Eric Fong
Biographic Data
| ID | 93436 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Eric Fong |
| GIVEN NAMES | Eric |
| FAMILY NAME | Fong |
| SIGNATURE | FONG E |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Toronto |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1147-0182 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 121 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 542 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 116 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 5 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1990 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Marital Status, Cohabitation and Intentions of Workers to Move to Less Developed Areas
While migration for ‘love in destinations’ has gained attention, the link between partnerships, beyond the married‐unmarried dichotomy, in home societies and migration intentions remains underexplored. Meanwhile, economies in the Global South are becoming attractive for talent, yet little is known about intentions of workers to migrate within this region. This study analyzes how marital status and cohabitation relate to Hong Kong workers’ intenti…
Analyzing Online Migration Forums: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing for International Migration Research
In contemporary migration studies, online forums are common spaces where people exchange information and seek advice about international migration. This methods note introduces the Reddit community r/IWantOut as a data source for studying migration aspirations and presents a validated natural language processing (NLP) pipeline for analyzing it. The forum's community rules require posters to encode age, gender, origin, and intended destinations in…
Hong Kong’s middle class and the Anti-Elab movement: Generational and identity-based mobilization
The relationship between economic development and democratization is increasingly relevant to social movement research. While modernization theory suggests that an expanding middle class fosters democratic engagement, empirical findings remain mixed. Hong Kong provides a compelling case to examine this paradox: despite its affluent economy and sizable middle class, its democratic development remains constrained. This study examines how subjective…
Whose Education Matters? The Protective Role of Education in the Acculturation of Immigrant Women Facing Foreign-Origin Discrimination in South Korea
Workplace Arrangement and Language Acquisition of Immigrants
Flexible workplace arrangements (FWA), particularly working from home and working without fixed workplaces, have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. However, their implications for the social integration of immigrant workers remain underexplored. This study investigates whether and how FWA relate immigrant workers’ social integration, focusing on their proficiency in the destination language, a key indicator of social integration outcomes. U…
Beyond Borders: Understanding Themes and Transitions in Skilled Migration Research Through Machine Learning Methods and Sociological Frameworks
The global race to attract (highly) skilled or educated migrants (SEMs) has fueled significant scholarly interest, yet the evolution and collaboration patterns within SEM research remain underexplored. The authors address this gap by using computational methods (dynamic topic modeling, network analysis, and named entity recognition) to analyze 985 SEM-related studies published from 2000 to 2023 and to understand the temporal evolution of research…
Income inequality of South Asians in Hong Kong: The role of race, religion and human capital
Time to Leave: Emigration Tendencies in Hong Kong After the 1997 Handover and the 2019 Social Movement
This article aims to expand the scope of migration research by examining politically driven migration. Drawing from the immigration literature, we distinguish between two forms of politically driven migration, which can be a risk‐averse response to an unknown political future or an expression of dissatisfaction with governments or policies. We substantiate our arguments with evidence from the emigration tendencies of Hong Kong residents after the…
Are couples’ relative resources and birthplaces related to household decisions to hire migrant domestic workers
Participation in Social Movement and Emigration Intention: A Study of Hong Kong Social Movement in 2019
This paper explores the relationship between participation in social movement and the intention to emigrate. Drawing from data collected between January and March 2021, after the 2019 social movement in Hong Kong had subsided, we identified two important findings related to participation in the social movement and the intention to emigrate. First, we identified five key domains of governance in which the level of dissatisfaction is related to emi…
Perceptions of Workplace Gender Discrimination and Fertility Intentions among Married Working Women in Korea: Insights from Asymmetric Fixed Effects Models
Narrative of governing emigration: A case study in Hong Kong
Understanding media narratives helps us better understand how diverse actors in society attempt to shape public opinion. The reports of government officials’ announcements and discussions, as well as articles published by political figures and opinion influencers in major newspapers, provide an important complement to policy narratives about an event. Our study examines the media narrative surrounding the recent emigration wave in Hong Kong follo…
Do works councils and collective agreements narrow immigrant-native wage gaps for disadvantaged immigrant groups? Novel evidence from German-linked employer-employee data
Recently, workers' bargaining power has been declining worldwide, and immigrant-native wage inequalities have been widening. In this context, cross-sectional studies show narrower immigrant-native wage gaps in firms with works councils or collective agreements. Yet, it remains unclear whether this correlation is causal. Leveraging German longitudinal linked employer-employee data covering 542 firms and 878,403 employee observations, we investigat…
The Promises and Perils of AI for Sociology
This article argues that in an age of artificial intelligence (AI), sociologists have not adequately thought about the challenges posed to their work and pedagogy. Drawing on examples from Hong Kong, we foreground the challenges that AI poses to sociological education, student success and working conditions, amid the marketization of higher education and broad shifts in funding toward STEM disciplines. We then suggest four tactical strategies for…
Citizenship status and requirement, culture and immigrants' attitudes toward local immigration: A study of 21 western and non-western societies
Local Contact and Sense of Belonging to the Host Society Among Highly Educated Migrants
Employment conditions and mental health of overseas female migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong: A parallel mediation analysis
The findings call for increased scrutiny of employment conditions and mental well-being of MDWs
Factors enhancing the intention to migrate from more developed to less developed areas
Despite the prevalence of global migration flows from more developed to less developed areas, few studies have been conducted on this phenomenon. This research utilizes data recently collected in 2020 regarding migration intentions among residents of Hong Kong considering moving from Hong Kong to the Chinese mainland. Our study aims to understand the role of social networks and perceptions of destinations in migration intentions. The results sugg…
Motherhood and Women's Migration: Evidence from Foreign Domestic Workers in Hong Kong
Female domestic workers often take on multiple roles in different settings, such as that of mothers and migrants. This study focuses on women's diverse trajectories in timing motherhood and migration from a temporal perspective. Despite the continuities between their paid work for their employers and unpaid care for their own families, both of which are highly feminized, migrant women often face tensions and conflicts between the two; it is diffi…
The influence of bullying victimization on acculturation and life satisfaction among children from multicultural families in South Korea
This study investigates the relationship between bullying victimization and both acculturation and life satisfaction among children from multicultural families, while differentiating between the effects of transitions into and out of bullying victimization. This study used data from the Multicultural Adolescent Panel Survey, a nationally representative sample of children from multicultural families in South Korea. A novel asymmetric fixed effects…
Ethnic Identification among Mixed Children in a Post-colonial Asian City: A Case in Hong Kong
This paper attempts to discuss how the identification of multi-racial/ethnic children is influenced by their parents' race/ethnicity in the context of the post-colonial perspective in East Asia. By using data from the Hong Kong 2016 by-census, we have illustrated the patterns of multi-racial/ethnic children's ethnic identification when either father or mother is Chinese in a post-colonial context. We identified three major patterns. First, the et…
Income inequality between local-born Chinese and mainland migrant adults in Hong Kong: A Comparison of Baby Boom and Millennial Generations
We explored how the three major trends evident in the labor market since the 1970s (narrowing gender inequality, increased enrollment in higher education, occupational inequality) are related to income differences between the baby boom and millennial generations in Hong Kong, a major city in East Asia. We have incorporated analysis that examines the differences between local-born individuals and migrants in order to highlight a significant featur…
Income difference between highly educated migrants and highly educated local‐born workers in urban China
Our study explores the income of highly educated migrants in China. Based on the 2014 China Labor‐force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), we conducted Blinder‐Oaxaca decomposition of income among highly educated migrants. we found that highly educated migrants, with or without local hukou, have higher income than highly educated local‐born workers. We also found that highly educated migrants without local hukou have higher average income than those with lo…
The challenge of retaining highly educated migrants in tourism destinations: Case comparison of Macau and Hong Kong
Increased global competition for highly educated talent has motivated research into the significant factors involved in retaining such individuals in many different sectors of the economy. Our study explores how industry characteristics and the representation of the industry in the overall economy are related to the settlement intentions of highly educated migrants. We also suggest that the relationship is influenced by the experience of workplac…
Negative Sentiment Toward Recent Migrants in a Post-Colonial City: A Case Study in Hong Kong
By examining negative sentiment toward recent migrants among local residents in Hong Kong, this study fills a research gap in understanding group relations between migrants and local residents in post-colonial societies. We suggest that negative sentiments toward recent migrants among local residents in Hong Kong are the result of the society's post-colonial development, which has fostered a local identity and defined a group boundary between res…
Multiethnic Cities in North America
The growing Hispanic and Asian populations in most major North American cities have drastically transformed the urban demographic landscape to become racially and ethnically diversified. We review literature on multiethnic cities by focusing on three important aspects of urban structures and processes: racial and ethnic residential patterns, ethnic businesses, and the performance of racial and ethnic groups in the labor market. Although the liter…
Migration Patterns in East and Southeast Asia: Causes and Consequences
Our review starts by considering the regional development of East and Southeast Asia. We then address major trends related to international migration within the region. First, we focus on labor migration, which has been a dominant type of migration in the region in the last four decades. We highlight consequences such as development in the destination area, remittances, and children who are left behind. Second, we highlight recent developments in…
The Social Consequences of Participating in the Ethnic Economy
This study examines the effects of working in ethnic economy on social integration of immigrants. The analysis is based on a recently completed survey of the Chinese ethnic economy in Toronto. Our findings show that working in ethnic economies hampers participation in the social activities of the wider society. Results also suggest that those who gave a favorable evaluation of their own group, those who are independent class and family class immi…
Religion and integration among immigrant and minority youth
Although previous studies have examined the role of religion in immigrant integration, little systematic knowledge is available on how much and through which mechanisms religion facilitates or hinders immigrant socioeconomic and cultural integration. The papers in this collection explore the role of religion in the socioeconomic and cultural integration of immigrants and minorities from a cross-national perspective, with a particular focus on the…
The Spatial Assimilation Model Reexamined: An Assessment by Canadian Data
A Comparative Perspective on Racial Residential Segregation: American and Canadian Experiences
This article takes a first step to compare the residential segregation of blacks and Asians from whites in American and Canadian cities. The analysis is based on census data from 404 American and 41 Canadian cities. African Americans in the United States experience a higher level of residential segregation than Asians in U.S. cities. On the other hand, blacks in Canada experience the same low level of segregation as Asians. To explain the differe…
Segregation and Neighborhood Quality: Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in the San Francisco Metropolitan Area
Journal Article Segregation and Neighborhood Quality: Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in the San Francisco Metropolitan Area Get access Douglas S. Massey, Douglas S. Massey University of Chicago Direct correspondence to the authors at the Population Research Center, University of Chicago, 1155 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Eric Fong Eric Fong University of Chicago Direct …
Work-Related Aggression in Home-Based Working Environment: Experiences of Migrant Domestic Workers in Hong Kong
Previous studies on workplace aggression and violence have limited their scope to the conventional formal workplace environment. Few have explored the possibility that an increasing number of people, especially females, who work in more informal settings may also face work-related aggression. Our research on a random sample of 2,017 migrant domestic female workers from the Philippines and Indonesia who work in Hong Kong focuses on a nonconvention…
The segregation of Asian-origin groups in the United States and Canada
The spatial separation of the poor in Canadian cities
We used the 1991 Canadian census to examine the extent of spatial separation of the poor in Canadian cities. Although there were no extensive areas of blight, decay, or housing abandonment, we found high spatial separation of poor visible minorities in the selected cities. The index of dissimilarity indicates high segregation of poor blacks and moderate separation of poor Asians from the nonpoor population. We tested the effects of three major st…
The Effect of Economic Standing, Individual Preferences, and Co-ethnic Resources on Immigrant Residential Clustering
Our study examines how immigrants cluster in co-ethnic neighborhoods. We systematically explore the effects of three factors on the co-ethnic clustering of immigrants: economic resources, co-ethnic preferences, and the use of co-ethnic information sources. The study is based on a unique data set that provides rarely available rich information on housing search collected in Toronto in 2006. Focusing on Asian Indians and Chinese immigrants, the res…
Racial and Ethnic Residential Patterns in Canada
The Spatial Assimilation Model Reexamined: An Assessment by Canadian Data
Given the theoretical importance and policy implications of the spatial assimilation model, it is surprising that few studies have carefully and empirically examined the relationship of the three key variables in the model that has been used to explain the process of neighborhood attainment among immigrants, i.e., neighborhood environments, socioeconomic resources, and duration of residence in the host country. Few studies have delineated separat…
Patterns of Participation in Informal Social Activities among Chinese Immigrants in Toronto
This study addresses two questions. First, among the three major perspectives on integration (i.e., zero-sum, pluralist, and selective integration) suggested in the literature, which is the dominant pattern of the participation level in informal social activities in the ethnic community and in the wider society among new immigrant groups? Second, how well do the factors suggested by these three perspectives explain these patterns? Based on recent…
Data Collection for Migrant Live-In Domestic Workers: A Three-Stage Cluster Sampling Method
This article discusses an innovative method of collecting survey data on a special population, migrant live-in domestic workers, for which it is difficult to define an appropriate sampling framework. These migrant workers, however, have regular gatherings in public spaces within a certain period of time during the weekends. In this article, we present the method of collecting data on this group of domestic workers and the procedures for implement…
Residential Patterns across Generations of New Immigrant Groups
This article explores residential patterns across generations of new immigrant groups. The discussion is situated in a multi-ethnic context. The analysis is based on data from the 2001 Canadian census and focuses on three visible minority groups in the four largest metropolitan areas of Canada. In line with the spatial assimilation perspective, the authors found that visible minority groups reside in neighborhoods where, over generations, as the …
Acculturation of rural–urban migrants in urbanising China: A multidimensional and bicultural framework
In many developing countries, including China, large numbers of internal migrants move to cities from rural areas in pursuit of an urban dream, but few studies have addressed acculturation of rural–urban migrants. We construct a multidimensional (in terms of components of acculturation such as practices, values, and identifications) and bicultural acculturation framework to understand adaptation by these migrants. Using data from a Guangzhou surv…
Neighbourhood Ethnic Concentration and Discrimination
We investigate the association between the residential concentration of Chinese in Toronto and discrimination as experienced and perceived by Chinese immigrant residents. A unique aspect of this study is our focus on perceived employment discrimination. We find that Chinese immigrants living in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of other Chinese residents are more likely to perceive employment discrimination against Chinese people as a grou…
Differences in Neighborhood Qualities among Racial and Ethnic Groups in Canada
This paper examines the neighborhood qualities of major ethnic groups in Canada. Using data drawn from the 1991 census 2B file and special tabulations requested from the Statistics Canada, we found that the British, northern Europeans, and western Europeans live in neighborhoods with desirable social qualities without paying higher costs, even after controlling for socioeconomic status, immigration period, and generations. On the other hand, we a…
Advantages of being bicultural: Acculturation and mental health among rural-urban migrants in China
Explaining Ethnic Enclave, Ethnic Entrepreneurial and Employment Niches: A Case Study of Chinese in Canadian Immigrant Gateway Cities
Although decades of research have contributed to understanding the operation and implications of minority-concentrated industrial sectors, the reasons for concentration in some sectors but not others remain unclear. To address the question of why some sectors are minority concentrated, this article draws on four sources of literature—human ecology, dual labour market, ethnic enclave and occupational niche—to explore how the factors derived from t…
Labor market integration of non-Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2011: Structure of global market or White privilege
Previous studies of Hong Kong immigrants have largely focused on those Chinese from the mainland, and less attention has been paid to non-Chinese immigrants. As exceptions to this, a few studies have focused on the channels of non-Chinese immigrants to Hong Kong, but less research has examined their labor market outcomes. This is partly because theories about immigrants in Asia’s global city are underdeveloped, and the traditional labor market as…
Immigrant integration and their negative sentiments toward recent immigrants: The case of Hong Kong
Negative sentiments toward recent immigrants should not be viewed as a dichotomous antagonistic relationship between the native-born population and immigrants. Our study, based on recent data collected from Hong Kong, shows that a considerable proportion of immigrants, especially those who arrived a longer time ago, have also adopted negative sentiments toward recent immigrants. The findings call for exploring how different waves of immigrants de…
Mobilizing memory: Collective memory schemas and the social boundaries of Jews in Toronto
This paper examines how collective memory informs residential choices by analysing the residential patterns of Jews in Toronto. Our study extends the literature on collective memory and ethnic boundaries to include understandings about how our socio-historical and cultural worlds shape our environment and give it meaning. We argue that collective memory functions symbolically within Jewish neighbourhoods to reproduce meanings about group status a…
A Comparison of Ethnic Businesses in Suburbs and City
We extend research on ethnic businesses by comparing the distribution of ethnic businesses in suburbs and city. The study is drawn from a recently compiled data set of Chinese businesses in Toronto. Drawing from four diverse and different sets of literature on ethnic businesses and urban forms, we identify factors that may affect the geographic distribution of ethnic business. The results clearly indicate a substantial presence of ethnic business…
Segregation and Neighborhood Quality: Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in the San Francisco Metropolitan Area
Journal Article Segregation and Neighborhood Quality: Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in the San Francisco Metropolitan Area Get access Douglas S. Massey, Douglas S. Massey University of Chicago Direct correspondence to the authors at the Population Research Center, University of Chicago, 1155 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Eric Fong Eric Fong University of Chicago Direct …
Immigration, Ethnicity, and Conflict: The California Chinese, 1849-1882
Drawing on Bonacich's split market theory, the work of Hechter and Blalock on ethnic conflict, and the literature on social movements, the authors develop a model of factors producing conflict between native and immigrant workers. The model identifies the relative size of the immigrant group, the growth of the immigrant population, the desirability of jobs held by immigrant workers, economic conditions, the development of racist ideology among na…
Residential Proximity among Racial Groups in U.S. and Canadian Neighborhoods
The author compares the racial residential proximity patterns in U.S. and Canadian neighbor-hoods. In the United States, Asian-Americans experience higher levels of residential proximity in neighborhoods with whites than do blacks. In Canada, blacks and Asians experience similar levels of residential proximity in neighborhoods with whites. A dynamic spatial assimilation perspective is proposed to understand the racial residential proximity patter…
The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict
A Comparison of the Suburbanization Process between Native and Foreign-Born Populations of Major Racial/Ethnic Groups
This study compares the suburbanization process of native and immigrant populations. Analyses are based on three major hypotheses: social status, family life stages and social stratification. Data are based on a five-percent A sample of the 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS). We select eight major racial and ethnic groups in our study. Results indicate that family life stages have a strong effect on the suburban location of the native popula…
Controversy and Complexity: Canadian Immigration Policy during the 1980s
After describing the context that prompted the changes enacted in the 1976 Immigration Act, Dirks turns to contemporary immigration: he examines such controversial and complex issues as establishing annual arrivals targets, setting and managing refugee policy, and developing regulatory procedures for handling applicants. Costs and benefits of a universal visa policy, the distinction between refugees and immigrants, the role of the provinces, and …
A Comparative Perspective on Racial Residential Segregation: American and Canadian Experiences
This article takes a first step to compare the residential segregation of blacks and Asians from whites in American and Canadian cities. The analysis is based on census data from 404 American and 41 Canadian cities. African Americans in the United States experience a higher level of residential segregation than Asians in U.S. cities. On the other hand, blacks in Canada experience the same low level of segregation as Asians. To explain the differe…
A Systemic Approach to Racial Residential Patterns
Multi-Ethnic Canada: Identities & Inequalities
The Spatial Assimilation Model Reexamined: An Assessment by Canadian Data
Given the theoretical importance and policy implications of the spatial assimilation model, it is surprising that few studies have carefully and empirically examined the relationship of the three key variables in the model that has been used to explain the process of neighborhood attainment among immigrants, i.e., neighborhood environments, socioeconomic resources, and duration of residence in the host country. Few studies have delineated separat…
The Spatial Assimilation Model Reexamined: An Assessment by Canadian Data
Differences in Neighborhood Qualities among Racial and Ethnic Groups in Canada
This paper examines the neighborhood qualities of major ethnic groups in Canada. Using data drawn from the 1991 census 2B file and special tabulations requested from the Statistics Canada, we found that the British, northern Europeans, and western Europeans live in neighborhoods with desirable social qualities without paying higher costs, even after controlling for socioeconomic status, immigration period, and generations. On the other hand, we a…
The Spatial Separation of the Poor in Canadian Cities
We used the 1991 Canadian census to examine the extent of spatial separation of the poor in Canadian cities. Although there were no extensive areas of blight, decay, or housing abandonment, we found high spatial separation of poor visible minorities in the selected cities. The index of dissimilarity indicates high segregation of poor blacks and moderate separation of poor Asians from the nonpoor population. We tested the effects of three major st…
Suburbanization and Home Ownership: The Spatial Assimilation Process in U.S. Metropolitan Areas
This article provides a detailed picture of spatial assimilation by simultaneously considering suburbanization and home ownership in order to model the complexity of residential patterns in modern society. The data are from the 1% Sample of the 1990 PUMS. Multinominal logit analyses were used to estimate the effects of socioeconomic level, acculturation characteristics, and race/ethnicity on the likelihood of householders being home owners or ren…
Neighborhood change within the Canadian ethnic mosaic, 1986–1991
The spatial separation of the poor in Canadian cities
We used the 1991 Canadian census to examine the extent of spatial separation of the poor in Canadian cities. Although there were no extensive areas of blight, decay, or housing abandonment, we found high spatial separation of poor visible minorities in the selected cities. The index of dissimilarity indicates high segregation of poor blacks and moderate separation of poor Asians from the nonpoor population. We tested the effects of three major st…
Participating in the Ethnic Economy and Psychological Well-Being
Although there had been various studies on the consequences of participating in the ethnic economy, there has been a notable absence of research exploring the life satisfaction of those participating in it. A 1998/1999 survey of Chinese immigrants in metropolitan Toronto was analyzed to measure the life satisfaction of those participating in and outside the ethnic economy. Those working in the ethnic economy reported higher levels of life satisfa…
Introduction: The Chinese Ethnic Economy
Cosmopolitan Capitalists: Hong Kong and the Chinese Diaspora at the End of the Twentieth Century
At midnight on June 30, 1997, Hong Kong became part of the People's Republic of China. The transfer of Hong Kong sovereignty from Great Britain to China was an extraordinary historical event, signifying the end of the West's colonial presence in Asia and the rise of China's hegemony. In 150 years as a British colony, Hong Kong changed from a barely inhabitable colonial entrepot to one of the world's leading financial and industrial centers. Faced…
The Social Consequences of Participating in the Ethnic Economy
This study examines the effects of working in ethnic economy on social integration of immigrants. The analysis is based on a recently completed survey of the Chinese ethnic economy in Toronto. Our findings show that working in ethnic economies hampers participation in the social activities of the wider society. Results also suggest that those who gave a favorable evaluation of their own group, those who are independent class and family class immi…
Anti-Chinese Politics in California in the 1870s: An Intercounty Analysis
This article uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative historical data from all California counties to assess the efficacy of variables derived from the split labor market, cultural division of labor, and ethnic competitive models, as well as variables related to the organizational capacity of majority group workers, to predict efforts in late-nineteenth-century California to institutionalize discrimination against the Chinese through th…
Racial and Ethnic Residential Patterns in Canada
Economic Changes in Canadian Neighborhoods
The segregation of Asian-origin groups in the United States and Canada
Multiethnic Cities in North America
The growing Hispanic and Asian populations in most major North American cities have drastically transformed the urban demographic landscape to become racially and ethnically diversified. We review literature on multiethnic cities by focusing on three important aspects of urban structures and processes: racial and ethnic residential patterns, ethnic businesses, and the performance of racial and ethnic groups in the labor market. Although the liter…
Sociology (85 works) · Geography (73 works) · Economics (70 works) · Migration and Labor Dynamics (69 works) · Political science (66 works) · Demographic economics (62 works) · Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy (50 works) · Demography (46 works) · Ethnic group (45 works) · Immigration (43 works)