited by: 4•References: 72

    A longer breastfeeding duration provides various positive effects in subadult health because of abundant immunological factors and nutrients in human breast milk, and decreases the natural fertility of a population through lactational amenorrhea. In this study, we measured stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in the bone collagen of three adults and 45 subadults from the Yuigahama‐minami site (from 12th to 14th century) in Kamakura, the earl…

  • Metric traits of the crania and limb bones of medieval human skeletons from Kamakura City, Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Yuko Miyauchi et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2015•References: 7

    The aims of this study are to examine the human skeletal remains from the Yuigahama-chusei-shudan-bochi (seika-ichiba) site, or YCSB-SI, to provide data regarding the metrics of the crania and limb bones, to compare these metrics with those of ancient Japanese skeletons, and to discuss the population variability of the medieval Japanese. The results provided several findings regarding the cranial and limb-bone traits of the YCSB-SI sample: (1) th…

  • Histomorphological species identification of tiny bone fragments from a Paleolithic site in the Northern Japanese Archipelago

    Open Access•Junmei Sawada, Takashi Nara et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Archaeological Science•2014•Cited by: 6•References: 10

    Bone histomorphology is an effective method for species identification of fragmentary osseous remains. The 1997–1998 excavations of the Kashiwadai 1 Upper Paleolithic site (ca. 22–20.5 kyBP) in Hokkaido (the northern island of the Japanese Archipelago) yielded tiny bone fragments, which had been burned to white and broken into pieces less than 1 cm in size, making their species identification by gross morphology alone impossible. For the purpose …

  • Stable isotopic reconstructions of adult diets and infant feeding practices during urbanization of the city of Edo in 17th century Japan

    Open Access•T Tsutaya, Tomohito Nagaoka et al.•ARTICLE•American Journal of Physical…•2014•Cited by: 9•References: 64

    The urbanization of the city of Edo, the capital of premodern Japan, has been assumed to be not as a result of natural increase but that of in‐migration although this assumption has never been verified. To obtain information on natural fertility in Edo, we analyzed stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in 46 adult and 84 subadult human skeletons excavated from the Hitotsubashi site (1657–1683 AD: the early Edo period), Tokyo, Japan and reconstructe…

  • Demographic and pathological characteristics of the medieval Japanese: New evidence from human skeletons from Kamakura, Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Junmei Sawada et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2013•Cited by: 10•References: 12

    The purposes of this study are to conduct paleodemographic and paleopathological analyses of medieval human skeletons from Japan and to clarify their life and death situations. The materials used here were individuals from the Yuigahama-chusei-shudan-bochi site (Seika-ichiba location) (i.e. YCSB-SI), located along the Yuigahama seashore of the southern end of Kamakura City. Several new findings regarding the life and death situations of YCSB-SI w…

  • Human skeletal remains of a chief-retainer family of the Akashi clan from the Unseiji site (Akashi, Japan) in the Edo period

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Mikiko Abe et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2013•Cited by: 1•References: 23

    本研究では,兵庫県明石市雲晴寺墓地から出土した明石藩家老親族の人骨1体(ST61)について,形態学,古病理学,同位体食性分析の視点から研究を行った。板碑から人骨は明石藩の家老親族であり,1732年に77歳で亡くなった女性である。本研究の結果,(1)骨から推定された性別は女性で,死亡年齢は50歳以上で,墓誌の記録を裏付けるものであった。(2)頭蓋形態を調べたところ,脳頭蓋最大長が大きく,バジオン・ブレグマ高が小さく,頭蓋長幅示数は75.3で長頭に近い中頭,また上顔部が細長いものの顔面全体が大きく,いずれの特徴も徳川将軍親族,江戸庶民,近代人とは異なっていた。(3)炭素・窒素安定同位体分析の結果,ST61の主要なタンパク質摂取源は,淡水魚,または,陸上食物と海産物の組み合わせと推定された。当時の上流階級の人骨のデータの積み重ねは今後の江戸時代人骨の研究に不可欠であるため,今回一例ではあるが基礎データの報告を行った

  • Usefulness of the mid-femoral cross-sectional geometry in determining sex of the prehistoric Jomonese and modern Japanese

    Open Access•Souichiro Mizushima, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2013•References: 41

    本研究では,性別判定における大腿骨骨幹部の有用性について論じるため,大腿骨骨幹中央部断面形状の性的二型性について調査した。資料は愛知県保美貝塚遺跡出土の縄文人31体(男性14体,女性17体,約3000~2300 BP),明治・大正期の関東地方人42体(男女各21体,年齢範囲20~50歳)の個体骨格を用いた。内部断面計測ではマイクロCT装置を導入した。画像処理にはImageJとCT-Rugleを使用した。解析に際しては断面特性値ごとにWilksのλと男女的中率を算出した。その結果,2集団に共通して,大腿骨骨幹中央部では骨質断面積が最良の性判別指標であることがわかった(縄文人:λ = 0.230,的中率96.8%,現代日本人:λ = 0.469,的中率85.7%)。また縄文人では骨体中央矢状径,外周,外形断面積,最大断面2次モーメント,断面2次極モーメントにおいても90%超の高い確度で男女が正判定された(λ:0.311~0.362,的中率:93.5~96.8%)。一方,現代日本人では骨質断面…

  • Estimation of skeletal adult age distribution of Okhotsk people in northern Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Hajime Ishida et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2012•Cited by: 10•References: 6

    The demographic structure of prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies has contributed to our understanding of the life history patterns of past human populations. The purposes of this study are to examine the human skeletal remains associated with the Okhotsk culture, to estimate age-at-death distribution using the Buckberry–Chamberlain system of auricular surface aging and the Bayesian approach, and to discuss whether paleodemographic estimates can…

  • Degenerative changes of the spine in people from prehistoric Okhotsk culture and two ancient human groups from Kanto and Okinawa, Japan

    Open Access•Yasushi Shimoda, Tomohito Nagaoka et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2011•Cited by: 13•References: 11

    Degenerative changes of the spine in people of the Okhotsk culture were investigated in adult human skeletal remains from 38 males and 34 females. These findings were then compared with those in materials obtained from the medieval Kamakura period and early-modern peasants on Kumejima, Ryukyu Islands. The three samples clearly showed different patterns. In the Okhotsk series, the cervical spine of each sex had most osteophytes on the vertebral bo…

  • Evidence for temporal and social differences in cranial dimensions in Edo‐period Japanese

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Yoshinori Kawakubo et al.•ARTICLE•International Journal of…•2010•Cited by: 1•References: 10

    This study examined the craniometric traits of the Edo‐period (AD1603–1867) human skeletons from the Hitotsubashi site in Tokyo, compared them with temporally and socially various populations, and attempted to detect the morphological differentiation patterns that the Edo‐period Japanese exhibited over time and under those social/environmental conditions. The materials measured here were the townsmen's crania from the Hitotsubashi site, which wer…

  • Evidence for weapon-related traumas in medieval Japan: Observations of the human crania from Seiyokan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuhiro Uzawa et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2010•Cited by: 11•References: 3

    The Seiyokan site is located in Kamakura, Japan, and has yielded 91 human skeletons belonging to the 14–15th centuries AD. The purposes of this study are to examine the human crania from the archeological site at Seiyokan, to analyze the presence, distribution, and variability of their weapon-related traumas, and finally to better understand violence in medieval Japan from osteological evidence. The results demonstrate that the traumas on the cra…

  • Comparison between the Midshaft Cross-sectional Geometry of the Prehistoric Jomon and Modern Japanese Limb Bones in Fetal-infant Developmental Period

    Open Access•Souichiro Mizushima, Gen Suwa et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2010•References: 37

    成人期縄文人の四肢骨骨幹部は現代日本人より断面が太く扁平であることが知られている。本研究では,胎生8ヶ月から生後3ヶ月にわたる縄文人と現代日本人の主要四肢骨を用いて,骨幹中央部の各種の断面特性値を群間比較することにより,従来指摘されてきた頑丈性と扁平性の成因について改めて考察した。資料は縄文人49個体,現代日本人185個体の上腕骨,橈骨,尺骨,大腿骨,脛骨,腓骨を用いた。内部断面計測では高精細のマイクロCT装置を導入した。解析においては各四肢骨の骨幹長を相対的な年齢指標とみなし,骨幹長を共変量とする共分散分析を実施した。その結果,全身の四肢骨にわたり,縄文人の骨幹は一貫して現代日本人より外径が太く,断面上の骨量が多く,力学的に頑丈な傾向にあり,さらには二集団の断面拡大パターンの間に有意な違いはないことがわかった。二集団の外部形状と骨分布形状は胎児・乳児期を通じてほとんど変化しておらず,大半の四肢骨の断面示数において有意な集団差は認められなかった。ただし,縄文人の大腿骨の外部形状は一貫して…

  • Histomorphological Discrimination between Human and Nonhuman Bones of Fragmentary Osteal Remains: Analyses of Burnt Bones from the Ancient Heian Site in the Northern Tohoku District, Japan

    Open Access•Junmei Sawada, Takashi Nara et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2010•References: 23

    骨の組織形態学的検討は,動物種の同定に有効な方法である。青森県朝日山(2)遺跡から平安時代の焼骨片が出土したが,小片のため肉眼形態観察では種の同定が困難であった。そこでヒトかそれ以外の動物なのか鑑別することを目的として,出土四肢骨骨幹部片4点を薄切し,骨組織形態の観察と計測的検討を行なった。比較資料として,ヒト・クマ・ウマ・イノシシ・ニホンジカ・カモシカ・ウシの四肢長骨を用いた。比較資料の骨組織形態計測の結果,ヒトのハバース管の面積(H.Ar)とオステオンの面積に対するハバース管の面積の比(H-On示数)は他の動物より有意に大きい傾向があり,人獣鑑別の指標として優れていた。朝日山(2)遺跡出土焼骨について,焼成による収縮の影響を考慮しながら検討した結果,出土骨試料4点のうち3点は人骨とみなしてさしつかえないと考えられた。残る1点はヒトあるいはウマの可能性があるが,どちらかといえばヒトに近いと考えられた。出土焼骨は火葬された人骨と推察され,平安時代の青森地方に火葬習俗が存在した可能性が示唆…

  • Sex Determination of Medieval Japanese Skeletons Based on Head and Neck Circumferences of Long Bones

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2009•References: 25

    人骨の性別判定は人類学の基礎的な重要事項である。本研究では,四肢長骨の骨頭・骨頚の周径に基づいた古人骨の性別判定法を検討した。資料は,鎌倉市由比ヶ浜南遺跡の単体埋葬墓から出土した中世人骨105体(男性54体,女性51体)である。性別判定の判別式を算出した結果,1項目だけの判別式でも85.1~93.6%の的中率であり,2項目から求めた判別式の場合には93.9%の的中率であった。本研究の判別式は,破損した骨でも計測が可能と思われる部位を用い,少数の変数の組み合わせで算出した式で,保存状態が悪い人骨の性別判定に実用的である

  • Metric Traits of Early Modern Japanese Crania from Sakai (Osaka, Japan)

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuhiko Shimatani et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2009•Cited by: 1•References: 9

    古人骨の形態学的研究は,当時の人々の姿かたちを明らかにし,日本人の身体形質の時代的な移り変わりや地域間変異を理解する手がかりになる。特に,近畿地方における古人骨の形態学的特徴の解明は,日本人形成史の研究に不可欠である。それは,近畿地方が日本人の地域差研究の鍵を握るからである。例えば,現代日本人の生体計測値や頭蓋計測値において,近畿地方の人々は短頭で,比上肢長・比下肢長が小さく,日本列島の他地域の人々と異なる形態的特徴を持つ。しかし,近畿地方では古人骨資料の出土例や報告がきわめて少なく,近世やそれ以前における地域間変異を実証した研究は皆無に等しい。本研究の目的は,まず,大阪府堺市から出土した近世人頭蓋の計測を行い,近畿地方の近世人頭蓋の計測的特徴を明らかにすることと,次に,近世における頭蓋形態の地域間変異を検討することである。資料は,堺市の堺環濠都市遺跡から出土した32体,向泉寺跡遺跡から出土した2体の成人男性の頭蓋である。本研究の結果,堺近世人は関東地方や北部九州・山口地方の近世人よりも…

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  • Degenerative changes of the spine in people from prehistoric Okhotsk culture and two ancient human groups from Kanto and Okinawa, Japan

    Open Access•Yasushi Shimoda, Tomohito Nagaoka et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2011•Cited by: 13•References: 11

    Degenerative changes of the spine in people of the Okhotsk culture were investigated in adult human skeletal remains from 38 males and 34 females. These findings were then compared with those in materials obtained from the medieval Kamakura period and early-modern peasants on Kumejima, Ryukyu Islands. The three samples clearly showed different patterns. In the Okhotsk series, the cervical spine of each sex had most osteophytes on the vertebral bo…

  • Did the Jomon people have a short lifespan? Evidence from the adult age-at-death estimation based on the auricular surface of the ilium

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Junmei Sawada et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2008•Cited by: 13•References: 3

    The demography of the Jomon people was first systematically investigated by Kobayashi ([1967] Journal of the Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo, Section V, 3: 107–162). His life-table analysis indicated that Jomon life expectancy at the age of 15 was only 16 years. However, recent advances in palaeodemography have questioned whether the reconstruction of demographic parameters from skeletons actually reflects the real mortality patterns …

  • Reconstruction of paleodemographic characteristics from skeletal age at death distributions: Perspectives from Hitotsubashi, Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•American Journal of Physical…•2007•Cited by: 13•References: 50

    This is a demographic exploration of the city of Edo, which reveals the changes that accompanied its urbanization and analyzes the skeletal remains of 207 individuals from a specific site in Tokyo (Hitotsubashi), using several paleodemographic approaches. A comparison of the three methods employed herein suggests that the Bayesian and maximum likelihood estimation techniques provide more plausible mortality patterns than the direct method of age …

  • Tooth size of the medieval period people of Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2006•Cited by: 13•References: 5

    The aim of this study is to clarify the odontometric features of the people in the medieval period in Japan. We investigated the human skeletal remains of the Yuigahama-minami, Chusei Shudan Bochi, Seiyokan, and Gokurakuji sites; this is the first study to address the odontometry of multiple medieval skeletal populations of Kamakura city. Dental crown measurements were statistically compared with those of the other population samples dating from …

  • Paleodemography of a medieval population in Japan: Analysis of human skeletal remains from the Yuigahama-minami site

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata et al.•ARTICLE•American Journal of Physical…•2006•Cited by: 12•References: 43

    The purpose of this study is to obtain demographic data regarding the medieval population buried at the Yuigahama-minami site in Kamakura, Japan, and to detect a secular trend in the life expectancy of Japanese population over the last several thousand years. The Yuigahama-minami skeletal sample consists of 260 individuals, including 98 subadults (under 20 years old) and 162 adults. A Yuigahama-minami abridged life-table analysis yielded a life e…

  • Evidence for weapon-related traumas in medieval Japan: Observations of the human crania from Seiyokan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuhiro Uzawa et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2010•Cited by: 11•References: 3

    The Seiyokan site is located in Kamakura, Japan, and has yielded 91 human skeletons belonging to the 14–15th centuries AD. The purposes of this study are to examine the human crania from the archeological site at Seiyokan, to analyze the presence, distribution, and variability of their weapon-related traumas, and finally to better understand violence in medieval Japan from osteological evidence. The results demonstrate that the traumas on the cra…

  • Demographic and pathological characteristics of the medieval Japanese: New evidence from human skeletons from Kamakura, Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Junmei Sawada et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2013•Cited by: 10•References: 12

    The purposes of this study are to conduct paleodemographic and paleopathological analyses of medieval human skeletons from Japan and to clarify their life and death situations. The materials used here were individuals from the Yuigahama-chusei-shudan-bochi site (Seika-ichiba location) (i.e. YCSB-SI), located along the Yuigahama seashore of the southern end of Kamakura City. Several new findings regarding the life and death situations of YCSB-SI w…

  • Estimation of skeletal adult age distribution of Okhotsk people in northern Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Hajime Ishida et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2012•Cited by: 10•References: 6

    The demographic structure of prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies has contributed to our understanding of the life history patterns of past human populations. The purposes of this study are to examine the human skeletal remains associated with the Okhotsk culture, to estimate age-at-death distribution using the Buckberry–Chamberlain system of auricular surface aging and the Bayesian approach, and to discuss whether paleodemographic estimates can…

  • A comparative analysis of fetal to subadult femoral midshaft bone distribution of prehistoric Jomon hunter-gatherers and modern Japanese

    Open Access•Soichiro Mizushima, Gen Suwa et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2016•Cited by: 9•References: 6

    Adult Jomon femora are known to be more robust with mid-diaphyseal cross sections that are more elongated anteroposteriorly than in the modern Japanese. In the present study, we compared femoral midshaft cross-sectional geometric properties between prehistoric Jomon hunter-gatherers and modern Japanese from the seventh fetal month to 17 years of age. The cross-sectional properties reflecting mechanical strength and shape (e.g. cortical bone area,…

  • Stable isotopic reconstructions of adult diets and infant feeding practices during urbanization of the city of Edo in 17th century Japan

    Open Access•T Tsutaya, Tomohito Nagaoka et al.•ARTICLE•American Journal of Physical…•2014•Cited by: 9•References: 64

    The urbanization of the city of Edo, the capital of premodern Japan, has been assumed to be not as a result of natural increase but that of in‐migration although this assumption has never been verified. To obtain information on natural fertility in Edo, we analyzed stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in 46 adult and 84 subadult human skeletons excavated from the Hitotsubashi site (1657–1683 AD: the early Edo period), Tokyo, Japan and reconstructe…

  • Severe developmental defects of enamel in a human skeleton of the Final Jomon age from the Nakazawahama shell-mound, Iwate, Japan

    Open Access•Junmei Sawada, Toshihiko Suzuki et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2008•Cited by: 7•References: 2

    In an adult human skeleton of the Final Jomon age excavated at the Nakazawahama shell-mound in Iwate Prefecture, northeastern Japan, grooved enamel defects (about 2 mm in width) were observed circumferentially around the dental crowns of the upper left central incisor, upper right lateral incisor, and upper right canine. Observations of the crown surface using a stereomicroscope and evaluations of soft X-ray images revealed severe developmental d…

  • Histomorphological species identification of tiny bone fragments from a Paleolithic site in the Northern Japanese Archipelago

    Open Access•Junmei Sawada, Takashi Nara et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Archaeological Science•2014•Cited by: 6•References: 10

    Bone histomorphology is an effective method for species identification of fragmentary osseous remains. The 1997–1998 excavations of the Kashiwadai 1 Upper Paleolithic site (ca. 22–20.5 kyBP) in Hokkaido (the northern island of the Japanese Archipelago) yielded tiny bone fragments, which had been burned to white and broken into pieces less than 1 cm in size, making their species identification by gross morphology alone impossible. For the purpose …

  • Sex determination using mastoid process measurements: Standards for Japanese human skeletons of the medieval and early modern periods

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Akio Shizushima et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2008•Cited by: 5•References: 2

    The purpose of this study was to develop new standards for determining the sex of fragmentary human skeletal remains. We measured height, width, and length of the mastoid process in medieval to early modern Japanese skeletons, from the Yuigahama-minami and Hitotsubashi sites, in order to provide a metric standard for the diagnosis of sex using the mastoid process. We calculated discriminant functions based on these measurements; the accuracy of s…

  • Analysis of Injuries by Swords in Medieval Japanese Skeletons from Yuigahama, Kamakura

    Open Access•Kazuaki Hirata, Tomohito Nagaoka et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2004•Cited by: 5

    鎌倉市の由比ヶ浜地域には大量の中世人骨が出土している静養館遺跡,由比ヶ浜南遺跡(単体埋葬墓),中世集団墓地遺跡(No. 372)および材木座遺跡の4遺跡があり,これらの出土人骨の刀創の特徴を比較検討した。刀創受傷率は材木座遺跡が最も高く65.7%であり,次に静養館遺跡が6.6%で,中世集団墓地遺跡は1.4%,由比ヶ浜南単体埋葬人骨は1.3%であった。刀創人骨のうちの斬創が占める割合は,静養館遺跡が100%,由比ヶ浜南遺跡が66.6%,中世集団墓地遺跡が75.0%,材木座遺跡が2.7%であった。一方,掻創が占める割合は材木座遺跡が82.3%で圧倒的に高く,中世集団墓地遺跡は2個体だけで25.0%,静養館遺跡と由比ヶ浜南遺跡の出土人骨には掻創は認められなかった。由比ヶ浜地域(前浜)は主として14世紀に中世都市鎌倉の埋葬地として使用されたと考えられるが,遺跡間および同一遺跡内の各墓抗間においても人骨の埋葬形態に差異があることが明らかであり,今後の広範囲な分野から更なる解析・検討が必要である

  • Infant feeding practice in medieval J apan: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human skeletons from Y uigahama‐minami

    Open Access•T Tsutaya, Akina Shimomi et al.•ARTICLE•American Journal of Physical…•2015•Cited by: 4•References: 72

    A longer breastfeeding duration provides various positive effects in subadult health because of abundant immunological factors and nutrients in human breast milk, and decreases the natural fertility of a population through lactational amenorrhea. In this study, we measured stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in the bone collagen of three adults and 45 subadults from the Yuigahama‐minami site (from 12th to 14th century) in Kamakura, the earl…

  • Demographic structure of skeletal populations in historic Japan: A new estimation of adult age-at-death distributions based on the auricular surface of the ilium

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Journal of Archaeological Science•2007•Cited by: 4•References: 6

  • Vertebral Osteoporosis in Late Edo Japanese

    Open Access•Kazuaki Hirata, Iwataro Morimoto•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•1994•Cited by: 3

    Osteoporosis was discovered in three individuals out of nine skeletons excavated in Mukai, Tokyo. The materials were dated to the late stage of the Edo period. The severely deformed thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were from mature and elderly individuals. In the first case, the 8th thoracic to the 5th lumbar vertebral bodies showed the so-called “fish vertebrae.” The traces of Schmorl's nodes were also visible in the upper two lumbar vertebrae. Thi…

  • Collagen of ancient bones gives an indication of endogenous DNA preservation based on next-generation sequencing technology

    Open Access•Yuka Nakamura, Daisuke Waku et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2024•Cited by: 2•References: 5

    Ancient genome analysis has become an indispensable tool in studies of human population history and evolution since the breakthrough of whole-genome sequencing technology. The problem remains, however, that ancient genomes cannot be analyzed without crushing non-small pieces of precious specimens; moreover, in many cases, there is insufficient DNA remaining in the pieces of sample to obtain whole-genome sequences. In previous studies, therefore, …

  • The bioarchaeology of a Japanese population from the Nozoji-ato site in Kamakura City, Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Keigo Hoshino et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2018•Cited by: 2•References: 10

    The Japanese medieval period encompassed almost 400 years, between 1185 and 1573 AD. Previous research of human skeletal remains from medieval Kamakura City has shown that medieval people had a poor level of health and general living conditions because of malnutrition and interpersonal violence. The aims of this study are to apply bioarchaelogical analyses to a new series of human skeletal remains from the Nozoji-ato site in Kamakura City and to …

  • Stature Estimation of the Medieval Skeletons from the Yuigahama-Minami Site in Kamakura, Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2008•Cited by: 2•References: 13

    中世人骨の形態的特徴の研究は,当時の人々の姿かたちを明らかにし,日本人の身体形質の時代的な移り変わりを解明するために重要である。本研究の目的は,中世人骨の四肢骨長に基づき身長推定を行うこと,中世人骨の身長推定に適切な推定式を検証すること,日本人の身長の時代的な移り変わりを再検討することである。資料は,鎌倉市由比ヶ浜南遺跡出土中世人男性59体,女性52体の上腕骨,橈骨,大腿骨,脛骨である。まず,各四肢骨長に基づき男性6種類,女性3種類の身長推定式から平均推定身長を求めた。次に,身長推定式を評価するために,男性6種類,女性3種類の各方法について,4長骨に基づく推定値の差異を分散分析で検討した。4長骨に基づく身長推定値の差異が小さい式は,男性では藤井の式,Trotter and Gleserのモンゴロイドの式,女性では藤井の式,佐宗・埴原の式であり,これらの式は中世人骨の身長推定に適していた。続いて,由比ヶ浜南遺跡の中世人骨に対して,藤井の大腿骨最大長の式に基づく身長推定を行い,他集団との比較…

  • Human skeletal remains of a chief-retainer family of the Akashi clan from the Unseiji site (Akashi, Japan) in the Edo period

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Mikiko Abe et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2013•Cited by: 1•References: 23

    本研究では,兵庫県明石市雲晴寺墓地から出土した明石藩家老親族の人骨1体(ST61)について,形態学,古病理学,同位体食性分析の視点から研究を行った。板碑から人骨は明石藩の家老親族であり,1732年に77歳で亡くなった女性である。本研究の結果,(1)骨から推定された性別は女性で,死亡年齢は50歳以上で,墓誌の記録を裏付けるものであった。(2)頭蓋形態を調べたところ,脳頭蓋最大長が大きく,バジオン・ブレグマ高が小さく,頭蓋長幅示数は75.3で長頭に近い中頭,また上顔部が細長いものの顔面全体が大きく,いずれの特徴も徳川将軍親族,江戸庶民,近代人とは異なっていた。(3)炭素・窒素安定同位体分析の結果,ST61の主要なタンパク質摂取源は,淡水魚,または,陸上食物と海産物の組み合わせと推定された。当時の上流階級の人骨のデータの積み重ねは今後の江戸時代人骨の研究に不可欠であるため,今回一例ではあるが基礎データの報告を行った

  • Evidence for temporal and social differences in cranial dimensions in Edo‐period Japanese

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Yoshinori Kawakubo et al.•ARTICLE•International Journal of…•2010•Cited by: 1•References: 10

    This study examined the craniometric traits of the Edo‐period (AD1603–1867) human skeletons from the Hitotsubashi site in Tokyo, compared them with temporally and socially various populations, and attempted to detect the morphological differentiation patterns that the Edo‐period Japanese exhibited over time and under those social/environmental conditions. The materials measured here were the townsmen's crania from the Hitotsubashi site, which wer…

  • Metric Traits of Early Modern Japanese Crania from Sakai (Osaka, Japan)

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuhiko Shimatani et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2009•Cited by: 1•References: 9

    古人骨の形態学的研究は,当時の人々の姿かたちを明らかにし,日本人の身体形質の時代的な移り変わりや地域間変異を理解する手がかりになる。特に,近畿地方における古人骨の形態学的特徴の解明は,日本人形成史の研究に不可欠である。それは,近畿地方が日本人の地域差研究の鍵を握るからである。例えば,現代日本人の生体計測値や頭蓋計測値において,近畿地方の人々は短頭で,比上肢長・比下肢長が小さく,日本列島の他地域の人々と異なる形態的特徴を持つ。しかし,近畿地方では古人骨資料の出土例や報告がきわめて少なく,近世やそれ以前における地域間変異を実証した研究は皆無に等しい。本研究の目的は,まず,大阪府堺市から出土した近世人頭蓋の計測を行い,近畿地方の近世人頭蓋の計測的特徴を明らかにすることと,次に,近世における頭蓋形態の地域間変異を検討することである。資料は,堺市の堺環濠都市遺跡から出土した32体,向泉寺跡遺跡から出土した2体の成人男性の頭蓋である。本研究の結果,堺近世人は関東地方や北部九州・山口地方の近世人よりも…

  • Geographical variation in Japanese tooth size in the Edo period

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2003•Cited by: 1•References: 9

    本研究では, 江戸時代人の歯冠サイズの地理的変異を調査した。資料は, 東北地方, 関東地方, 近畿地方, 九州地方から出土した江戸時代人骨の永久歯歯冠である。すべて成人男性である。分析は, 一元配置の分散分析, 偏差折線, ペンローズのサイズ距離を用いた。その結果, いずれの分析でも地理的変異の存在が示唆された。近畿地方の江戸時代人は歯冠サイズがもっとも大きかったが, 東北地方の江戸時代人は歯冠サイズがもっとも小さく, 両地方の集団は対照的であった。九州地方と関東地方の集団は, 近畿地方と東北地方の集団の中間サイズであった。近畿地方の集団は大きな歯を持つ渡来人に近く, 東北地方の集団は小さな歯を持つ縄文時代人に近い。今回の結果は, 江戸時代人の歯冠サイズの地理的変異と渡来人の流入との関連性を示唆し, 興味深い

  • A Decapitated Human Skull from Medieval Kamakura

    Open Access•Iwataro Morimoto, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•The Journal of Anthropological…•1992

    The present study reports on the examination of a decapitated human male skull with four upper cervical vertebrae and the hyoid bone, dating to the early Muromachi period (late 14th century), from Kamakura. The decapitation may have been the result of a sharp cut from the right rear. The cut runs horizontally into the second cervical vertebra and stops in the bone, after having severed both the spinal cord and the right vertebral artery. Superfic…

  • Vertebral Osteoporosis in Late Edo Japanese

    Open Access•Kazuaki Hirata, Iwataro Morimoto•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•1994•Cited by: 3

    Osteoporosis was discovered in three individuals out of nine skeletons excavated in Mukai, Tokyo. The materials were dated to the late stage of the Edo period. The severely deformed thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were from mature and elderly individuals. In the first case, the 8th thoracic to the 5th lumbar vertebral bodies showed the so-called “fish vertebrae.” The traces of Schmorl's nodes were also visible in the upper two lumbar vertebrae. Thi…

  • Geographical variation in Japanese tooth size in the Edo period

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2003•Cited by: 1•References: 9

    本研究では, 江戸時代人の歯冠サイズの地理的変異を調査した。資料は, 東北地方, 関東地方, 近畿地方, 九州地方から出土した江戸時代人骨の永久歯歯冠である。すべて成人男性である。分析は, 一元配置の分散分析, 偏差折線, ペンローズのサイズ距離を用いた。その結果, いずれの分析でも地理的変異の存在が示唆された。近畿地方の江戸時代人は歯冠サイズがもっとも大きかったが, 東北地方の江戸時代人は歯冠サイズがもっとも小さく, 両地方の集団は対照的であった。九州地方と関東地方の集団は, 近畿地方と東北地方の集団の中間サイズであった。近畿地方の集団は大きな歯を持つ渡来人に近く, 東北地方の集団は小さな歯を持つ縄文時代人に近い。今回の結果は, 江戸時代人の歯冠サイズの地理的変異と渡来人の流入との関連性を示唆し, 興味深い

  • Analysis of Injuries by Swords in Medieval Japanese Skeletons from Yuigahama, Kamakura

    Open Access•Kazuaki Hirata, Tomohito Nagaoka et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2004•Cited by: 5

    鎌倉市の由比ヶ浜地域には大量の中世人骨が出土している静養館遺跡,由比ヶ浜南遺跡(単体埋葬墓),中世集団墓地遺跡(No. 372)および材木座遺跡の4遺跡があり,これらの出土人骨の刀創の特徴を比較検討した。刀創受傷率は材木座遺跡が最も高く65.7%であり,次に静養館遺跡が6.6%で,中世集団墓地遺跡は1.4%,由比ヶ浜南単体埋葬人骨は1.3%であった。刀創人骨のうちの斬創が占める割合は,静養館遺跡が100%,由比ヶ浜南遺跡が66.6%,中世集団墓地遺跡が75.0%,材木座遺跡が2.7%であった。一方,掻創が占める割合は材木座遺跡が82.3%で圧倒的に高く,中世集団墓地遺跡は2個体だけで25.0%,静養館遺跡と由比ヶ浜南遺跡の出土人骨には掻創は認められなかった。由比ヶ浜地域(前浜)は主として14世紀に中世都市鎌倉の埋葬地として使用されたと考えられるが,遺跡間および同一遺跡内の各墓抗間においても人骨の埋葬形態に差異があることが明らかであり,今後の広範囲な分野から更なる解析・検討が必要である

  • Sex Assessment on the Basis of Fragmentary Crania of the Medieval Japanese

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2005•References: 15

    鎌倉市の由比ヶ浜地域に所在する遺跡からは,これまで数千体の中世人骨がみつかっている。しかし,由比ヶ浜地域の多くの人骨は,頭蓋の集積墓から破損した状態で出土しているため,正確な性別判定は困難である。頭蓋の性別判定は,計測値に基づく判別分析が有効であるが,埴原(1959, 1981)や田中ほか(1979)の判別分析法を中世人骨に直接あてはめることは2つの理由から難しい。1点目は,従来の判別法は,頭蓋全体の計測値から判別式を導いているため,欠損部位が多くみられる中世人骨には実用性が乏しい。2点目は,従来法は現代日本人頭蓋からのデータを用いて導いた式であるため,頭蓋形態が現代人と異なる古人骨,特に長頭・低顔・歯槽性突顎を特徴とする中世人頭蓋の性別判定においては正確性に問題があると思われる。 本研究では,鎌倉市出土の中世人頭蓋に基づいて性別判定の判別式を求めた。計測部位は,乳様突起など,破損した頭蓋でも遺残しやすい部位である。本研究で求めた判別式のうちの1つは,乳様突起長1項目だけに基づく式でも8…

  • Paleodemography of a medieval population in Japan: Analysis of human skeletal remains from the Yuigahama-minami site

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata et al.•ARTICLE•American Journal of Physical…•2006•Cited by: 12•References: 43

    The purpose of this study is to obtain demographic data regarding the medieval population buried at the Yuigahama-minami site in Kamakura, Japan, and to detect a secular trend in the life expectancy of Japanese population over the last several thousand years. The Yuigahama-minami skeletal sample consists of 260 individuals, including 98 subadults (under 20 years old) and 162 adults. A Yuigahama-minami abridged life-table analysis yielded a life e…

  • Morphological Variation of Crania of the Medieval Period Japanese

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Akio Shizushima et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2006•References: 18

    本研究の目的は,近年資料の蓄積が著しい関東地方の中世人頭蓋の計測を行い,そのデータと文献から収集した頭蓋計測値に基づき関東地方の中世人頭蓋の地域内変異を明らかにすることが第一点である。第二点目は,関東地方と北部九州・山口地方の中世人との比較から中世人頭蓋の地域間変異を考察することである。今回,計測した資料は,鎌倉~室町時代前期の鎌倉市由比ヶ浜南遺跡(単体埋葬墓),中世集団墓地遺跡(No. 372),極楽寺遺跡,室町時代後期の東京都鍛冶橋遺跡,丸の内遺跡から出土した成人男性頭蓋である。文献データとしては,鎌倉~室町時代前期の鎌倉市の由比ヶ浜南遺跡(集積埋葬墓),材木座遺跡,室町時代の北部九州・山口地方の吉母浜遺跡から出土した成人男性頭蓋の計測値を引用した。関東地方の中世人頭蓋は長頭・低顔・歯槽性突顎の傾向が強く,その特徴は他の時代には認められないほど顕著であることが分かった。特に,極楽寺遺跡,材木座遺跡出土の中世人でその特徴が著しかった。関東地方の中世人の頭蓋形態は時期とともに変化し,中世…

  • Tooth size of the medieval period people of Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2006•Cited by: 13•References: 5

    The aim of this study is to clarify the odontometric features of the people in the medieval period in Japan. We investigated the human skeletal remains of the Yuigahama-minami, Chusei Shudan Bochi, Seiyokan, and Gokurakuji sites; this is the first study to address the odontometry of multiple medieval skeletal populations of Kamakura city. Dental crown measurements were statistically compared with those of the other population samples dating from …

  • Demographic structure of skeletal populations in historic Japan: A new estimation of adult age-at-death distributions based on the auricular surface of the ilium

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Journal of Archaeological Science•2007•Cited by: 4•References: 6

  • Reconstruction of paleodemographic characteristics from skeletal age at death distributions: Perspectives from Hitotsubashi, Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•American Journal of Physical…•2007•Cited by: 13•References: 50

    This is a demographic exploration of the city of Edo, which reveals the changes that accompanied its urbanization and analyzes the skeletal remains of 207 individuals from a specific site in Tokyo (Hitotsubashi), using several paleodemographic approaches. A comparison of the three methods employed herein suggests that the Bayesian and maximum likelihood estimation techniques provide more plausible mortality patterns than the direct method of age …

  • Did the Jomon people have a short lifespan? Evidence from the adult age-at-death estimation based on the auricular surface of the ilium

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Junmei Sawada et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2008•Cited by: 13•References: 3

    The demography of the Jomon people was first systematically investigated by Kobayashi ([1967] Journal of the Faculty of Science, The University of Tokyo, Section V, 3: 107–162). His life-table analysis indicated that Jomon life expectancy at the age of 15 was only 16 years. However, recent advances in palaeodemography have questioned whether the reconstruction of demographic parameters from skeletons actually reflects the real mortality patterns …

  • Severe developmental defects of enamel in a human skeleton of the Final Jomon age from the Nakazawahama shell-mound, Iwate, Japan

    Open Access•Junmei Sawada, Toshihiko Suzuki et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2008•Cited by: 7•References: 2

    In an adult human skeleton of the Final Jomon age excavated at the Nakazawahama shell-mound in Iwate Prefecture, northeastern Japan, grooved enamel defects (about 2 mm in width) were observed circumferentially around the dental crowns of the upper left central incisor, upper right lateral incisor, and upper right canine. Observations of the crown surface using a stereomicroscope and evaluations of soft X-ray images revealed severe developmental d…

  • Sex determination using mastoid process measurements: Standards for Japanese human skeletons of the medieval and early modern periods

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Akio Shizushima et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2008•Cited by: 5•References: 2

    The purpose of this study was to develop new standards for determining the sex of fragmentary human skeletal remains. We measured height, width, and length of the mastoid process in medieval to early modern Japanese skeletons, from the Yuigahama-minami and Hitotsubashi sites, in order to provide a metric standard for the diagnosis of sex using the mastoid process. We calculated discriminant functions based on these measurements; the accuracy of s…

  • Stature Estimation of the Medieval Skeletons from the Yuigahama-Minami Site in Kamakura, Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2008•Cited by: 2•References: 13

    中世人骨の形態的特徴の研究は,当時の人々の姿かたちを明らかにし,日本人の身体形質の時代的な移り変わりを解明するために重要である。本研究の目的は,中世人骨の四肢骨長に基づき身長推定を行うこと,中世人骨の身長推定に適切な推定式を検証すること,日本人の身長の時代的な移り変わりを再検討することである。資料は,鎌倉市由比ヶ浜南遺跡出土中世人男性59体,女性52体の上腕骨,橈骨,大腿骨,脛骨である。まず,各四肢骨長に基づき男性6種類,女性3種類の身長推定式から平均推定身長を求めた。次に,身長推定式を評価するために,男性6種類,女性3種類の各方法について,4長骨に基づく推定値の差異を分散分析で検討した。4長骨に基づく身長推定値の差異が小さい式は,男性では藤井の式,Trotter and Gleserのモンゴロイドの式,女性では藤井の式,佐宗・埴原の式であり,これらの式は中世人骨の身長推定に適していた。続いて,由比ヶ浜南遺跡の中世人骨に対して,藤井の大腿骨最大長の式に基づく身長推定を行い,他集団との比較…

  • Sex Determination of Medieval Japanese Skeletons Based on Head and Neck Circumferences of Long Bones

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2009•References: 25

    人骨の性別判定は人類学の基礎的な重要事項である。本研究では,四肢長骨の骨頭・骨頚の周径に基づいた古人骨の性別判定法を検討した。資料は,鎌倉市由比ヶ浜南遺跡の単体埋葬墓から出土した中世人骨105体(男性54体,女性51体)である。性別判定の判別式を算出した結果,1項目だけの判別式でも85.1~93.6%の的中率であり,2項目から求めた判別式の場合には93.9%の的中率であった。本研究の判別式は,破損した骨でも計測が可能と思われる部位を用い,少数の変数の組み合わせで算出した式で,保存状態が悪い人骨の性別判定に実用的である

  • Metric Traits of Early Modern Japanese Crania from Sakai (Osaka, Japan)

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuhiko Shimatani et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2009•Cited by: 1•References: 9

    古人骨の形態学的研究は,当時の人々の姿かたちを明らかにし,日本人の身体形質の時代的な移り変わりや地域間変異を理解する手がかりになる。特に,近畿地方における古人骨の形態学的特徴の解明は,日本人形成史の研究に不可欠である。それは,近畿地方が日本人の地域差研究の鍵を握るからである。例えば,現代日本人の生体計測値や頭蓋計測値において,近畿地方の人々は短頭で,比上肢長・比下肢長が小さく,日本列島の他地域の人々と異なる形態的特徴を持つ。しかし,近畿地方では古人骨資料の出土例や報告がきわめて少なく,近世やそれ以前における地域間変異を実証した研究は皆無に等しい。本研究の目的は,まず,大阪府堺市から出土した近世人頭蓋の計測を行い,近畿地方の近世人頭蓋の計測的特徴を明らかにすることと,次に,近世における頭蓋形態の地域間変異を検討することである。資料は,堺市の堺環濠都市遺跡から出土した32体,向泉寺跡遺跡から出土した2体の成人男性の頭蓋である。本研究の結果,堺近世人は関東地方や北部九州・山口地方の近世人よりも…

  • Evidence for temporal and social differences in cranial dimensions in Edo‐period Japanese

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Yoshinori Kawakubo et al.•ARTICLE•International Journal of…•2010•Cited by: 1•References: 10

    This study examined the craniometric traits of the Edo‐period (AD1603–1867) human skeletons from the Hitotsubashi site in Tokyo, compared them with temporally and socially various populations, and attempted to detect the morphological differentiation patterns that the Edo‐period Japanese exhibited over time and under those social/environmental conditions. The materials measured here were the townsmen's crania from the Hitotsubashi site, which wer…

  • Evidence for weapon-related traumas in medieval Japan: Observations of the human crania from Seiyokan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Kazuhiro Uzawa et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2010•Cited by: 11•References: 3

    The Seiyokan site is located in Kamakura, Japan, and has yielded 91 human skeletons belonging to the 14–15th centuries AD. The purposes of this study are to examine the human crania from the archeological site at Seiyokan, to analyze the presence, distribution, and variability of their weapon-related traumas, and finally to better understand violence in medieval Japan from osteological evidence. The results demonstrate that the traumas on the cra…

  • Comparison between the Midshaft Cross-sectional Geometry of the Prehistoric Jomon and Modern Japanese Limb Bones in Fetal-infant Developmental Period

    Open Access•Souichiro Mizushima, Gen Suwa et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2010•References: 37

    成人期縄文人の四肢骨骨幹部は現代日本人より断面が太く扁平であることが知られている。本研究では,胎生8ヶ月から生後3ヶ月にわたる縄文人と現代日本人の主要四肢骨を用いて,骨幹中央部の各種の断面特性値を群間比較することにより,従来指摘されてきた頑丈性と扁平性の成因について改めて考察した。資料は縄文人49個体,現代日本人185個体の上腕骨,橈骨,尺骨,大腿骨,脛骨,腓骨を用いた。内部断面計測では高精細のマイクロCT装置を導入した。解析においては各四肢骨の骨幹長を相対的な年齢指標とみなし,骨幹長を共変量とする共分散分析を実施した。その結果,全身の四肢骨にわたり,縄文人の骨幹は一貫して現代日本人より外径が太く,断面上の骨量が多く,力学的に頑丈な傾向にあり,さらには二集団の断面拡大パターンの間に有意な違いはないことがわかった。二集団の外部形状と骨分布形状は胎児・乳児期を通じてほとんど変化しておらず,大半の四肢骨の断面示数において有意な集団差は認められなかった。ただし,縄文人の大腿骨の外部形状は一貫して…

  • Histomorphological Discrimination between Human and Nonhuman Bones of Fragmentary Osteal Remains: Analyses of Burnt Bones from the Ancient Heian Site in the Northern Tohoku District, Japan

    Open Access•Junmei Sawada, Takashi Nara et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2010•References: 23

    骨の組織形態学的検討は,動物種の同定に有効な方法である。青森県朝日山(2)遺跡から平安時代の焼骨片が出土したが,小片のため肉眼形態観察では種の同定が困難であった。そこでヒトかそれ以外の動物なのか鑑別することを目的として,出土四肢骨骨幹部片4点を薄切し,骨組織形態の観察と計測的検討を行なった。比較資料として,ヒト・クマ・ウマ・イノシシ・ニホンジカ・カモシカ・ウシの四肢長骨を用いた。比較資料の骨組織形態計測の結果,ヒトのハバース管の面積(H.Ar)とオステオンの面積に対するハバース管の面積の比(H-On示数)は他の動物より有意に大きい傾向があり,人獣鑑別の指標として優れていた。朝日山(2)遺跡出土焼骨について,焼成による収縮の影響を考慮しながら検討した結果,出土骨試料4点のうち3点は人骨とみなしてさしつかえないと考えられた。残る1点はヒトあるいはウマの可能性があるが,どちらかといえばヒトに近いと考えられた。出土焼骨は火葬された人骨と推察され,平安時代の青森地方に火葬習俗が存在した可能性が示唆…

  • Degenerative changes of the spine in people from prehistoric Okhotsk culture and two ancient human groups from Kanto and Okinawa, Japan

    Open Access•Yasushi Shimoda, Tomohito Nagaoka et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2011•Cited by: 13•References: 11

    Degenerative changes of the spine in people of the Okhotsk culture were investigated in adult human skeletal remains from 38 males and 34 females. These findings were then compared with those in materials obtained from the medieval Kamakura period and early-modern peasants on Kumejima, Ryukyu Islands. The three samples clearly showed different patterns. In the Okhotsk series, the cervical spine of each sex had most osteophytes on the vertebral bo…

  • Estimation of skeletal adult age distribution of Okhotsk people in northern Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Hajime Ishida et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2012•Cited by: 10•References: 6

    The demographic structure of prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies has contributed to our understanding of the life history patterns of past human populations. The purposes of this study are to examine the human skeletal remains associated with the Okhotsk culture, to estimate age-at-death distribution using the Buckberry–Chamberlain system of auricular surface aging and the Bayesian approach, and to discuss whether paleodemographic estimates can…

  • Demographic and pathological characteristics of the medieval Japanese: New evidence from human skeletons from Kamakura, Japan

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Junmei Sawada et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2013•Cited by: 10•References: 12

    The purposes of this study are to conduct paleodemographic and paleopathological analyses of medieval human skeletons from Japan and to clarify their life and death situations. The materials used here were individuals from the Yuigahama-chusei-shudan-bochi site (Seika-ichiba location) (i.e. YCSB-SI), located along the Yuigahama seashore of the southern end of Kamakura City. Several new findings regarding the life and death situations of YCSB-SI w…

  • Human skeletal remains of a chief-retainer family of the Akashi clan from the Unseiji site (Akashi, Japan) in the Edo period

    Open Access•Tomohito Nagaoka, Mikiko Abe et al.•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2013•Cited by: 1•References: 23

    本研究では,兵庫県明石市雲晴寺墓地から出土した明石藩家老親族の人骨1体(ST61)について,形態学,古病理学,同位体食性分析の視点から研究を行った。板碑から人骨は明石藩の家老親族であり,1732年に77歳で亡くなった女性である。本研究の結果,(1)骨から推定された性別は女性で,死亡年齢は50歳以上で,墓誌の記録を裏付けるものであった。(2)頭蓋形態を調べたところ,脳頭蓋最大長が大きく,バジオン・ブレグマ高が小さく,頭蓋長幅示数は75.3で長頭に近い中頭,また上顔部が細長いものの顔面全体が大きく,いずれの特徴も徳川将軍親族,江戸庶民,近代人とは異なっていた。(3)炭素・窒素安定同位体分析の結果,ST61の主要なタンパク質摂取源は,淡水魚,または,陸上食物と海産物の組み合わせと推定された。当時の上流階級の人骨のデータの積み重ねは今後の江戸時代人骨の研究に不可欠であるため,今回一例ではあるが基礎データの報告を行った

  • Usefulness of the mid-femoral cross-sectional geometry in determining sex of the prehistoric Jomonese and modern Japanese

    Open Access•Souichiro Mizushima, Kazuaki Hirata•ARTICLE•Anthropological Science•2013•References: 41

    本研究では,性別判定における大腿骨骨幹部の有用性について論じるため,大腿骨骨幹中央部断面形状の性的二型性について調査した。資料は愛知県保美貝塚遺跡出土の縄文人31体(男性14体,女性17体,約3000~2300 BP),明治・大正期の関東地方人42体(男女各21体,年齢範囲20~50歳)の個体骨格を用いた。内部断面計測ではマイクロCT装置を導入した。画像処理にはImageJとCT-Rugleを使用した。解析に際しては断面特性値ごとにWilksのλと男女的中率を算出した。その結果,2集団に共通して,大腿骨骨幹中央部では骨質断面積が最良の性判別指標であることがわかった(縄文人:λ = 0.230,的中率96.8%,現代日本人:λ = 0.469,的中率85.7%)。また縄文人では骨体中央矢状径,外周,外形断面積,最大断面2次モーメント,断面2次極モーメントにおいても90%超の高い確度で男女が正判定された(λ:0.311~0.362,的中率:93.5~96.8%)。一方,現代日本人では骨質断面…

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