L Freeman
Biographic Data
| ID | 956 |
|---|---|
| NAME | L Freeman |
| GIVEN NAMES | L |
| FAMILY NAME | Freeman |
| SIGNATURE | FREEMAN L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Columbia University |
| ORCID | 0009-0000-0050-8478 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 37 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 588 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 37 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1960 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Before the ground breaks: Is inclusionary zoning a shield or a signal of gentrification
The impact of the built environment on human mobility patterns during Covid-19: A study of New York City's Open Streets Program
Brandi Thompson Summers. Black in Place: The Spatial Aesthetics of Race in a Post-Chocolate City
Journal Article Brandi Thompson Summers. Black in Place: The Spatial Aesthetics of Race in a Post-Chocolate City. Get access Brandi Thompson Summers. Black in Place: The Spatial Aesthetics of Race in a Post-Chocolate City. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. Pp. 256. Lance Freeman Lance Freeman University of Pennslvania Email: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Am…
Where Do They Go? The Destinations of Residents Moving from Gentrifying Neighborhoods
The fate of residents living in gentrifying neighborhoods remains an important yet little understood outcome of the gentrification process. In this study, we assess the effects of gentrification on mobility patterns using the geocoded version of the panel study of income dynamics (PSID), a nationally representative longitudinal survey of households. While many studies examine whether residents move from gentrifying neighborhoods, few study their …
Up-and-Coming or Down-and-Out? Social Media Popularity as an Indicator of Neighborhood Change
By quantifying Twitter activity and sentiment for each of 274 neighborhood areas in New York City, this study introduces the Neighborhood Popularity Index and correlates changes in the index with real estate prices, a common measure of neighborhood change. Results show that social media provide both a near-real-time indicator of shifting attitudes toward neighborhoods and an early warning measure of future changes in neighborhood composition and …
Residential Segregation at the Dawn of the Great Migration: Evidence from the 1910 and 1920 Census
The second decade of the twentieth century is viewed as the pivotal period for ghetto formation in the United States. This decade witnessed the onset of the Great Migration and it was during this time that modern ghettos, massive agglomerations of tens of thousands of Blacks and virtually only Blacks, became visible. Despite the importance of this period for ghetto formation and the subsequent segregation experienced by Blacks, our understanding …
A Haven and a Hell: The Ghetto in Black America
The black ghetto is thought of as a place of urban decay and social disarray. Like the historical ghetto of Venice, it is perceived as a space of confinement, one imposed on black America by whites. It is the home of a marginalized underclass and a sign of the depth of American segregation. Yet while black urban neighborhoods have suffered from institutional racism and economic neglect, they have also been places of refuge and community.In A Have…
The roots of urban renaissance , by Brian D. Goldstein: Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2017
Race, Class, and Gentrification in Brooklyn: A View from the Street
Thoughts on Residential Segregation—An Introduction
For over a century, residential segregation by race has been a hallmark of urban America.The segregation of blacks, and to a lesser extent other minorities, played a major role in shaping their urban experience and has reshaped city life in America.Sociologists have been at the forefront of documenting the degree of segregation in American cities, explicating the causes and describing its impacts.The voluminous literature that is the result of so…
Displacement and gentrification in England and Wales: A quasi-experimental approach
Using event history methods we examine the relationship between residential mobility and gentrification in England and Wales. While our models of residential mobility conform to the life-cycle explanations of mobility, we find little evidence of elevated mobility in gentrifying neighbourhoods. This finding is robust across a variety of specifications. We conclude by discussing possible explanations for this counter-intuitive result
White Entry into Black Neighborhoods: Advent of a New Era
This article considers whites' entry into black neighborhoods. The historical review in the first part of the article shows such entry to have been exceedingly rare during the twentieth century. Our analysis of trends in white entry into black neighborhoods for the period 1980-2010 documents a substantial increase in white entry for the 2000-10 decade. We speculate that the increase in white entry into black neighborhoods was due to declining rac…
Do Source of Income Anti-discrimination Laws Facilitate Access to Less Disadvantaged Neighborhoods
Vouchers have come to be seen as a tool for promoting economic and racial/ethnic integration. Discrimination based on Source of Income (SOI), however, could hinder the use of vouchers to move to more desirable neighborhoods. State and local SOI anti-discrimination laws (SOI laws) are one policy response to address this issue. SOI laws make it illegal for landlords to discriminate against voucher recipients solely on the basis of their having a vo…
The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York by Suleiman Osman
Suleiman Osman, The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).The Invention of Brownstone Brookl
Neighborhood Walkability and Active Travel (Walking and Cycling) in New York City
Urban Planning and Health Equity
Planning for Evaluation: Using Regression Discontinuity to Evaluate Targeted Place-Based Programs
This article introduces a quasi-experimental research design known as regression discontinuity (RD) to the planning community. The RD design assigns program participants to a treatment or a control group based on certain cutoff criteria. We argue that the RD design can be especially useful in evaluating targeted place-based programs. The article describes how RD works and compares it with other commonly used evaluation techniques. We also present…
African American Locational Attainment before the Civil Rights Era
The conventional wisdom is that due to intense discrimination, prior to the Civil Rights era blacks of all classes lived side by side. Individual socioeconomic status did not translate into improved locational outcomes according to this view. But several historical case studies suggest that upper–stratum blacks did indeed live in neighborhoods set apart from their poorer brethren. This study uses individual–level data from the 1910–1950 Public Us…
Neighborhood Food Environment and Walkability Predict Obesity in New York City
BACKGROUND: Differences in the neighborhood food environment may contribute to disparities in obesity. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of neighborhood food environments with body mass index (BMI) and obesity after control for neighborhood walkability. METHODS: This study employed a cross-sectional, multilevel analysis of BMI and obesity among 13,102 adult residents of New York City. We constructed measures of …
An Expression of Appreciation
Neighbourhood Diversity, Metropolitan Segregation and Gentrification: What Are the Links in the US
An important yet little understood aspect of gentrification is the extent to which it affects spatial relations between various social groups. This study employs two measures of gentrification to discern how it is related to neighbourhood-level diversity and metropolitan-level segregation in the US by race and class respectively. It is found that gentrification does not decrease neighbourhood-level diversity. The evidence on whether gentrificatio…
Comment on ‘The Eviction of Critical Perspectives from Gentrification Research’
'The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research’ offers the premise that scholars are becoming less critical of gentrification and that this trend is detrimental to those most vulnerable to gentrification. This argument falls short on a number of grounds. First, the article does not persuasively show that the scholarly literature on gentrification has indeed become less critical. More significantly, Slater does not consider pe…
Personal and neighborhood socioeconomic status and indices of neighborhood walk-ability predict body mass index in New York City
Is Class Becoming a More Important Determinant of Neighborhood Attainment for African-Americans
In the wake of the civil rights era, it is generally thought that the importance of class in determining social outcomes has increased. The extent to which this is true for locational outcomes, however, is unclear. This article examines how Blacks' ability to translate individual characteristics into locational outcomes changed over the period from 1970 to 2000. The results presented here show that higher socioeconomic status Blacks have more Whi…
The Urban Built Environment and Obesity in New York City: A Multilevel Analysis
PURPOSE: To examine whether urban form is associated with body size within a densely-settled city. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis using multilevel modeling to relate body mass index (BMI) to built environment resources. SETTING: Census tracts (n = 1989) within the five boroughs of New York City. SUBJECTS: Adult volunteers (n = 13,102) from the five boroughs of New York City recruited between January 2000 and December 2002. MEASURES: The depende…
Displacement or Succession: Residential Mobility in Gentrifying Neighborhoods
This article examines the extent to which gentrification in U.S. neighborhoods is associated with displacement by comparing mobility and displacement in gentrifying neighborhoods with mobility and displacement in similar neighborhoods that did not undergo gentrification. The results suggest that displacement and higher mobility play minor if any roles as forces of change in gentrifying neighborhoods. Demographic change in gentrifying neighborhood…
Neighbourhood Diversity, Metropolitan Segregation and Gentrification: What Are the Links in the US
An important yet little understood aspect of gentrification is the extent to which it affects spatial relations between various social groups. This study employs two measures of gentrification to discern how it is related to neighbourhood-level diversity and metropolitan-level segregation in the US by race and class respectively. It is found that gentrification does not decrease neighbourhood-level diversity. The evidence on whether gentrificatio…
Minority Housing Segregation: A Test of Three Perspectives
Prior research on the residential patterns of minorities has generally found that relative to other minorities, African Americans are substantially less likely to reside in proximity to whites. These earlier studies, however, failed to consider whether preferences for integration with whites or household wealth played any role in shaping the patterns that were observed. The research presented here shows that both residential preferences and house…
Does Spatial Assimilation Work for Black Immigrants in the US
This paper uses the following theoretical perspectives to explain the segregation patterns of foreign Blacks in the US: the spatial assimilation model, which posits that immigrants will achieve greater residential proximity to native Whites as they acculturate and become upwardly mobile; the primacy of race model that sees race as trumping all other characteristics in determining spatial relations with Whites and Blacks; and, the ethnic identity …
White Entry into Black Neighborhoods: Advent of a New Era
This article considers whites' entry into black neighborhoods. The historical review in the first part of the article shows such entry to have been exceedingly rare during the twentieth century. Our analysis of trends in white entry into black neighborhoods for the period 1980-2010 documents a substantial increase in white entry for the 2000-10 decade. We speculate that the increase in white entry into black neighborhoods was due to declining rac…
Displacement and gentrification in England and Wales: A quasi-experimental approach
Using event history methods we examine the relationship between residential mobility and gentrification in England and Wales. While our models of residential mobility conform to the life-cycle explanations of mobility, we find little evidence of elevated mobility in gentrifying neighbourhoods. This finding is robust across a variety of specifications. We conclude by discussing possible explanations for this counter-intuitive result
Is Class Becoming a More Important Determinant of Neighborhood Attainment for African-Americans
In the wake of the civil rights era, it is generally thought that the importance of class in determining social outcomes has increased. The extent to which this is true for locational outcomes, however, is unclear. This article examines how Blacks' ability to translate individual characteristics into locational outcomes changed over the period from 1970 to 2000. The results presented here show that higher socioeconomic status Blacks have more Whi…
Personal and neighborhood socioeconomic status and indices of neighborhood walk-ability predict body mass index in New York City
Black Homeownership: The Role of Temporal Changes and Residential Segregation at the End of the 20th Century
Objective. This study examines how the odds of a black renter becoming a homeowner changed during the 1990s, considering significant policy changes aimed at dismantling discriminatory barriers to nonwhite homeownership during that time period and various housing‐market characteristics, including the level of residential segregation. Methods. This study uses geocoded data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and from the 1990 and 2000 Censuses …
Where Do They Go? The Destinations of Residents Moving from Gentrifying Neighborhoods
The fate of residents living in gentrifying neighborhoods remains an important yet little understood outcome of the gentrification process. In this study, we assess the effects of gentrification on mobility patterns using the geocoded version of the panel study of income dynamics (PSID), a nationally representative longitudinal survey of households. While many studies examine whether residents move from gentrifying neighborhoods, few study their …
Urban Planning and Health Equity
Neighborhood Walkability and Active Travel (Walking and Cycling) in New York City
Do Source of Income Anti-discrimination Laws Facilitate Access to Less Disadvantaged Neighborhoods
Vouchers have come to be seen as a tool for promoting economic and racial/ethnic integration. Discrimination based on Source of Income (SOI), however, could hinder the use of vouchers to move to more desirable neighborhoods. State and local SOI anti-discrimination laws (SOI laws) are one policy response to address this issue. SOI laws make it illegal for landlords to discriminate against voucher recipients solely on the basis of their having a vo…
A Note on the Influence of African Heritage on Segregation: The Case of Dominicans
The African heritage hypothesis posits that the substantial African ancestry of Puerto Ricans explains why this group is less segregated from African-Americans than non-Hispanic whites. This pattern is unlike that of other Hispanic groups, who have been found to be highly segregated from African-Americans but modestly segregated from whites. The research presented here shows that Dominicans, another Hispanic group with substantial African ancestr…
America's Affordable Housing Crisis: A Contract Unfulfilled
For many poor Americans, having a decent home and suitable living environment remains a dream. This lack of adequate housing is not only a burden for many of the poor, but it is harmful to the larger society as well, because of the adverse effects of inadequate housing on public health. Not only is the failure to provide adequate housing shortsighted from a policy perspective, but it is also a failure to live up to societal obligations. There is …
Residential Segregation at the Dawn of the Great Migration: Evidence from the 1910 and 1920 Census
The second decade of the twentieth century is viewed as the pivotal period for ghetto formation in the United States. This decade witnessed the onset of the Great Migration and it was during this time that modern ghettos, massive agglomerations of tens of thousands of Blacks and virtually only Blacks, became visible. Despite the importance of this period for ghetto formation and the subsequent segregation experienced by Blacks, our understanding …
Planning for Evaluation: Using Regression Discontinuity to Evaluate Targeted Place-Based Programs
This article introduces a quasi-experimental research design known as regression discontinuity (RD) to the planning community. The RD design assigns program participants to a treatment or a control group based on certain cutoff criteria. We argue that the RD design can be especially useful in evaluating targeted place-based programs. The article describes how RD works and compares it with other commonly used evaluation techniques. We also present…
African American Locational Attainment before the Civil Rights Era
The conventional wisdom is that due to intense discrimination, prior to the Civil Rights era blacks of all classes lived side by side. Individual socioeconomic status did not translate into improved locational outcomes according to this view. But several historical case studies suggest that upper–stratum blacks did indeed live in neighborhoods set apart from their poorer brethren. This study uses individual–level data from the 1910–1950 Public Us…
The changing determinants of inter‐racial home ownership disparities: New York City in the 1990s
The 1990s witnessed significant changes in home ownership policy that were designed to reduce disparities in home ownership rates between whites and non‐whites. The study finds evidence that the policies were, indeed, effective in reducing home ownership disparities between whites and non‐whites. In this study data from the New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey (NYCHVS) are used to examine ethnic/racial home ownership rate disparities. Decompo…
Race, Class, and Gentrification in Brooklyn: A View from the Street
Thoughts on Residential Segregation—An Introduction
For over a century, residential segregation by race has been a hallmark of urban America.The segregation of blacks, and to a lesser extent other minorities, played a major role in shaping their urban experience and has reshaped city life in America.Sociologists have been at the forefront of documenting the degree of segregation in American cities, explicating the causes and describing its impacts.The voluminous literature that is the result of so…
Compute your network
Projected Symptoms of Old Age and Present Personal Assessment
Boxicity and the social context of Swedish literary criticism, 1881?1883
Compute your network
A Note on the Influence of African Heritage on Segregation: The Case of Dominicans
The African heritage hypothesis posits that the substantial African ancestry of Puerto Ricans explains why this group is less segregated from African-Americans than non-Hispanic whites. This pattern is unlike that of other Hispanic groups, who have been found to be highly segregated from African-Americans but modestly segregated from whites. The research presented here shows that Dominicans, another Hispanic group with substantial African ancestr…
Minority Housing Segregation: A Test of Three Perspectives
Prior research on the residential patterns of minorities has generally found that relative to other minorities, African Americans are substantially less likely to reside in proximity to whites. These earlier studies, however, failed to consider whether preferences for integration with whites or household wealth played any role in shaping the patterns that were observed. The research presented here shows that both residential preferences and house…
The Effects of Sprawl on Neighborhood Social Ties: An Explanatory Analysis
The notion that sprawl, in the form of low-density, auto-dependent neighborhoods, is inimical to neighborhood social bonds is a recurrent theme in the planning literature. Although this seems like common sense, relatively little empirical evidence exists to support this notion. This article tests this thesis using data from a cross-sectional survey of adults in Atlanta, Boston, and Los Angeles and from the 1990 decennial census. Although resident…
America's Affordable Housing Crisis: A Contract Unfulfilled
For many poor Americans, having a decent home and suitable living environment remains a dream. This lack of adequate housing is not only a burden for many of the poor, but it is harmful to the larger society as well, because of the adverse effects of inadequate housing on public health. Not only is the failure to provide adequate housing shortsighted from a policy perspective, but it is also a failure to live up to societal obligations. There is …
Does Spatial Assimilation Work for Black Immigrants in the US
This paper uses the following theoretical perspectives to explain the segregation patterns of foreign Blacks in the US: the spatial assimilation model, which posits that immigrants will achieve greater residential proximity to native Whites as they acculturate and become upwardly mobile; the primacy of race model that sees race as trumping all other characteristics in determining spatial relations with Whites and Blacks; and, the ethnic identity …
Gentrification and Displacement New York City in the 1990s
Gentrification has been viewed by some as a solution to many of the problems facing older central cities. At the same time, many are wary of the potential for gentrification to displace disadvantaged residents. To date, however, surprisingly little reliable evidence has been produced about the magnitude of this problem that could guide planners, policymakers, or community-based organizations. The study described in this article attempts to fill t…
The changing determinants of inter‐racial home ownership disparities: New York City in the 1990s
The 1990s witnessed significant changes in home ownership policy that were designed to reduce disparities in home ownership rates between whites and non‐whites. The study finds evidence that the policies were, indeed, effective in reducing home ownership disparities between whites and non‐whites. In this study data from the New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey (NYCHVS) are used to examine ethnic/racial home ownership rate disparities. Decompo…
Black Homeownership: The Role of Temporal Changes and Residential Segregation at the End of the 20th Century
Objective. This study examines how the odds of a black renter becoming a homeowner changed during the 1990s, considering significant policy changes aimed at dismantling discriminatory barriers to nonwhite homeownership during that time period and various housing‐market characteristics, including the level of residential segregation. Methods. This study uses geocoded data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and from the 1990 and 2000 Censuses …
Displacement or Succession: Residential Mobility in Gentrifying Neighborhoods
This article examines the extent to which gentrification in U.S. neighborhoods is associated with displacement by comparing mobility and displacement in gentrifying neighborhoods with mobility and displacement in similar neighborhoods that did not undergo gentrification. The results suggest that displacement and higher mobility play minor if any roles as forces of change in gentrifying neighborhoods. Demographic change in gentrifying neighborhood…
The Urban Built Environment and Obesity in New York City: A Multilevel Analysis
PURPOSE: To examine whether urban form is associated with body size within a densely-settled city. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis using multilevel modeling to relate body mass index (BMI) to built environment resources. SETTING: Census tracts (n = 1989) within the five boroughs of New York City. SUBJECTS: Adult volunteers (n = 13,102) from the five boroughs of New York City recruited between January 2000 and December 2002. MEASURES: The depende…
Comment on ‘The Eviction of Critical Perspectives from Gentrification Research’
'The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research’ offers the premise that scholars are becoming less critical of gentrification and that this trend is detrimental to those most vulnerable to gentrification. This argument falls short on a number of grounds. First, the article does not persuasively show that the scholarly literature on gentrification has indeed become less critical. More significantly, Slater does not consider pe…
Personal and neighborhood socioeconomic status and indices of neighborhood walk-ability predict body mass index in New York City
Is Class Becoming a More Important Determinant of Neighborhood Attainment for African-Americans
In the wake of the civil rights era, it is generally thought that the importance of class in determining social outcomes has increased. The extent to which this is true for locational outcomes, however, is unclear. This article examines how Blacks' ability to translate individual characteristics into locational outcomes changed over the period from 1970 to 2000. The results presented here show that higher socioeconomic status Blacks have more Whi…
Neighborhood Food Environment and Walkability Predict Obesity in New York City
BACKGROUND: Differences in the neighborhood food environment may contribute to disparities in obesity. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of neighborhood food environments with body mass index (BMI) and obesity after control for neighborhood walkability. METHODS: This study employed a cross-sectional, multilevel analysis of BMI and obesity among 13,102 adult residents of New York City. We constructed measures of …
An Expression of Appreciation
Neighbourhood Diversity, Metropolitan Segregation and Gentrification: What Are the Links in the US
An important yet little understood aspect of gentrification is the extent to which it affects spatial relations between various social groups. This study employs two measures of gentrification to discern how it is related to neighbourhood-level diversity and metropolitan-level segregation in the US by race and class respectively. It is found that gentrification does not decrease neighbourhood-level diversity. The evidence on whether gentrificatio…
African American Locational Attainment before the Civil Rights Era
The conventional wisdom is that due to intense discrimination, prior to the Civil Rights era blacks of all classes lived side by side. Individual socioeconomic status did not translate into improved locational outcomes according to this view. But several historical case studies suggest that upper–stratum blacks did indeed live in neighborhoods set apart from their poorer brethren. This study uses individual–level data from the 1910–1950 Public Us…
Urban Planning and Health Equity
Planning for Evaluation: Using Regression Discontinuity to Evaluate Targeted Place-Based Programs
This article introduces a quasi-experimental research design known as regression discontinuity (RD) to the planning community. The RD design assigns program participants to a treatment or a control group based on certain cutoff criteria. We argue that the RD design can be especially useful in evaluating targeted place-based programs. The article describes how RD works and compares it with other commonly used evaluation techniques. We also present…
Neighborhood Walkability and Active Travel (Walking and Cycling) in New York City
The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York by Suleiman Osman
Suleiman Osman, The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).The Invention of Brownstone Brookl
Do Source of Income Anti-discrimination Laws Facilitate Access to Less Disadvantaged Neighborhoods
Vouchers have come to be seen as a tool for promoting economic and racial/ethnic integration. Discrimination based on Source of Income (SOI), however, could hinder the use of vouchers to move to more desirable neighborhoods. State and local SOI anti-discrimination laws (SOI laws) are one policy response to address this issue. SOI laws make it illegal for landlords to discriminate against voucher recipients solely on the basis of their having a vo…
Sociology (24 works) · Geography (22 works) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (21 works) · Economics (19 works) · Demographic economics (15 works) · Political science (15 works) · Demography (11 works) · Economic growth (11 works) · Psychology (10 works) · Gentrification (9 works)