Ursula Mckenna
Biographic Data
| ID | 961209 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ursula Mckenna |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ursula |
| FAMILY NAME | Mckenna |
| SIGNATURE | MCKENNA U |
| AFFILIATIONS | Bishop Grosseteste University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2625-7731 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 68 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 3 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 68 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2017 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
A Replication Study Testing the Construct Validity and Internal Consistency Reliability of the Francis Burnout Inventory Revised Among Catholic Priests in Italy
This replication study draws on data provided by a snowball sample of 264 Catholic priests serving in Italy to test the construct validity of the operationalisation of the balanced affect conceptualisation of good work-related psychological wellbeing among clergy proposed by the Francis Burnout Inventory Revised. According to this conceptualisation, the detrimental effects of negative affect, as assessed by the Scale of Emotional Exhaustion in Mi…
The psychological type profile of the gatekeepers who book tickets online for cathedral installations: A replication study
Employing the Francis Psychological Type Scales, this study presents the psychological type profile of 493 individuals who booked tickets for a pre-Christmas son et lumiere in Liverpool Cathedral. The data replicates the findings of an earlier study among 778 similar participants. Intuitive types and perceiving types were underrepresented, with an over-representation of the Epimethean (SJ) temperament. The implications of these findings are discu…
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Francis Burnout Inventory for application among Christian clergy in Brazil
The Francis Burnout Inventory assesses work-related psychological wellbeing by two scales designed to measure emotional exhaustion in ministry and satisfaction in ministry, applying the theory of balanced affect. The objective of the present study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and test the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the Francis Burnout Inventory for the Brazilian context among a non-probabilistic sample…
Psychological type and charismatic orientation: A replication study among followers of Bishop Barron
In the context of an event in London animated by Bishop Barron during February 2025, 422 participants completed the Francis Psychological Type and Emotional Temperament Scales and the Traditional Charismatic Orientation Scale. The data demonstrated that higher scores of charismatic orientation were associated with preferences for extraversion, feeling, and perceiving. There was no association between charismatic orientation scores and emotionalit…
The Revised Turkish Francis Psychological Type Scales: Testing the factor structure, internal consistency reliability and test–retest reliability among university students
This study was designed to test the factor structure, internal consistency reliability and test–retest reliability of the Revised Turkish Francis Psychological Type Scales among a sample of 110 university students. These data supported the four-factor structure (with one-item cross-loading) and demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency reliability (with room for further improvement on the perceiving process). The test–retest data supported t…
Testing the factor structure, internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the Revised Turkish adaptation of the Francis Psychological Type Scales
The Francis Psychological Type Scales (FPTS) were developed during the early 2000s to operationalise the four components of psychological type theory within survey-style research, proposing measures of introversion and extraversion, sensing and intuition, feeling and thinking, judging and perceiving. Drawing on data provided by 743 university students, the present study examines the factor structure, internal consistency reliability and construct…
The psychological type profile of young adult members of the Student Christian Movement compared with church congregations
The Student Christian Movement positions itself among students as exploring the Christian faith in ways that are progressive, inclusive and radical. Drawing on psychological type theory and temperament theory, together with data provided by 129 female and 68 male young adults associated with the movement, this study illustrates how the profiles of these young men and women differ from the profiles of the men and women found in church congregation…
Connection Between Perceived Resilience and Work-Related Psychological Wellbeing Among Anglican Clergy in Wales: A Pilot Study
Drawing on data provided by a convenience sample of 123 clergy serving in parish ministry in the Church in Wales, this pilot study was designed to test the predictive power of the Brief Resilience Scale on individual differences in susceptibility to professional burnout as conceptualised and assessed by the Francis Burnout Inventory, after controlling for personal factors (sex and age) and personality factors (introversion and emotionality). The …
How Catholic and how charismatic are the followers of Bishop Barron? A study in personality theory
The mission and ministry of the Word on Fire Institute and of Bishop Barron focus interesting questions regarding the ongoing connection between Catholic identity and charismatic influence. The present empirical enquiry, rooted in personality theory and the psychology of religious orientation, explored the profile of 490 participants attending an event in central London animated by Bishop Barron. Participants completed measures of Catholic orient…
Faith in science, implicit religion and antipathy to religions: A study among Christian and non-religious students
Bailey’s notion of implicit religion is invoked to explore the conflict between science and religion in the adolescent mind. This conflict is reconceptualised in terms of the theologies of religion. On this account, belief in science (as implicit religion) when adopted as a fundamentalist or exclusive position excludes the validity of other religious belief-systems (in this case explicit religions). This thesis is tested by exploring the effect o…
Sustaining church attendance and a positive attitude toward Christianity among students at Church of England voluntary primary schools: Effects of parental church attendance and the perceived Christia…
This study employs data provided by 531 students attending year 3, 4, 5 and 6 classes within Church of England voluntary primary schools to examine the effect of perception of the Christian character of the school and the effect of parental church attendance on sustaining church attendance and a positive attitude toward Christianity among students, after taking into account the effects of sex and age. The data demonstrated first that the main pre…
Assessing the impact of a cathedral pre-Christmas son et lumiere on participants’ psychological wellbeing and spiritual health
This study employs The Index of Balanced Affect Change (TIBACh) and the Francis Index of Spiritual Health Change (FISH) to assess the perceived impact on 518 participants who attended the Starlight pre-Christmas son et lumiere in Liverpool Cathedral. The Index of Positive Affect Change demonstrated that up to two-thirds of the participants went away feeling more positive about life. The Index of Existential Spiritual Health Change demonstrated th…
Drawing on the concept of implicit religion and psychological type theory: Shaping a cathedral congregation survey and listening to diverse voices
Conceptualising cathedrals as welcoming spaces that soften the boundaries between common ground and sacred space, the present paper tests the thesis that a rich account of participants’ experience of a cathedral Sunday Choral Eucharist can be facilitated by intentionally engaging each of the four psychological functions identified by psychological type theory: sensing, intuition, feeling, and thinking (SIFT). Of the 139 participants who completed…
Accessing visitor evaluation of an immersive cathedral experience: Applying the Jungian lenses of feeling and thinking and Bailey’s theory of implicit religion
The SIFT hermeneutical approach, rooted in Jungian psychological type theory, distinguishes between two core cognitive processes: perceiving concerned with gathering information and judging concerned with evaluating information. The present study applies this approach to eliciting and interpreting visitor evaluation of an immersive cathedral installation (a pre-Christmas son et lumiere) by focusing on the evaluative lenses of feeling and thinking…
Accessing visitor perception of an immersive cathedral experience: Applying the Jungian lenses of sensing and intuition and Bailey’s theory of implicit religion
The SIFT hermeneutical approach, rooted in Jungian psychological type theory, distinguishes between two core cognitive processes: perceiving concerned with gathering information and judging concerned with evaluating information. The present study applies this approach to eliciting and interpreting visitor perceptions of an immersive cathedral installation (a pre-Christmas son et lumiere) by focusing on the perceiving lenses of sensing and intuiti…
Introducing the New Indices of God Images (Nigi): Distinguishing between God of Grace and God of Law
Building on a stream of research initiated by Benson and Spilka (1973) and drawing on insights afforded by empirical theology, the present study introduces the New Indices of God Images ( NIGI ) designed to distinguish between two divergent theological concepts of God, construed as God of Grace and God of Law, and each operationalised by brief three-item scales. Data provided by 5,269 students between the ages of 13 and 15 years who professed bel…
Assessing the Power of the Hexaco to Predict Professional Burnout Among Catholic Priests in Italy
This study tests the application of the HEXACO among Catholic priests and the power of this six factor model of personality to predict scores on the Francis Burnout Inventory among priests. Data provided by 264 priests serving in Italy lead to two conclusions. In this population three of the six scales of the HEXACO failed to display adequate levels of internal consistency reliability (emotionality, agreeableness, openness to experience). High sc…
Assessing the Power of the Francis Psychological Type and Emotional Temperament Scales (FPTETS) to Predict Professional Burnout alongside Lifestyle and Support Choices Among Catholic Priests in Portug…
This study was designed to test the power of personality, engagement with leisure activities, and professional support, in order to predict susceptibility to professional burnout among Catholic priests in Portugal. Data provided by 208 priests who completed both the Francis Psychological Type and Emotional Temperament Scales and the Francis Burnout Inventory demonstrated that reported levels of burnout were significantly lower among stable extrav…
Work-Related Psychological Wellbeing of Catholic Priests in Portugal: Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Francis Burnout Inventory
The present study was designed to translate the Francis Burnout Inventory Revised into Portuguese and to test this translation among a snowball sample of 266 Catholic priests serving in Portugal (91% diocesan). The data demonstrated: good internal consistency reliability for the two scales proposed by this instrument (negative affect, α = .89 and positive affect, α = .89); support for the association with a measure of self-compassion; and support…
Introducing the Short Index of Emotional Intelligence (Siei): Reliability and validity among Anglican clergy, Presbyterian ministers, and Salvation Army officers
In light of growing interest in employing measures of emotional intelligence in studies of clergy, the present study proposes a Short Index of Emotional Intelligence, drawing four sets of three items from the 33-item Schutte measure to map onto the domains of self-emotion appraisal, others emotion appraisal, use of emotion, and regulation of emotion. These 12 items were tested on data from three studies that employed the Schutte measure among 364…
Psychological Type, Emotional Temperament, and Burnout Among Catholic Priests in Brazil: A Pilot Empirical Enquiry
This study was designed to test the power of psychological type and emotional temperament to predict individual differences in self-perceived work-related psychological wellbeing and professional burnout among Catholic priests serving in Brazil. A snowball sample of 147 Catholic diocesan priests completed the Francis Burnout Inventory and the Francis Psychological Type and Emotional Temperament Scales. The Francis Burnout Inventory employs the mo…
Implicit religion, Anglican cathedrals, and spiritual wellbeing: The impact of carol services
Rooted in the field of cathedral studies, this paper draws into dialogue three bodies of knowledge: Edward Bailey’s notion of implicit religion that, among other things, highlights the continuing traction of the Christian tradition and Christian practice within secular societies; David Walker’s notion of the multiple ways through which in secular societies people may relate to the Christian tradition as embodied within the Anglican Church and Joh…
Exploring the responses of non-churchgoers to a cathedral pre-Christmas son et lumiere
Two conceptual strands of research within the field of cathedral studies have theorised the capacity of Anglican cathedrals to engage more successfully than parish churches with the wider non-churchgoing community. One strand has explored mobilising cathedral metaphors, and the other strand has explored the notion of implicit religion. Both strands illuminate the power of events and installations to soften the boundaries between common ground and…
Anglican cathedrals as ‘episcopal centres of learning’? A survey of current educational provision
Metaphors were introduced to the science of cathedral studies by Muskett in her book, Shop window, flagship, common ground. Such metaphors have the power to inform and shape the perception of cathedrals, but lack theological or ecclesial authority. Gary Hall’s analysis of The purpose of cathedrals offers a different approach to cathedral metaphors when he roots the purpose of cathedrals in the episcopal ordinal: cathedrals are mandated to do what…
Deeply Christian and serving the common good? A survey of Anglican cathedral provision for schools
The Church of England’s vision for education is generous and seeks to allow the riches of Christian life to overflow throughout schools. The vision is captured by the strapline ‘Deeply Christian, serving the common good’. The present study assesses the contribution made to service this vision by the 43 Anglican cathedrals within England and the Isle of Man. Drawing on a careful analysis of information presented by the websites of these cathedrals…
The Science of Cathedral Studies: Exploring Demographic Profile, Motivational Intentions, and Perceived Impact among those Attending the Holly Bough Service in Liverpool Cathedral
The Holly Bough service is a unique pre-Christmas event, combining musical excellence and theological depth, crafted by the founding dean of Liverpool Cathedral in the early twentieth century for the Fourth Sunday of Advent. Located within the developing science of cathedral studies, this paper analyses the demographic profile, motivational intention (drawing on religious orientation theory) and perceived impact on spiritual wellbeing (drawing on…
Facing the Issues Raised in Psalm 1 through Thinking and Feeling: Applying the Sift Approach to Biblical Hermeneutics among Muslim Educators
A group of 22 Muslim educators participating in a residential Islamic Education summer school were invited to explore their individual preferences for thinking and feeling (the two functions of the Jungian judging process). They were then invited to work in three groups (seven clear thinking types, eight clear feeling types, and seven individuals less clear of their preference) to discuss Psalm 1. Clear differences emerged between the ways in whi…
The Experience of Victimisation among Muslim Adolescents in the UK: The Effect of Psychological and Religious Factors
This study set out to explore the levels of victimisation experienced by Muslim adolescents in the UK, the extent to which victimisation is conceptualised in religious terms, and the extent to which individual differences in the experience of victimisation is related to personal factors, psychological factors and religious factors. Data provided by 335 13- to 15-year-old Muslim students from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales demonstra…
Assessing attitude toward religious diversity among Muslim adolescents in the UK: The effect of religious and theological factors
Understanding variations in public attitudes toward religious diversity is a matter of concern within both the social scientific study of religion (concerned with religious factors) and empirical theology (concerned with theological factors). Drawing on data provided by 335 13- to 15-year-old Muslim students from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, this study tests the power of religious factors and theological factors to explain varia…
Christian ethos secondary schools in England and Wales: A common voice or wide diversity
This study argues that it is the collective worldview of the students which is crucial in reflecting and shaping the ethos of schools. In order to understand the potential distinctiveness of Christian ethos schools two analyses were undertaken. The collective worldview of 2942 students attending 10 Christian ethos schools was compared with the collective worldview of 13,861 students attending 71 schools without a religious character. Then the col…
Facing the Issues Raised in Psalm 1 through Thinking and Feeling: Applying the Sift Approach to Biblical Hermeneutics among Muslim Educators
A group of 22 Muslim educators participating in a residential Islamic Education summer school were invited to explore their individual preferences for thinking and feeling (the two functions of the Jungian judging process). They were then invited to work in three groups (seven clear thinking types, eight clear feeling types, and seven individuals less clear of their preference) to discuss Psalm 1. Clear differences emerged between the ways in whi…
The Experience of Victimisation among Muslim Adolescents in the UK: The Effect of Psychological and Religious Factors
This study set out to explore the levels of victimisation experienced by Muslim adolescents in the UK, the extent to which victimisation is conceptualised in religious terms, and the extent to which individual differences in the experience of victimisation is related to personal factors, psychological factors and religious factors. Data provided by 335 13- to 15-year-old Muslim students from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales demonstra…
Belief in God, Belief in Science: Exploring the Psychological Correlates of Scientific Fundamentalism as Implicit Religion
Bailey’s notion of implicit religion suggests that in contemporary societies the functions served by formal or explicit religions may be assumed by other systems of beliefs. The present paper tests this thesis in respect of the effect of an exaggerated, uncritical, and unqualified belief in the inerrancy of science, which we label “scientific fundamentalism,” among a sample of 11,809 thirteen- to fifteen-year-old students drawn from the four nati…
The Purpose-in-Life Scale (Pils): Internal consistency reliability, concurrent validity and construct validity among Catholic priests in Italy
The Purpose in Life Scale was designed to provide a 12-item unidimensional measure of purpose in life employing a five-point Likert rating for each item. The present study supports the psychometric properties of the Italian translation of this instrument among 155 Catholic priests (mean age = 46 years, SD = 12.16). Internal consistency reliability generated an alpha coefficient of .90. The first factor generated by principal component analysis ac…
Exploring Psalm 73: 1–10 Through sensing and intuition: The Sift approach among Muslim educators
A group of 20 Muslim educators participating in an M-level module on Islamic Education were invited to explore their preferences for sensing and intuition (the two functions of the Jungian perceiving process). They were then invited to work in three groups (eight clear intuitive types, four clear sensing types and eight individuals who expressed less strong preferences) to discuss Psalm 73:1–10, specifically addressing two distinctive perceiving …
The Holly Bough service at Liverpool Cathedral and psychological type theory: Fresh expressions or inherited church
One of the key intentions of fresh expressions of church is to reach the kind of people inherited church find it hard to reach. Psychological type profiling of church congregations has demonstrated that Anglican churches have particular difficulty in reaching those whose Jungian judging preference is for thinking rather than for feeling. Studies that have explored the psychological type profile of participants within fresh expressions suggest tha…
Countering anti-Muslim attitudes among Christian and religiously unaffiliated 13- to 15-year-old students in England and Wales: Testing the contact hypothesis
Drawing on data provided by 5,811 students from schools in England, Wales, and London who self-identified as either ‘no religion’ or as Christian, this study explored the effect of the contact hypothesis (having friends who are Muslims) on scores recorded on the seven-item Scale of Anti-Muslim Attitude (SAMA), after controlling for type of school (with or without a religious character), location (England, Wales, and London), personal factors (sex…
Sustaining churchgoing young Anglicans in England and Wales: Assessing influence of the home
Responding to the problem facing the Church of England, as identified by the Church Growth Research Programme, regarding sustaining churchgoing young Anglicans, and also responding to the Renewal and Reform agenda to address this problem, the present study discusses the roles of three agencies in delivering effective Christian education and Christian formation: local churches, local schools, and the home. Building on a fruitful stream of research…
Assessing attitude toward Sikhism: The psychometric properties of the Athwal-Francis Scale among Sikh adolescents
This paper describes the construction of the Athwal-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Sikhism, working in the tradition of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity, the Sahin-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Islam, the Katz-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Judaism, and the Santosh-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Hinduism. Drawing on data provided by 90 self-assigned 13- to 15-year-old Sikh students attending year-nine and year-ten classe…
Attitudes toward Civil Human Rights among Italian Students of Sociology: The Effects of Religion and Theology
Connecting with and building on the research tradition established by The International Empirical Research Programmes in Religion and Human Rights, this study explores the power of two measures shaped within empirical theology (the Theology of Religions Index that distinguishes seven ways in which religions may be viewed and the New Indices of God Images that distinguishes between the God of Grace and the God of Law) to predict individual differe…
The Science of Cathedral Studies: Exploring Demographic Profile, Motivational Intentions, and Perceived Impact among those Attending the Holly Bough Service in Liverpool Cathedral
The Holly Bough service is a unique pre-Christmas event, combining musical excellence and theological depth, crafted by the founding dean of Liverpool Cathedral in the early twentieth century for the Fourth Sunday of Advent. Located within the developing science of cathedral studies, this paper analyses the demographic profile, motivational intention (drawing on religious orientation theory) and perceived impact on spiritual wellbeing (drawing on…
The science of congregation studies and psychographic segmentation: O come all ye thinking types
Previous research employing Jungian psychological type theory has both demonstrated that Church of England inherited congregations have problems engaging thinking types and suggested that fresh expressions of church have failed to address that problem. Three previous studies, however, have reported higher proportions of thinking types attending cathedral carol services. The present study was designed to check that finding on a larger sample. The …
The contribution of cathedrals to psychological health and well-being: Assessing the impact of Cathedral Carol Services
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that events such as the Christmas Eve Carol Services at Liverpool Cathedral that include some regular churchgoers (people who attend services most weeks) and much larger numbers of occasional visitors (who may attend church only once or twice a year) make a significant impact on the psychological health and well-being of the participants. Using a repeat-measure design, participants were invited to co…
Love for Allah and love for others: Exploring the connection between religious affect and empathy among Muslim adolescents in England
The study explores the connection between love for Allah (conceptualised as religious affect) and love for others (conceptualised as empathy) among a sample of 919 self-identified Muslim adolescents (between the ages of 11 and 14 years) attending schools in England. The data demonstrated that, after controlling for personal factors (age and sex) and for psychological factors (extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism), there was a significant p…
Assessing the impact of the student voice project on shaping the ethos of Anglican primary schools: A study focusing on the Diocese of Llandaff
Inspection criteria for schools with a religious character in England and Wales require the sponsoring body to arrange assessment on aspects of the distinctiveness of the school ethos. The Student Voice Project was designed to include year-five and year-six students in this process. Within the Diocese of Llandaff, the Diocesan Director of Education utilised the customised reports prepared at the end of the first year of the survey for schools par…
Assessing sectarian attitudes among Catholic adolescents in Scotland
Sectarianism is perceived as a serious issue in Scotland despite a lack of concrete evidence, according to the Advisory Group on Tackling Sectarianism. This paper addresses one of the gaps in knowledge, the attitudes of Catholic school pupils. Our research was designed to profile sectarian attitudes among a sample of Catholic school pupils in Scotland, using our own newly designed Scale of Catholic Sectarian Attitudes. The research assessed the i…
Psychographic segmentation of cathedral visitors in England and Wales: Introducing the Visitor Expectations Type Scales 2.0 (Vets 2.0)
This study employs Jungian psychological type theory, as subsequently developed by various type measures, to interpret and to classify the expectations of cathedral visitors, as assessed by the Visitor Expectations Type Scales 2.0 (VETS 2.0). Data provided by 1,278 visitors to five cathedrals in England and Wales demonstrated the coherence and internal consistency of the eight measures of the VETS 2.0 (designed to access introvert expectations, e…
Examining the Connection between Religion and Attitude toward Socio-Economic Human Rights and Attitude toward Euthanasia and Abortion among Romanian Orthodox Adolescents: Contrasting the Effects of In…
This study examines the complex connection linking religion, social attitudes, and human rights in Romania, drawing on the classic distinction between extrinsic religiosity (as reflected in church attendance) and intrinsic religiosity (as reflected in personal prayer). The hypothesis that these forms of religiosity may function differently in relation to different areas of social attitudes is tested among Romanian Orthodox adolescents (N = 400), …
Belonging through Events? Exploring the Demographic Profile, Motivations, and Experiences of Those Attending the Afternoon Carol Services on Christmas Eve at Liverpool Cathedral
This study tests the strength of Bishop David Walker's notion of belonging to God through the Anglican Church through participation in events, by exploring the demographic profile, motivations, and experiences of 1234 participants attending the two afternoon Carol Services on Christmas Eve 2019 at Liverpool Cathedral, alongside 564 participants who completed the same survey at the evening Holly Bough Service on the Fourth Sunday in Advent 2019. T…
Anglican cathedrals and implicit religion: Softening the boundaries of sacred space through innovative events and installations
High profile (and controversial) events and installations, like the Helter-Skelter in Norwich and the Crazy Golf Bridges in Rochester, have drawn attention to innovation and public engagement within Anglican cathedrals. The present study contextualised these innovations both empirically and conceptually. The empirical framework draws on cathedral websites to chronicle the wide and diverse range of events and installations hosted by Anglican cathe…
Comparing the attitudes of Muslim and Christian year 5 and 6 students within four Anglican primary schools in Wales
This paper set out to explore and to compare the experiences and attitudes of self-identified Muslim students (N = 84) and self-identified Christian students (N = 87) attending the same Anglican primary schools in Wales within the context of the Student Voice Project. The data identified two distinct attitudinal trajectories, one assessed by the Scale of Attitude toward my School and the other assessed by the Scale of Attitude toward Religion in …
Assessing the Church of England’s Leadership Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic: Listening to the Voice of Rural Lay People
The aim of the present study is to analyse the qualitative text written on the back page of a quantitative survey concerned with the Church of England’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Of the 1460 rural lay people in England who took part in the Coronavirus, Church & You survey, 501 wrote further (sometimes detailed) comments on the back page (34 per cent participation rate). This study analyses the comments made by a subsection of these 501 r…
Love for Allah and love for self: Exploring the connection between religious affect and self-esteem among Muslim adolescents in England
The connection between religious affect and self-esteem has been supported by a series of studies conducted among Christian or post-Christian samples. The present study extends this research tradition among a sample of 919 self-identified Muslim adolescents (between the ages of 11 and 14 years) attending schools in England. The data demonstrated that, after controlling for personal factors (age and sex) and for psychological factors (extraversion…
Psychology (44 works) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (38 works) · Social Psychology (35 works) · Sociology (26 works) · Philosophy (19 works) · Political science (16 works) · Theology (16 works) · Religion and Society Interactions (15 works) · Law (14 works) · Personality (13 works)