Lesa Hoffman
Biographic Data
| ID | 92745 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lesa Hoffman |
| GIVEN NAMES | Lesa |
| FAMILY NAME | Hoffman |
| SIGNATURE | HOFFMAN L |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Iowa |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8979-6735 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 46 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2005 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Conflated Random Slopes in Multilevel Analysis
Multilevel analysis is widely used for hierarchical data, enabling researchers to evaluate how individual- and cluster-level attributes relate to individual outcomes. A well-known concern involves conflated or smushed fixed slopes (Hoffman & Walters, Citation2022), which arise when a level-1 predictor that varies systematically across clusters is modeled with a single fixed effect, thereby blending its within- and between-cluster components
Psychometric properties of the Oppression-Based Traumatic Stress Inventory and measurement equivalence across PTSD treatment and diverse undergraduate samples
Our findings strengthen the psychometric evidence supporting this novel measure of oppression-based traumatic stress, an important step in furthering intersectional research on this topic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved)
Exploring Heterogeneous Effects of Victimization on Changes in Fear of Crime: The Moderating Role of Neighborhood Conditions
A growing research body shows that victimization increases victims’ fear of crime. Typically, this research estimates average effects, which may conceal that people respond differently to victimization or that ecological contexts shape the experience of crime. The current study is among the few that attempt to uncover potential heterogeneities in victimization effects by ecological contexts. It explores whether the victims’ neighborhood condition…
Measurement Invariance and Confirmatory Measurement Modeling of a Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire Across Likert and Expanded Response Formats
Mixing positively and negatively worded Likert items in the same scale adversely affects dimensionality, validity, and reliability (Chyung et al., 2018). The Expanded format addresses this issue by
Disaggregating Associations of Between-Person Differences in Change over Time from Within-Person Associations in Longitudinal Data
Longitudinal designs afford the opportunity to examine the many different ways in which variables can be related over time, which can be both a blessing and a curse. Much has been written about the need to distinguish between-person relations of individual mean differences from within-person relations of time-specific residuals for time-varying predictors. The present work expands on this topic by describing the need to further distinguish betwee…
Considering between- and within-person relations in auto-regressive cross-lagged panel models for developmental data
Counselors’ theoretical orientations and competencies in counseling women
The current study examined the relationship between theoretical orientations and competencies in counseling women among professional counselors. Counselors currently meeting clients were recruited from professional counseling organizations, and the responses from 265 counselors were analyzed using structural equation models. Results indicated that a stronger psychoanalytic orientation predicted lesser competencies in counseling women, while stron…
The dimensionality of the epistemic orientation survey and longitudinal measurement invariance for the short form of EOS (EOS-SF)
The dimensionality of the epistemic orientation survey (EOS) was examined across four occasions with item factor analysis (IFA). Because of an emphasis on the knowledge generation of epistemic orientation (EO), four factors were selected and built into a short form of EOS (EOS-SF) including knowledge generation, knowledge replication, epistemic nature of knowledge, and student ability. To track the stability of the factor structure for each facto…
Using the Internalized Misogyny Scale Across Sexual Orientations: Measurement Invariance and Item Factor Analysis
Preverbal communication complexity in infants
The development of prelinguistic communication in typically developing infants is marked by changes in complexity as well as frequency, yet most measures focus on frequency. In the current study, we used the Communication Complexity Scale (CCS) to measure prelinguistic complexity of typically developing infants in a cross‐sectional sample of 6‐, 8‐, 10‐, and 12‐month‐olds ( N = 204) during semi‐structured play interaction. For each toy/interactiv…
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Hope Treatment and Present-Centered Therapy in Women Residing in Shelter With PTSD From Intimate Partner Violence
The current study is a randomized controlled trial comparing HOPE (Helping to Overcome PTSD through Empowerment) to an adapted version of present-centered therapy (PCT+) in residents of domestic violence shelters with posttraumatic stress disorder from intimate partner violence. HOPE is a cognitive-behavioral treatment that adopts an empowerment approach. PCT is an attention-matched control condition frequently used in posttraumatic stress disord…
The Power to Detect and Predict Individual Differences in Intra-Individual Variability Using the Mixed-Effects Location-Scale Model
Our goal is to provide empirical scientists with practical tools and advice with which to test hypotheses related to individual differences in intra-individual variability using the mixed-effects location-scale model. To that end, we evaluate Type I error rates and power to detect and predict individual differences in intra-individual variability using this model and provide empirically-based guidelines for building scale models that include rand…
Applying the hierarchical linear model to longitudinal data / La aplicación del modelo lineal jerárquico a datos longitudinales
Educational researchers and school administrators frequently evaluate academic outcomes collected from cross-sectional sampling designs with overt nested structures, such as when students are nested within schools. More recently, interest has focused on the longitudinal collection of academic outcomes to evaluate a student’s growth across time. In a longitudinal context, the repeatedly measured academic outcomes are nested within a student. Prope…
Reward Seeking and Cognitive Control: Using the Dual Systems Model to Predict Adolescent Sexual Behavior
Research has provided support for the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, but the model has rarely been applied to sexual behavior. Using data from the NICHD SECCYD (N = 958; Mage = 15.07, SD = 0.18), this study examined the effects of cognitive control, reward seeking, and their interaction on sexual behavior. Results of structural equation models revealed that performance on behavioral tasks assessing reward seeking and cognitive cont…
Measuring individual differences in responses to date‐rape vignettes using latent variable models
Vignette methodology can be a flexible and powerful way to examine individual differences in response to dangerous real-life scenarios. However, most studies underutilize the usefulness of such methodology by analyzing only one outcome, which limits the ability to track event-related changes (e.g., vacillation in risk perception). The current study was designed to illustrate the dynamic influence of risk perception on exit point from a date-rape …
On the influence of trust in predicting rural land owner cooperation with natural resource management institutions
Contemporary natural resource management (NRM) emphasises the role of the public in general and land owners in particular as voluntary participants in the process. Understanding the role of trust in voluntary cooperation is therefore critical, but the current state of the relevant literature is such that it fails to systematically address a few important issues. This inquiry sought to address these issues by presenting and testing a model of land…
Longitudinal Analysis: Modeling Within-Person Fluctuation and Change
Section 1: Building Blocks for Longitudinal Analysis 1. Introduction to the Analysis of Longitudinal Data 2. Between-Person Analysis and Interpretation of Interactions 3. Introduction to Within-Person Analysis and Model Comparisons Section 2: Modeling the Effects of Time 4. Describing Within-Person Fluctuation over Time 5. Introduction to Random Effects of Time and Model Estimation 6. Describing Within-Person Change over Time Section 3: Modeling …
Does it hurt to ask? A meta-analysis of participant reactions to trauma research
The Power to Detect and Predict Individual Differences in Within-Person Variability Using the Mixed-Effects Location-Scale Model
"The Power to Detect and Predict Individual Differences in Within-Person Variability Using the Mixed-Effects Location-Scale Model." Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(6), p. 737
Deconstructing public confidence in state courts
Although researchers have consistently demonstrated the importance of confidence in public institutions like the courts, relatively little attention has been paid to understanding what confidence itself really is. This article presents data from two samples of community members, thereby building on and extending a preliminary investigation that sought to understand constructs related to confidence in state courts with student samples. Structural …
Sexual Self-Concept: Testing a Hypothetical Model for Men and Women
One theoretical concept receiving modest attention in contemporary sex research is the sexual self-concept (SSC). However, a lack of cohesion within this research has culminated in a collection of SSC models which overlap one another but which are not exactly the same. Therefore, a unified conceptual model of SSC needs to be established. In addition, little research has examined potential differences between genders in SSC, as most SSC research h…
Just Think About It: Mindfulness, Sexism, and Prejudice Toward Feminists
Japanese and American Perceptions of Group Entitativity and Autonomy: A Multilevel Analysis
The authors examined cross-cultural differences in the relationships of essence and dynamic group properties to perceived group entitativity (i.e., perceived "groupiness") and the influence of entitativity, essence properties, and dynamic properties on group autonomy beliefs. American and Japanese college students completed questionnaires that assessed perceptions of essence properties (e.g., similarities in group members' physical and personalit…
The Impact of Clique Membership on Children's Social Behavior and Status Nominations
The impact of children's clique membership on their peer nominations for social behaviors and status was examined in a sample of 455 third‐ through fifth‐grade children. Social identity theory (SIT) and children's peer group affiliation and context served as primary conceptual frameworks for this investigation. As suggested by SIT, results indicated that children displayed favorable views toward their own cliquemates, nominating cliquemates more …
Persons as Contexts: Evaluating Between-Person and Within-Person Effects in Longitudinal Analysis
Relationships among multiple variables over time are of interest in many developmental areas and are frequently examined using time-varying predictors in multilevel models. Yet an incomplete specification of time-varying predictors will usually result in biased model effects. Specifically, the impact of constant, between-person sources of variation must be differentiated from the impact of time-specific, within-person sources of variation - that …
Sexual Self-Concept: Testing a Hypothetical Model for Men and Women
One theoretical concept receiving modest attention in contemporary sex research is the sexual self-concept (SSC). However, a lack of cohesion within this research has culminated in a collection of SSC models which overlap one another but which are not exactly the same. Therefore, a unified conceptual model of SSC needs to be established. In addition, little research has examined potential differences between genders in SSC, as most SSC research h…
Deconstructing public confidence in state courts
Although researchers have consistently demonstrated the importance of confidence in public institutions like the courts, relatively little attention has been paid to understanding what confidence itself really is. This article presents data from two samples of community members, thereby building on and extending a preliminary investigation that sought to understand constructs related to confidence in state courts with student samples. Structural …
Assessing Family Outcomes: Psychometric Evaluation of the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale
There is currently a lack of reliable scales with which to assess the construct of family quality of life, particularly for families who have children with disabilities. The current work presents 2 studies, including a total of 488 families with children with disabilities, which were conducted to complete the development of a scale to assess family quality of life. The measure was refined through confirmatory factor analyses into 25 items that as…
A Longitudinal Examination of the Bidirectional Links Between Academic Achievement and Parent-Adolescent Conflict
We examined reciprocal associations between parent-adolescent conflict and academic achievement over a 2-year period. Participants were mothers, fathers, and adolescents from predominantly White, working and middle class families ( N = 168). After accounting for previous academic achievement, parent-adolescent conflict predicted relative declines in academic achievement 2 years later. After controlling for relationship quality at Time 1, lower ma…
Reward Seeking and Cognitive Control: Using the Dual Systems Model to Predict Adolescent Sexual Behavior
Research has provided support for the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, but the model has rarely been applied to sexual behavior. Using data from the NICHD SECCYD (N = 958; Mage = 15.07, SD = 0.18), this study examined the effects of cognitive control, reward seeking, and their interaction on sexual behavior. Results of structural equation models revealed that performance on behavioral tasks assessing reward seeking and cognitive cont…
Just Think About It: Mindfulness, Sexism, and Prejudice Toward Feminists
On the influence of trust in predicting rural land owner cooperation with natural resource management institutions
Contemporary natural resource management (NRM) emphasises the role of the public in general and land owners in particular as voluntary participants in the process. Understanding the role of trust in voluntary cooperation is therefore critical, but the current state of the relevant literature is such that it fails to systematically address a few important issues. This inquiry sought to address these issues by presenting and testing a model of land…
Using the Internalized Misogyny Scale Across Sexual Orientations: Measurement Invariance and Item Factor Analysis
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Hope Treatment and Present-Centered Therapy in Women Residing in Shelter With PTSD From Intimate Partner Violence
The current study is a randomized controlled trial comparing HOPE (Helping to Overcome PTSD through Empowerment) to an adapted version of present-centered therapy (PCT+) in residents of domestic violence shelters with posttraumatic stress disorder from intimate partner violence. HOPE is a cognitive-behavioral treatment that adopts an empowerment approach. PCT is an attention-matched control condition frequently used in posttraumatic stress disord…
Applying the hierarchical linear model to longitudinal data / La aplicación del modelo lineal jerárquico a datos longitudinales
Educational researchers and school administrators frequently evaluate academic outcomes collected from cross-sectional sampling designs with overt nested structures, such as when students are nested within schools. More recently, interest has focused on the longitudinal collection of academic outcomes to evaluate a student’s growth across time. In a longitudinal context, the repeatedly measured academic outcomes are nested within a student. Prope…
Measuring individual differences in responses to date‐rape vignettes using latent variable models
Vignette methodology can be a flexible and powerful way to examine individual differences in response to dangerous real-life scenarios. However, most studies underutilize the usefulness of such methodology by analyzing only one outcome, which limits the ability to track event-related changes (e.g., vacillation in risk perception). The current study was designed to illustrate the dynamic influence of risk perception on exit point from a date-rape …
The Impact of Clique Membership on Children's Social Behavior and Status Nominations
The impact of children's clique membership on their peer nominations for social behaviors and status was examined in a sample of 455 third‐ through fifth‐grade children. Social identity theory (SIT) and children's peer group affiliation and context served as primary conceptual frameworks for this investigation. As suggested by SIT, results indicated that children displayed favorable views toward their own cliquemates, nominating cliquemates more …
Concordance of Self-Report and Informant Assessment of Emotional Well-Being in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia
The emotional well-being of persons with dementia is an aspect of their quality of life. We examined the stability of informant-rated and self-reported emotion, and the influence of mental status and physical dependence on ratings; we modeled concordance between ratings at both the within- and between-person levels of analysis. We used multilevel modeling to examine data collected over 12 days from 31 nursing home residents. We found significant …
Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations
Six studies regarding forgiveness are presented. The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), a self‐report measure of dispositional forgiveness (with subscales to assess forgiveness of self, others, and situations) was developed and demonstrated good psychometric properties. Forgiveness correlated positively with cognitive flexibility, positive affect, and distraction; it correlated negatively with rumination, vengeance, and hostility. Forgiveness pre…
Measuring Attentional Ability in Older Adults: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of DriverScan
Although deficits in visual attention are often postulated as an important component of many declines in cognitive processing and functional outcomes in older adults, surprisingly little emphasis has been placed on evaluating psychometric instruments with which individual differences in visual attention ability can be assessed. This article reports the development and beginning psychometric evaluation of DriverScan, a change detection measure of …
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Time-Dependent Data: Mean-Induced Association in Age-Heterogeneous Samples and an Alternative Method Based on Sequential Narrow Age-Cohort Samples
The effect of time-related mean differences on estimates of association in cross-sectional studies has not been widely recognized in developmental and aging research. Cross-sectional studies of samples varying in age have found moderate to high levels of shared age-related variance among diverse age-related measures. These findings may be misleading because high levels of association between time-dependent processes can result simply from average…
Assessing Family Outcomes: Psychometric Evaluation of the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale
There is currently a lack of reliable scales with which to assess the construct of family quality of life, particularly for families who have children with disabilities. The current work presents 2 studies, including a total of 488 families with children with disabilities, which were conducted to complete the development of a scale to assess family quality of life. The measure was refined through confirmatory factor analyses into 25 items that as…
Multilevel Models for Examining Individual Differences in Within-Person Variation and Covariation Over Time
Heterogeneity of variance may be more than a statistical nuisance—it may be of direct interest as a result of individual differences. In studies of short-term fluctuation, individual differences may relate to the magnitude of within-person variation as well as to level of an outcome or its covariation with other processes. Although models for heterogeneous variances have been utilized in group contexts (i.e., dispersion models), they are not usua…
Concordance of Self-Report and Informant Assessment of Emotional Well-Being in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia
The emotional well-being of persons with dementia is an aspect of their quality of life. We examined the stability of informant-rated and self-reported emotion, and the influence of mental status and physical dependence on ratings; we modeled concordance between ratings at both the within- and between-person levels of analysis. We used multilevel modeling to examine data collected over 12 days from 31 nursing home residents. We found significant …
A Longitudinal Examination of the Bidirectional Links Between Academic Achievement and Parent-Adolescent Conflict
We examined reciprocal associations between parent-adolescent conflict and academic achievement over a 2-year period. Participants were mothers, fathers, and adolescents from predominantly White, working and middle class families ( N = 168). After accounting for previous academic achievement, parent-adolescent conflict predicted relative declines in academic achievement 2 years later. After controlling for relationship quality at Time 1, lower ma…
Persons as Contexts: Evaluating Between-Person and Within-Person Effects in Longitudinal Analysis
Relationships among multiple variables over time are of interest in many developmental areas and are frequently examined using time-varying predictors in multilevel models. Yet an incomplete specification of time-varying predictors will usually result in biased model effects. Specifically, the impact of constant, between-person sources of variation must be differentiated from the impact of time-specific, within-person sources of variation - that …
The Impact of Clique Membership on Children's Social Behavior and Status Nominations
The impact of children's clique membership on their peer nominations for social behaviors and status was examined in a sample of 455 third‐ through fifth‐grade children. Social identity theory (SIT) and children's peer group affiliation and context served as primary conceptual frameworks for this investigation. As suggested by SIT, results indicated that children displayed favorable views toward their own cliquemates, nominating cliquemates more …
Just Think About It: Mindfulness, Sexism, and Prejudice Toward Feminists
Japanese and American Perceptions of Group Entitativity and Autonomy: A Multilevel Analysis
The authors examined cross-cultural differences in the relationships of essence and dynamic group properties to perceived group entitativity (i.e., perceived "groupiness") and the influence of entitativity, essence properties, and dynamic properties on group autonomy beliefs. American and Japanese college students completed questionnaires that assessed perceptions of essence properties (e.g., similarities in group members' physical and personalit…
Deconstructing public confidence in state courts
Although researchers have consistently demonstrated the importance of confidence in public institutions like the courts, relatively little attention has been paid to understanding what confidence itself really is. This article presents data from two samples of community members, thereby building on and extending a preliminary investigation that sought to understand constructs related to confidence in state courts with student samples. Structural …
Sexual Self-Concept: Testing a Hypothetical Model for Men and Women
One theoretical concept receiving modest attention in contemporary sex research is the sexual self-concept (SSC). However, a lack of cohesion within this research has culminated in a collection of SSC models which overlap one another but which are not exactly the same. Therefore, a unified conceptual model of SSC needs to be established. In addition, little research has examined potential differences between genders in SSC, as most SSC research h…
Longitudinal Analysis: Modeling Within-Person Fluctuation and Change
Section 1: Building Blocks for Longitudinal Analysis 1. Introduction to the Analysis of Longitudinal Data 2. Between-Person Analysis and Interpretation of Interactions 3. Introduction to Within-Person Analysis and Model Comparisons Section 2: Modeling the Effects of Time 4. Describing Within-Person Fluctuation over Time 5. Introduction to Random Effects of Time and Model Estimation 6. Describing Within-Person Change over Time Section 3: Modeling …
Does it hurt to ask? A meta-analysis of participant reactions to trauma research
The Power to Detect and Predict Individual Differences in Within-Person Variability Using the Mixed-Effects Location-Scale Model
"The Power to Detect and Predict Individual Differences in Within-Person Variability Using the Mixed-Effects Location-Scale Model." Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(6), p. 737
On the influence of trust in predicting rural land owner cooperation with natural resource management institutions
Contemporary natural resource management (NRM) emphasises the role of the public in general and land owners in particular as voluntary participants in the process. Understanding the role of trust in voluntary cooperation is therefore critical, but the current state of the relevant literature is such that it fails to systematically address a few important issues. This inquiry sought to address these issues by presenting and testing a model of land…
Applying the hierarchical linear model to longitudinal data / La aplicación del modelo lineal jerárquico a datos longitudinales
Educational researchers and school administrators frequently evaluate academic outcomes collected from cross-sectional sampling designs with overt nested structures, such as when students are nested within schools. More recently, interest has focused on the longitudinal collection of academic outcomes to evaluate a student’s growth across time. In a longitudinal context, the repeatedly measured academic outcomes are nested within a student. Prope…
Reward Seeking and Cognitive Control: Using the Dual Systems Model to Predict Adolescent Sexual Behavior
Research has provided support for the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, but the model has rarely been applied to sexual behavior. Using data from the NICHD SECCYD (N = 958; Mage = 15.07, SD = 0.18), this study examined the effects of cognitive control, reward seeking, and their interaction on sexual behavior. Results of structural equation models revealed that performance on behavioral tasks assessing reward seeking and cognitive cont…
Measuring individual differences in responses to date‐rape vignettes using latent variable models
Vignette methodology can be a flexible and powerful way to examine individual differences in response to dangerous real-life scenarios. However, most studies underutilize the usefulness of such methodology by analyzing only one outcome, which limits the ability to track event-related changes (e.g., vacillation in risk perception). The current study was designed to illustrate the dynamic influence of risk perception on exit point from a date-rape …
The Power to Detect and Predict Individual Differences in Intra-Individual Variability Using the Mixed-Effects Location-Scale Model
Our goal is to provide empirical scientists with practical tools and advice with which to test hypotheses related to individual differences in intra-individual variability using the mixed-effects location-scale model. To that end, we evaluate Type I error rates and power to detect and predict individual differences in intra-individual variability using this model and provide empirically-based guidelines for building scale models that include rand…
Preverbal communication complexity in infants
The development of prelinguistic communication in typically developing infants is marked by changes in complexity as well as frequency, yet most measures focus on frequency. In the current study, we used the Communication Complexity Scale (CCS) to measure prelinguistic complexity of typically developing infants in a cross‐sectional sample of 6‐, 8‐, 10‐, and 12‐month‐olds ( N = 204) during semi‐structured play interaction. For each toy/interactiv…
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Hope Treatment and Present-Centered Therapy in Women Residing in Shelter With PTSD From Intimate Partner Violence
The current study is a randomized controlled trial comparing HOPE (Helping to Overcome PTSD through Empowerment) to an adapted version of present-centered therapy (PCT+) in residents of domestic violence shelters with posttraumatic stress disorder from intimate partner violence. HOPE is a cognitive-behavioral treatment that adopts an empowerment approach. PCT is an attention-matched control condition frequently used in posttraumatic stress disord…
The dimensionality of the epistemic orientation survey and longitudinal measurement invariance for the short form of EOS (EOS-SF)
The dimensionality of the epistemic orientation survey (EOS) was examined across four occasions with item factor analysis (IFA). Because of an emphasis on the knowledge generation of epistemic orientation (EO), four factors were selected and built into a short form of EOS (EOS-SF) including knowledge generation, knowledge replication, epistemic nature of knowledge, and student ability. To track the stability of the factor structure for each facto…
Using the Internalized Misogyny Scale Across Sexual Orientations: Measurement Invariance and Item Factor Analysis
Psychology (28 works) · Computer Science (14 works) · Developmental psychology (14 works) · Mathematics (13 works) · Social Psychology (12 works) · Statistics (10 works) · Clinical Psychology (8 works) · Structural equation modeling (8 works) · Clinical Psychology (7 works) · Social Psychology (7 works)