Amade M’charek
Biographic Data
| ID | 94914 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Amade M’charek |
| GIVEN NAMES | Amade |
| FAMILY NAME | M’charek |
| SIGNATURE | M’CHAREK A |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Amsterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5242-2406 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 32 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 447 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 32 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2000 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Engaging Bodies as Matters of Care
This chapter attends to the often-neglected bodies of migrants who do not make it to their destination alive. It addresses initiatives where the bodies are attended to at the population level, i.e. practices of counting, as well as at the individual level, i.e. the burial, registration and potential forensic identification of individual deceased bodies. We introduce the notion ‘matters of care’ to analyse modes of knowing. We argue that caring fo…
Achieving good science: The integrity of scientific institutions
There are worries about the quality of scientific research, the validity of the knowledge it produces and the integrity of academics. What is lacking in the debate is what scientists have to say and what they do to create and safeguard what they see as ‘good science’. Using Dutch academia as a case, we show that the academics’ understandings of scientific practice differ in vital ways from those of policy makers. Policy maker's understanding of a…
The politics of face and the trouble with race: Exploring relations at the interface between the individual and the collective in forensic practice
This special issue interrogates race through the lens of face. Its central faces are those in forensic settings. Promising immediate legibility and access to the individual suspect, forensic faces nevertheless mobilize a variety of collectives. We offer conceptual and methodological tools to examine the face as both an individual and a collective phenomenon, and demonstrate through detailed cases how the face thus allows us to address the absent …
Curious about race: Generous methods and modes of knowing in practice
What is race? And how does it figure in different scientific practices? To answer these questions, I suggest that we need to know race differently. Rather than defining race or looking for one conclusive answer to what it is, I propose methods that are open-ended, that allow us to follow race around, while remaining curious as to what it is. I suggest that we pursue generous methods . Drawing on empirical examples of forensic identification techn…
Un/Doing Race: On Technology, Individuals, and Collectives in Forensic Practice: Race
Race and sameness: On the limits of beyond race and the art of staying with the trouble
In this commentary I argue that rather than going beyond race, we need to ‘stay with the trouble’ of race (Haraway 2016). Race, I want to suggest, is precisely ‘trouble’ because it is produced and sustained in everyday practices. To make this more tangible, I will zoom in on one specific case, a homicide case, that was eventually solved through forensic technologies and attend to the impact of the case on society. Analyzing responses in the media…
Keeping race at bay: Familial DNA research, the ‘Turkish Community,’ and the pragmatics of multiple collectives in investigative practice
In this contribution, we analyze the recently adjudicated Milica van Doorn rape and murder case. In this case, committed in 1992, no suspect could be identified until investigatory actors employed familial DNA searching in 2017. Crucially, familial DNA typing raised the possibility of ethnic and racial stereotyping and profiling, particularly against the background of the first case in which familial DNA typing was used in the Netherlands: the Ma…
Race and Biomedicine Beyond the Lab: 21St Century Mobilisations of Genetics—Introduction to the Special Issue
The impact of physical distancing on socially vulnerable people needing care during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Netherlands
What was the impact of physical distancing on socially vulnerable groups needing care during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the Netherlands? We conducted repeated qualitative interviews with 141 people in care relationships and 106 professionals, and two repeated surveys among older populations outside ( n = 1697) and inside long-term care facilities ( n = 2619). Findings show a diversity of experiences, ranging from relative calmness an…
Facing the unknown suspect: Forensic DNA phenotyping and the oscillation between the individual and the collective
Doing the individual and the collective in forensic genetics: Governance, race and restitution
The Trouble with Race in Forensic Identification
The capacity of contemporary forensic genetics has rendered "race" into an interesting tool to produce clues about the identity of an unknown suspect. Whereas the conventional use of DNA profiling was primarily aimed at the individual suspect, more recently a shift of interest in forensic genetics has taken place, in which the population and the family to whom an unknown suspect allegedly belongs, has moved center stage. Making inferences about t…
Translating a title: On other terms
Present-day academic work is mostly done in English.What happens, or so the contributions to this monograph ask, when we open a few windows, let in some air, and invite elements drawn from other linguistic traditions into our texts?Doing so does not simply mean welcoming other words.Along with this it also changes the conditions, the terms, that stipulate what is, and what is not, good -proper, interesting, international, academic -writing.To exe…
Harraga: Burning borders, navigating colonialism
In this article I introduce the non-English word, harraga, to address the convoluted nature of migration, death, borders and colonial legacies. My empirical material comes from the south of Tunisia. I draw on practices of migration from Tunisia, the extraction of resources and its effect on the economy of the country, and the washing ashore of bodies on the southern Tunisian coast. I also reflect on the recent European border management in this a…
Encountering the Face-Unraveling Race
Tentacular Faces: Race and the Return of the Phenotype in Forensic Identification
The face, just like DNA, is taken to represent a unique individual. This article proposes to move beyond this representational model and to attend to the work that a face can do. I introduce the concept of tentacularity to capture the multiple works accomplished by the face. Drawing on the example of DNA phenotyping, which is used to produce a composite face of an unknown suspect, I first show that this novel technology does not so much produce t…
Knowing “the Roma: Visual technologies of sorting populations and the policing of mobility in Europe
This paper examines ways of knowing “the Roma” as a category of people. It attends to mobility and its obstructions, and the ways that coincide with bureaucratic, institutional, and everyday modes of sorting and racializing groups of people. Our case study is situated in Romania. Whereas “the Roma” do not exist as a category in the Romanian national registry of citizens, mainstream public discourses regarding “Roma migration” have significantly p…
Identifying dead migrants: Forensic Care Work and Relational Citizenship
The Mediterranean Sea has become an iconic site in the so-called migration crisis. Thousands of dead bodies have washed up on the southern beaches of Europe. We draw on ethnographic material collected at sites in Italy where the bodies of drowned migrants have been cared for by professionals and volunteers. We argue that while caring for the dead allows them to be identified as persons, it also produces relationships that go beyond formal citizen…
The high-profile case as ‘fire object’: Following the Marianne Vaatstra murder case through the media
In 1999 a girl named Marianne Vaatstra was found murdered in a rural area in the Netherlands. In 2012 the perpetrator was arrested. Throughout this period as well as thereafter, the Vaatstra case was never far removed from media attention and public debate. How did this murder become such a high-profile case? In this article we employ the concept of the 'fire object' to examine the high-profileness of the Vaatstra case. Law and Singleton's fire m…
Ethnicizing sexuality: An analysis of research practices in the Netherlands
Ethnicity is a frequently used measure in research into youth and sexuality in the Netherlands, a country known and admired for its favourable sexual health outcomes. This paper critically examines the production of knowledge about sexuality and ethnicity in the Netherlands. It traces the concept of ethnicity through four research practices (rationales of taking up ethnicity and compiling research populations; determining ethnicity; statistical c…
Topologies of Race: Doing territory, population and identity in Europe
Territorial borders just like other boundaries are involved in a politics of belonging, a politics of "us" and "them". Border management regimes are thus part of processes of othering. In this article, we use the management of borders and populations in Europe as an empirical example to make a theoretical claim about race. We introduce the notion of the phenotypic other to argue that race is a topological object, an object that is spatially and t…
Technologies of Belonging: The Absent Presence of Race in Europe
In many European countries, the explicit discussion of race as a biological phenomenon has long been avoided. This has not meant that race has become obsolete or irrelevant all together. Rather, it is a slippery object that keeps shifting and changing. To understand its slippery nature, we suggest that race in Europe is best viewed as an absent presence, something that oscillates between reality and nonreality, which appears on the surface and th…
Race, Time and Folded Objects: The HeLa Error
Given their commitment to practices, science studies have bestowed considerable attention upon objects. We have the boundary object, the standardized package, the network object, the immutable mobile, the fluid object, even a fire object has entered the scene. However, these objects do not provide us with a way of understanding their historicity. They are timeless, motionless pictures rather than things that change over time, and while enacting '…
Equal before the Law: On the Machinery of Sameness in Forensic DNA Practice
The social and legal implications of forensic DNA are paramount. For this reason, forensic DNA enjoys ample attention from legal, bioethics, and science and technology studies scholars. This article contributes to the scholarship by focusing on the neglected issue of sameness. We investigate a forensic courtroom case which started in the early '90s and focus on three modes of making similarities: (1) creating equality before the law, (2) making i…
Beyond Fact or Fiction: On the Materiality of Race in Practice
What is biological race and how is it made relevant by specific practices? How do we address the materiality of biological race without pigeonholing it? And how do we write about it without reifying race as a singular object? This article engages with biological race not by debunking or trivializing it, but by investigating how it is enacted in practice. Discarding two dominant and mutually exclusive notions, race as fact and race as fiction, I f…
Beyond Fact or Fiction: On the Materiality of Race in Practice
What is biological race and how is it made relevant by specific practices? How do we address the materiality of biological race without pigeonholing it? And how do we write about it without reifying race as a singular object? This article engages with biological race not by debunking or trivializing it, but by investigating how it is enacted in practice. Discarding two dominant and mutually exclusive notions, race as fact and race as fiction, I f…
Race, Time and Folded Objects: The HeLa Error
Given their commitment to practices, science studies have bestowed considerable attention upon objects. We have the boundary object, the standardized package, the network object, the immutable mobile, the fluid object, even a fire object has entered the scene. However, these objects do not provide us with a way of understanding their historicity. They are timeless, motionless pictures rather than things that change over time, and while enacting '…
Technologies of Belonging: The Absent Presence of Race in Europe
In many European countries, the explicit discussion of race as a biological phenomenon has long been avoided. This has not meant that race has become obsolete or irrelevant all together. Rather, it is a slippery object that keeps shifting and changing. To understand its slippery nature, we suggest that race in Europe is best viewed as an absent presence, something that oscillates between reality and nonreality, which appears on the surface and th…
Topologies of Race: Doing territory, population and identity in Europe
Territorial borders just like other boundaries are involved in a politics of belonging, a politics of "us" and "them". Border management regimes are thus part of processes of othering. In this article, we use the management of borders and populations in Europe as an empirical example to make a theoretical claim about race. We introduce the notion of the phenotypic other to argue that race is a topological object, an object that is spatially and t…
Technologies of Population: Forensic DNA Testing Practices and the Making of Differences and Similarities
This article is about population. My aim is to answer the question, what is population? Instead of defining it myself or asking geneticists what it is, I want to trace population in genetic practices and to observe how it is embodied in them. Toward this end, I analyze a forensic case. My analysis results in two arguments: first, that geneticists cannot know the individual without a population; second, that in genetic practices neither the indivi…
Fragile differences, relational effects: Stories about the materiality of race and sex
This article is about the materiality of difference, about race, sex and sexual differences among others. To find out about these differences and their materialities, this article looks not into bodies but rather at how bodies are positioned in spaces and how they are enacted in practice. In the first part of the article, the focus is on the relationality of identities and how they are made and unmade in specific practices. The second part of the…
Tentacular Faces: Race and the Return of the Phenotype in Forensic Identification
The face, just like DNA, is taken to represent a unique individual. This article proposes to move beyond this representational model and to attend to the work that a face can do. I introduce the concept of tentacularity to capture the multiple works accomplished by the face. Drawing on the example of DNA phenotyping, which is used to produce a composite face of an unknown suspect, I first show that this novel technology does not so much produce t…
Ethnicizing sexuality: An analysis of research practices in the Netherlands
Ethnicity is a frequently used measure in research into youth and sexuality in the Netherlands, a country known and admired for its favourable sexual health outcomes. This paper critically examines the production of knowledge about sexuality and ethnicity in the Netherlands. It traces the concept of ethnicity through four research practices (rationales of taking up ethnicity and compiling research populations; determining ethnicity; statistical c…
Harraga: Burning borders, navigating colonialism
In this article I introduce the non-English word, harraga, to address the convoluted nature of migration, death, borders and colonial legacies. My empirical material comes from the south of Tunisia. I draw on practices of migration from Tunisia, the extraction of resources and its effect on the economy of the country, and the washing ashore of bodies on the southern Tunisian coast. I also reflect on the recent European border management in this a…
Identifying dead migrants: Forensic Care Work and Relational Citizenship
The Mediterranean Sea has become an iconic site in the so-called migration crisis. Thousands of dead bodies have washed up on the southern beaches of Europe. We draw on ethnographic material collected at sites in Italy where the bodies of drowned migrants have been cared for by professionals and volunteers. We argue that while caring for the dead allows them to be identified as persons, it also produces relationships that go beyond formal citizen…
Knowing “the Roma: Visual technologies of sorting populations and the policing of mobility in Europe
This paper examines ways of knowing “the Roma” as a category of people. It attends to mobility and its obstructions, and the ways that coincide with bureaucratic, institutional, and everyday modes of sorting and racializing groups of people. Our case study is situated in Romania. Whereas “the Roma” do not exist as a category in the Romanian national registry of citizens, mainstream public discourses regarding “Roma migration” have significantly p…
Encountering the Face-Unraveling Race
The Mitochondrial eve of modern genetics: Of peoples and genomes, or the routinization of race
In June 2000 the sequence of the complete human genome was presented to the world by science, politics and commerce. Since then, we have learned that the work of the Human Genome Project is not yet
The Trouble with Race in Forensic Identification
The capacity of contemporary forensic genetics has rendered "race" into an interesting tool to produce clues about the identity of an unknown suspect. Whereas the conventional use of DNA profiling was primarily aimed at the individual suspect, more recently a shift of interest in forensic genetics has taken place, in which the population and the family to whom an unknown suspect allegedly belongs, has moved center stage. Making inferences about t…
Equal before the Law: On the Machinery of Sameness in Forensic DNA Practice
The social and legal implications of forensic DNA are paramount. For this reason, forensic DNA enjoys ample attention from legal, bioethics, and science and technology studies scholars. This article contributes to the scholarship by focusing on the neglected issue of sameness. We investigate a forensic courtroom case which started in the early '90s and focus on three modes of making similarities: (1) creating equality before the law, (2) making i…
The high-profile case as ‘fire object’: Following the Marianne Vaatstra murder case through the media
In 1999 a girl named Marianne Vaatstra was found murdered in a rural area in the Netherlands. In 2012 the perpetrator was arrested. Throughout this period as well as thereafter, the Vaatstra case was never far removed from media attention and public debate. How did this murder become such a high-profile case? In this article we employ the concept of the 'fire object' to examine the high-profileness of the Vaatstra case. Law and Singleton's fire m…
Contrasts and Comparisons: Three Practices of Forensic Investigation
Forensic DNA practice is about identification and thus about making individuality. Yet in order for this to be possible an individual has to be placed in a population, a precondition which has caused problems for the forensic community. For given the lack of a standard biological definition, what is a population? Meanwhile forensic DNA has come of age, bypassing the problem of population, irrespective of the definition applied, through scale and …
The impact of physical distancing on socially vulnerable people needing care during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Netherlands
What was the impact of physical distancing on socially vulnerable groups needing care during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in the Netherlands? We conducted repeated qualitative interviews with 141 people in care relationships and 106 professionals, and two repeated surveys among older populations outside ( n = 1697) and inside long-term care facilities ( n = 2619). Findings show a diversity of experiences, ranging from relative calmness an…
Curious about race: Generous methods and modes of knowing in practice
What is race? And how does it figure in different scientific practices? To answer these questions, I suggest that we need to know race differently. Rather than defining race or looking for one conclusive answer to what it is, I propose methods that are open-ended, that allow us to follow race around, while remaining curious as to what it is. I suggest that we pursue generous methods . Drawing on empirical examples of forensic identification techn…
Race and sameness: On the limits of beyond race and the art of staying with the trouble
In this commentary I argue that rather than going beyond race, we need to ‘stay with the trouble’ of race (Haraway 2016). Race, I want to suggest, is precisely ‘trouble’ because it is produced and sustained in everyday practices. To make this more tangible, I will zoom in on one specific case, a homicide case, that was eventually solved through forensic technologies and attend to the impact of the case on society. Analyzing responses in the media…
Technologies of Population: Forensic DNA Testing Practices and the Making of Differences and Similarities
This article is about population. My aim is to answer the question, what is population? Instead of defining it myself or asking geneticists what it is, I want to trace population in genetic practices and to observe how it is embodied in them. Toward this end, I analyze a forensic case. My analysis results in two arguments: first, that geneticists cannot know the individual without a population; second, that in genetic practices neither the indivi…
The Human Genome Diversity Project: An Ethnography of Scientific Practice
The Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) was launched in 1991 by a group of population geneticists whose aim was to map genetic diversity in hundreds of human populations by tracing the similarities and differences between them. It quickly became controversial and was accused of racism and 'bad science' because of the special interest paid to sampling cell material from isolated and indigenous populations. The author spent a year carrying out pa…
The Mitochondrial eve of modern genetics: Of peoples and genomes, or the routinization of race
In June 2000 the sequence of the complete human genome was presented to the world by science, politics and commerce. Since then, we have learned that the work of the Human Genome Project is not yet
Silent Witness, Articulate Collective: Dna Evidence and the Inference of Visible Traits
DNA profiling is a well‐established technology for use in the criminal justice system, both in courtrooms and elsewhere. The fact that DNA profiles are based on non‐coding DNA and do not reveal details about the physical appearance of an individual has contributed to the acceptability of this type of evidence. Its success in criminal investigation, combined with major innovations in the field of genetics, have contributed to a change of role for …
Contrasts and Comparisons: Three Practices of Forensic Investigation
Forensic DNA practice is about identification and thus about making individuality. Yet in order for this to be possible an individual has to be placed in a population, a precondition which has caused problems for the forensic community. For given the lack of a standard biological definition, what is a population? Meanwhile forensic DNA has come of age, bypassing the problem of population, irrespective of the definition applied, through scale and …
Masclianae / Henchir Sidi Abdelkader (Tunisie)
O. Cuntz, p. 7 et 8) : on y relve des indications chiffres assez prcises : 36 milles entre Masclianae et Sufetula, 18 milles entre Masclianae et Aquae regiae
Fragile differences, relational effects: Stories about the materiality of race and sex
This article is about the materiality of difference, about race, sex and sexual differences among others. To find out about these differences and their materialities, this article looks not into bodies but rather at how bodies are positioned in spaces and how they are enacted in practice. In the first part of the article, the focus is on the relationality of identities and how they are made and unmade in specific practices. The second part of the…
Equal before the Law: On the Machinery of Sameness in Forensic DNA Practice
The social and legal implications of forensic DNA are paramount. For this reason, forensic DNA enjoys ample attention from legal, bioethics, and science and technology studies scholars. This article contributes to the scholarship by focusing on the neglected issue of sameness. We investigate a forensic courtroom case which started in the early '90s and focus on three modes of making similarities: (1) creating equality before the law, (2) making i…
Beyond Fact or Fiction: On the Materiality of Race in Practice
What is biological race and how is it made relevant by specific practices? How do we address the materiality of biological race without pigeonholing it? And how do we write about it without reifying race as a singular object? This article engages with biological race not by debunking or trivializing it, but by investigating how it is enacted in practice. Discarding two dominant and mutually exclusive notions, race as fact and race as fiction, I f…
Topologies of Race: Doing territory, population and identity in Europe
Territorial borders just like other boundaries are involved in a politics of belonging, a politics of "us" and "them". Border management regimes are thus part of processes of othering. In this article, we use the management of borders and populations in Europe as an empirical example to make a theoretical claim about race. We introduce the notion of the phenotypic other to argue that race is a topological object, an object that is spatially and t…
Technologies of Belonging: The Absent Presence of Race in Europe
In many European countries, the explicit discussion of race as a biological phenomenon has long been avoided. This has not meant that race has become obsolete or irrelevant all together. Rather, it is a slippery object that keeps shifting and changing. To understand its slippery nature, we suggest that race in Europe is best viewed as an absent presence, something that oscillates between reality and nonreality, which appears on the surface and th…
Race, Time and Folded Objects: The HeLa Error
Given their commitment to practices, science studies have bestowed considerable attention upon objects. We have the boundary object, the standardized package, the network object, the immutable mobile, the fluid object, even a fire object has entered the scene. However, these objects do not provide us with a way of understanding their historicity. They are timeless, motionless pictures rather than things that change over time, and while enacting '…
The high-profile case as ‘fire object’: Following the Marianne Vaatstra murder case through the media
In 1999 a girl named Marianne Vaatstra was found murdered in a rural area in the Netherlands. In 2012 the perpetrator was arrested. Throughout this period as well as thereafter, the Vaatstra case was never far removed from media attention and public debate. How did this murder become such a high-profile case? In this article we employ the concept of the 'fire object' to examine the high-profileness of the Vaatstra case. Law and Singleton's fire m…
Ethnicizing sexuality: An analysis of research practices in the Netherlands
Ethnicity is a frequently used measure in research into youth and sexuality in the Netherlands, a country known and admired for its favourable sexual health outcomes. This paper critically examines the production of knowledge about sexuality and ethnicity in the Netherlands. It traces the concept of ethnicity through four research practices (rationales of taking up ethnicity and compiling research populations; determining ethnicity; statistical c…
Knowing “the Roma: Visual technologies of sorting populations and the policing of mobility in Europe
This paper examines ways of knowing “the Roma” as a category of people. It attends to mobility and its obstructions, and the ways that coincide with bureaucratic, institutional, and everyday modes of sorting and racializing groups of people. Our case study is situated in Romania. Whereas “the Roma” do not exist as a category in the Romanian national registry of citizens, mainstream public discourses regarding “Roma migration” have significantly p…
Identifying dead migrants: Forensic Care Work and Relational Citizenship
The Mediterranean Sea has become an iconic site in the so-called migration crisis. Thousands of dead bodies have washed up on the southern beaches of Europe. We draw on ethnographic material collected at sites in Italy where the bodies of drowned migrants have been cared for by professionals and volunteers. We argue that while caring for the dead allows them to be identified as persons, it also produces relationships that go beyond formal citizen…
Facing the unknown suspect: Forensic DNA phenotyping and the oscillation between the individual and the collective
Doing the individual and the collective in forensic genetics: Governance, race and restitution
The Trouble with Race in Forensic Identification
The capacity of contemporary forensic genetics has rendered "race" into an interesting tool to produce clues about the identity of an unknown suspect. Whereas the conventional use of DNA profiling was primarily aimed at the individual suspect, more recently a shift of interest in forensic genetics has taken place, in which the population and the family to whom an unknown suspect allegedly belongs, has moved center stage. Making inferences about t…
Translating a title: On other terms
Present-day academic work is mostly done in English.What happens, or so the contributions to this monograph ask, when we open a few windows, let in some air, and invite elements drawn from other linguistic traditions into our texts?Doing so does not simply mean welcoming other words.Along with this it also changes the conditions, the terms, that stipulate what is, and what is not, good -proper, interesting, international, academic -writing.To exe…
Harraga: Burning borders, navigating colonialism
In this article I introduce the non-English word, harraga, to address the convoluted nature of migration, death, borders and colonial legacies. My empirical material comes from the south of Tunisia. I draw on practices of migration from Tunisia, the extraction of resources and its effect on the economy of the country, and the washing ashore of bodies on the southern Tunisian coast. I also reflect on the recent European border management in this a…
Encountering the Face-Unraveling Race
Tentacular Faces: Race and the Return of the Phenotype in Forensic Identification
The face, just like DNA, is taken to represent a unique individual. This article proposes to move beyond this representational model and to attend to the work that a face can do. I introduce the concept of tentacularity to capture the multiple works accomplished by the face. Drawing on the example of DNA phenotyping, which is used to produce a composite face of an unknown suspect, I first show that this novel technology does not so much produce t…
Keeping race at bay: Familial DNA research, the ‘Turkish Community,’ and the pragmatics of multiple collectives in investigative practice
In this contribution, we analyze the recently adjudicated Milica van Doorn rape and murder case. In this case, committed in 1992, no suspect could be identified until investigatory actors employed familial DNA searching in 2017. Crucially, familial DNA typing raised the possibility of ethnic and racial stereotyping and profiling, particularly against the background of the first case in which familial DNA typing was used in the Netherlands: the Ma…
Race and Biomedicine Beyond the Lab: 21St Century Mobilisations of Genetics—Introduction to the Special Issue
Sociology (28 works) · Race, Genetics, and Society (22 works) · Gender Studies (14 works) · Computer Science (13 works) · Criminology (13 works) · Political science (13 works) · Geographies of human-animal interactions (12 works) · Law (12 works) · Psychology (10 works) · Biology (9 works)