Makiko Kouchi
Biographic Data
| ID | 96874 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Makiko Kouchi |
| GIVEN NAMES | Makiko |
| FAMILY NAME | Kouchi |
| SIGNATURE | KOUCHI M |
| AFFILIATIONS | National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 36 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 30 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1979 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Basic data of the footprint morphology and its validity as the reference data
靴やインソールの設計や法医学的応用に役立てることを目的として,日本人青年男性566名の裸足立位時の左右足のフットプリントにつき,計測可能な場合は9つの寸法・角度項目と2示数を,取得可能な場合は3つの形状特徴(最も長い趾,土踏まずの発達度,浮き趾)に関する情報を取得し,これらの分布に関する統計的情報を提供した。調査対象は1970年代前半生まれで,調査時平均年齢は19.3歳であった。本資料の参照データとしての有用性を,計測誤差,対象者の代表性,足寸法の加齢変化と時代変化の観点から検討した。フットプリントの計測項目の計測者内誤差は生体計測による足寸法と同程度であり,本資料の対象者の体格と足サイズの平均値は既存資料と大差なかった。足長と足囲には成人以後の加齢変化が認められないことを確認した。日本人成人男性の足囲には時代変化傾向がなく,足長の時代変化は1980年頃以後に生まれた世代では認められない。以上から,本資料は現在でも参照資料として有用だと考えられる
Precautions of estimating the brain volume from measurements on the living head: 歴史的経過を踏まえて
Does the increase in Caesarian-section rates contribute to the recent debrachycephalizaion in Japan
明治時代以後急速に進んだ短頭化は,1960年代生まれ以後の世代で反短頭化へと転じた。時代変化の逆転が環境要因によるならば,頭部寸法が成人値の80~90%に到達する1歳までの環境要因変化によると考えられる。そのような環境要因の一つである,1980年代半ばから急増した帝王切開が成人時の頭示数に与える効果を検討した。1990~1998年生まれの女子大学生122名を対象に,アンケートにより分娩様式の確認を行い,頭長と頭幅を計測した。このうち双生児2名と早産児1名を除く119名のデータを分析対象とした。自然分娩における頭部吸引の効果を分散分析により調べた。この結果,頭部吸引あり,吸引無し,吸引に関する情報なし,の3群で,頭長,頭幅,頭示数に有意差はなかった。このため,これら3群をプールして自然分娩群とした。自然分娩群(98名)と帝王切開群(21名)の差をt-検定で調べた結果,頭長,頭幅,頭示数のいずれにも分娩様式による差は認められなかった。以上の結果は,出産時の頭部変形の効果は短期的だという従来の…
A Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Crown Form of the Maxillary Central Incisor in Humans
Dental traits have been studied over a long period and grossly evaluated using standard reference plaques. However, grading by subjective observation may result in inter-observer measurement errors. We aimed to analyze crown models three-dimensionally to assess the morphology of the lingual surface termed shovel shape. Micro-CT scanned data of 38 maxillary central incisors stored at two different laboratories were used to create crown models of t…
Recent debrachycephalization in Japan
This study aimed to show secular changes in the cephalic index (CI) in Japan when brachycephalization was reported to have ceased, and examined possible causes of the observed changes. Head length and breadth data measured on 4034 Japanese adults, born between 1910 and 1996, were used to examine the association between birth year and CI using linear and quadratic regression analyses. Possible causes of secular changes in CI were investigated by e…
Biological variables in height growth of Japanese twins: A comparison with those of singletons
The biological variables of twins differ significantly from those of singletons. It is important to recognize that singleton reference values do not correctly reflect the growth of twins
Inter-generation Difference in the Japanese Facial Flatness
日本人の顔面平坦度が20世紀において変化したかどうかを明らかにするため,生年が約80年異なる男性二群(1894年群,1974年群)の顔面石膏模型を比較した。石膏採取時の年齢は大差ないが(平均年齢29.5歳,26.1歳),1894年群はデスマスク(N = 52),1974年群は座位で採取したライフマスク(N = 56)である。石膏模型上に11の計測点を定義し,それらの3次元座標値をデジタイザで取得し,顔面平坦度にかかわる8項目および4示数を算出した。両群の差をt-検定で検定した。1894年群のうち11体については,頭骨についても10の計測点座標値を取得し,6項目および3示数を算出した。頭骨からの対応する項目との間に有意な相関が系統的に認められた石膏からの項目は,眼窩内側間幅(mf間幅),鼻根―眼窩内側深さ(セリオン―mf深さ),鼻根―眼窩内側扁平示数(セリオン―mf扁平示数)だけであった。鼻根から眼窩内側,眼窩外側,眼裂外側までの深さと扁平示数に有意な群間差が認められ,いずれにおいても19…
Inter-generation Differences in Cephalic Measurements: Father-son and Mother-daughter Comparisons
顔面サイズの世代差を調べるために,青年女性65名(平均年齢22.3歳)とその母親55名(平均年齢51.1歳),青年男性35名(平均年齢25.0歳)とその父親29名(平均年齢56.5歳)について6項目の頭顔部寸法を計測した。男女の下顎角幅と女性の頭長と申告身長に5%水準で有意な世代差が認められた。ステップワイズ判別分析の結果,世代の判別において最も重要な項目は下顎角幅であった。子供世代の方が下顎角幅が小さく,顔サイズが小さい。世代差の原因が骨あるいは軟部組織の時代変化,下顎骨の成長,軟部組織の加齢による増加のいずれによるかは,今回のデータからは不明である
Causes of the Measurement Errors in Body Dimensions Derived from 3D Body Scanners: Differences in Measurement Posture
近年,人体寸法計測を形状スキャナで行なうことが増えたが,その計測誤差について体系だった検討は行われていない。形状スキャナにより得られた人体寸法計測値の誤差は,計測機によるものと計測法によるものとに分けられる。このうち計測法による誤差をもたらす要因には,(1)計測点の決定,(2)被験者の姿勢,(3)接触式と非接触式による体表面形状の差,(5)形状スキャン時の人体の動揺,(6)正立位とは異なる姿勢での計測,が考えられる。本研究ではこのうち最後の要因の影響を明らかにするため,1名の計測者が40名の被験者を,正立位および上下肢の外転角度を変えた6条件下で計測し,得られた寸法値を比較した。この結果,以下のことが明らかになった:1)下肢の外転はわずかでも腸骨稜より下方の腰と大腿の寸法に影響を与えるが,左右の足軸間距離が25 cm以下ならば,骨盤より上方の高さ項目への影響は計測者間誤差の範囲内である,2)上肢が外転すると肩峰が上内側に移動し,肩峰点を定義にふくむすべての寸法が,大きな影響を受ける,3)…
Secular changes in the Japanese head form viewed from somatometric data
The purpose of the present study was to assess evidence of secular changes in cephalic measurements and to clarify the causes of brachycephalization. Somatometric data of the head and face were investigated for secular changes by comparing data measured by the same observer for 2 groups of subjects differing in age by 45 to 50 years, and by examining trends of the last 100 years. Relationships between measurement, birth year, age at measurement, …
D Foot Shape and Shoe Heel Height
In order to clarify quantitatively the changesin foot shape caused by wearing heeled shoes, the three-dimensional shape of the right foot was measured for 39 female subjects under the following three conditions: 1) standing on a horizontal plane, 2) standing on a base with a surface simulating a shoe with a heel height of 4cm, and 3) standing on a base with a surface simulating a shoe with a heel height of 8cm. The shapes of the foot measured und…
Brachycephalization in Japan has ceased
Somatometric data are presented which show that the rapid brachycephalization in Japan has recently ceased. The causes of brachycephalization are investigated in relation to the secular change in height. Increases in head breadth have been the main cause of brachycephalization, and its pattern of secular change is very similar to that in height. Associations between head breadth, height, and year of birth were examined by partial correlation coef…
Foot Dimensions and Foot Shape: Differences Due to Growth,Generation and Ethnic Origin
Foot dimensions, indices, and variables relating to shape characteristics of foot outlines taken for Japanese, Australian aborigines, Indonesians and French were analyzed and compared with existing data to identify the differences due to growth, generation and ethnic background. The following findings were obtained: 1) There has been rapid increases in foot length for Japanese born after ca. 1950. 2) Japanese born after ca. 1960 had a smaller foo…
Secular Change and Socioeconomic Difference in Height in Japan
The purpose of this review is to evaluate the anthropometric data taken by the author and her colleagues in the early 1990s, in which the subjects comprise both students and members of the general population who were born mostly in and after 1965. Secular changes and socioeconomic differences in height and some other major measurement items at age 20 in Japan are examined, using statistical reports from nationwide research conducted between 1892 …
An Application of Direct Linear Transformation Method to Three Dimensional Anthropometry Using Slide Film Image
Direct linear transformation (DLT) method was applied to the three dimensional anthropometry using slide film image, and the limitation of estimation accuracy was examined by comparing values obtained through the computation based on DLT procedures and manual measurement. The standard errors of estimated three dimensional coordinates were around 4mm in 1, 000mm×1, 000 mm×2, 000mm of calibration area. Also, the acceptable estimation errors of anth…
Allometry of the Foot and the Shoe Last
足の大きさに伴うプロポーションの変化を明らかにし,靴型のサイズ展開における靴型各部の変化量が適正であるか否かを評価するために,日本人成人男子528名,女子500名の右足の測定データのアロメトリー分析および市販靴24種の靴型形状との比較を行なった。足長の変化に伴い,幅径,高径,周長項目は一般に劣成長を,長径項目は等成長を示すため,足長が大きいほど足は相対的に細身となる。また,足長が一定の場合,足囲の変化に伴って外果端高以外の高径項目および女子の足幅が等成長を示し,幅径と周長項目は劣成長を示す。踵部の幅はボール部の幅ほど急速に増加しないため,足囲が大きいほど足が相対的に前広がりになる。サイズ展開における靴型の変化は,大きさの変化に伴うこのような足の形状変化と一致しない部分が多い。さらに,足と靴との適合性を向上させるうえでの問題点を,足の寸法•形状の時代変化およびサイズ展開技術の観点から検討した
Secular Change: Confounding Factor or Causative Factor of Inter-population Differences in Modern Japanese Crania
Basic statistics on cranial measurements from 15 modern Japanese populations were compiled by the Commission of Anthropological Investigation of Modern Japanese Crania. These data were analyzed in order to evaluate the magnitude of inter-population differences and the influence of secular change on the interpopulation differences. Cranial measurements taken for four populations from the late Edo period were used to estimate the inter-population d…
An analysis of variations in foot contours based on direction angles
靴型設計の基礎となるデータを提供するため、各部位の寸法と形状を非接触で計測できる足型計測機を用いて得られた、足型外郭投影図の爪先部と中•後足部、およびインステップ断面図の輪郭形状を解析した。輪郭形状は20または30の等長ベクトルに分割し、基準線に対するこれらのベクトルの成す角度列で記述した。このように数値で表現した形状の変異を主成分分析し、寸法データとの関連を検討して以下の結果を得た:1)各部位について4つ程度の総合特性値が抽出できる。2)輪郭形状の変異の多くは、寸法でみた変異と相関が低い。3)各部位における変異は互いに独立性が高い。またこれらの足型変異の特徴を靴型設計にどのように応用すべきかについて考察した
Sex difference in somatometry viewed from a comparison of similarly tall men and women
The sex difference in body size and proportion was examined by comparing males and females of the same range of stature (170-179cm). Under the condition that there was no sex difference in stature, weight and Rohrer index, it was found that males were larger in sizes of the upper part of the trunk and upper limb girth, while females were larger in sizes of the pelvic part, length and girth of the lower limb, and subcutaneous fat thickness. No sex…
An analysis of variations in Japanese foot shapes
足部形状の個人差を明らかにするため,男女各152名について計測された右足の生体計測項目21項目の主成分分析を行なった。この結果抽出された形の因子を代表するような示数を考案し,これを用いてクラスター分析を行い,足型の分類を試みた。この結果,男女とも1)足軸の位置,2)ボール部の足軸に対する傾き,3)ボール部の幅,4)甲の高さ,の4つの形の因子が抽出された。クラスター分析の結果,男女とも4人以上から成るクラスターが7つできた。人数が最も多いクラスターを標準型とすると,標準型に入るのは男子で42%,女子では35%である。また,女子は男子よりも個人差が大きいようであり,男子では足の幅が広いタイプ(31%)が,女子では甲の高いタイプ(37%)がかなり多い。現代日本人の足部形状の個人差は,履物による足の変形の影響をふくんだものなので,履物の影響を受けない状態ではどのような個人差があるのかを明らかにするためには,靴を履かない集団の調査が必要である
An analysis of measurement errors in mandibulometry with special reference to their influence on the results of inter-population relationship analysis
Thirty-three mandibles were measured 3 times by each of 8 observers. Measurement errors in 10 mandibular measurement items were analyzed by nested analysis of variance, and the measurement items were classified into reliable and unreliable groups. To evaluate the loss of information caused by the exclusion of unreliable variables, a factor analysis was performed. The influence of the measurement errors on the results of an analysis of interpopula…
Secular changes in the somatometric data of 13 year-old boys
昭和51年から61年にわたって東京在住の中学2年生男子の生体計測を行い,このデータにどのような時代変化がみられるかを検討し,以下の結果を得た。(1)高身長化傾向は認められず,一部の日本人集団では高身長化が止まっている可能性が考えられる。(2)胴長には年度とともに短くなる傾向があった。(3)胸囲,胸郭幅,寛上最小囲などに,年度とともに平均値だけでなく分散も大きくなる傾向があった。これは肥満児の増加傾向と関係する。(4)本資料では全国平均に比べて肥満傾向児が多い
Somatometric data of Chinese
Somatometric measurements of North Chinese soldiers were taken by the senior author (H. S.) in North China in 1941. Basic statistics of the measurements and indices are presented
An Analysis of Errors in Craniometry
Twenty-six measurement items taken three times on 35 crania by 10 observers independently were analysed for the influence of careless mistakes and measurement errors. The median number of careless mistakes per trial was 7.5. Nested analysis of variance showed that 8 measurement items had greater than 10% total error variance (Table 1). The influence of careless mistakes and inter-observer error on population comparison was examined by cluster ana…
Age Changes in Intra-Pair Similarities of Japanese Twins with Regard to Stature, Body Weight, Chest Girth and Sitting Height: 身長•体重•胸囲•座高について
The age-change patterns in the intra-pair similarity were analysed of 216 twins about 4 metric traits for the age span from 7 to 17 years old. Patterns were discriminated into 6 types (A, B, C, D, E, F, ) according to the criterion set based on standardized RPD which was defined by the present authors in 1980. In all types but A, the intra-pair difference is markedly large in dizygotic twins (DZ) than in monozygotic twins (MZ). Types D, E, F in w…
Secular Change and Socioeconomic Difference in Height in Japan
The purpose of this review is to evaluate the anthropometric data taken by the author and her colleagues in the early 1990s, in which the subjects comprise both students and members of the general population who were born mostly in and after 1965. Secular changes and socioeconomic differences in height and some other major measurement items at age 20 in Japan are examined, using statistical reports from nationwide research conducted between 1892 …
Secular changes in the Japanese head form viewed from somatometric data
The purpose of the present study was to assess evidence of secular changes in cephalic measurements and to clarify the causes of brachycephalization. Somatometric data of the head and face were investigated for secular changes by comparing data measured by the same observer for 2 groups of subjects differing in age by 45 to 50 years, and by examining trends of the last 100 years. Relationships between measurement, birth year, age at measurement, …
Recent debrachycephalization in Japan
This study aimed to show secular changes in the cephalic index (CI) in Japan when brachycephalization was reported to have ceased, and examined possible causes of the observed changes. Head length and breadth data measured on 4034 Japanese adults, born between 1910 and 1996, were used to examine the association between birth year and CI using linear and quadratic regression analyses. Possible causes of secular changes in CI were investigated by e…
Foot Dimensions and Foot Shape: Differences Due to Growth,Generation and Ethnic Origin
Foot dimensions, indices, and variables relating to shape characteristics of foot outlines taken for Japanese, Australian aborigines, Indonesians and French were analyzed and compared with existing data to identify the differences due to growth, generation and ethnic background. The following findings were obtained: 1) There has been rapid increases in foot length for Japanese born after ca. 1950. 2) Japanese born after ca. 1960 had a smaller foo…
A Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Crown Form of the Maxillary Central Incisor in Humans
Dental traits have been studied over a long period and grossly evaluated using standard reference plaques. However, grading by subjective observation may result in inter-observer measurement errors. We aimed to analyze crown models three-dimensionally to assess the morphology of the lingual surface termed shovel shape. Micro-CT scanned data of 38 maxillary central incisors stored at two different laboratories were used to create crown models of t…
D Foot Shape and Shoe Heel Height
In order to clarify quantitatively the changesin foot shape caused by wearing heeled shoes, the three-dimensional shape of the right foot was measured for 39 female subjects under the following three conditions: 1) standing on a horizontal plane, 2) standing on a base with a surface simulating a shoe with a heel height of 4cm, and 3) standing on a base with a surface simulating a shoe with a heel height of 8cm. The shapes of the foot measured und…
On the Validity of Principal Component Analysis as a Method of Analysis of the Variations in Human Physique: Selection of the Measurement Items Based on the First Three Principal Components
Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were applied to a correlation matrix based on 44 somatic measurements taken on 112 males aged from 18 to 27 years, and the results were compared with those of previous studies. The purposes of this study are: 1) to clarify the reason why the 3rd principal component is varied in meaning from case to case, and 2) to confirm that PCA offers effective criteria for the grouping of the measurement…
On the Validity of Principal Component Analysis as a Method of Analysis of the Variations in Human Physique: Establishment of the Validity of Measurement Selection
In the previous paper 20 measurement items were selected on the basis of principal component analysis and cluster analysis of 44 somatic measurements taken from 112 young adult males for the purpose of obtaining an objective selection of somatometric measurement items (KOUCHI, 1979).In this paper, two analyses were carried out using Pearson's product moment and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients for the purpose of establishing the validity …
Revised Percent Deviation and Coefficient of Similarity: Study for Classification of Physique Based on Twin Method Report 1
Longitudinal follow-up of twins with a view to analizing physical types had been conducted by the authors annually from 1973. The study comprised anthropometric measurements, skeletal age, body composition by means of calf roentgenography, and photography with swimming suits. In the present paper, the first report of the study, 27 items of measurements and derived 24 indices were analyzed on 46 male monozygotic twins (MZ) aged from 12.5-13.5 year…
An analysis of errors in somatometric research
Two series of measurements taken by one investigator and by several investigators on the same subjects were compared to examine the reliability of the data obtained in large-scale somatometric research. The series of differences was analysed using analysis of variance, and statistically significant inter-observer difference was observed in 17 out of 20 variables (Table 3). From a practical point of view, 7 out of 17 variables with statistically s…
Age Changes in Intra-Pair Similarities of Japanese Twins with Regard to Stature, Body Weight, Chest Girth and Sitting Height: 身長•体重•胸囲•座高について
The age-change patterns in the intra-pair similarity were analysed of 216 twins about 4 metric traits for the age span from 7 to 17 years old. Patterns were discriminated into 6 types (A, B, C, D, E, F, ) according to the criterion set based on standardized RPD which was defined by the present authors in 1980. In all types but A, the intra-pair difference is markedly large in dizygotic twins (DZ) than in monozygotic twins (MZ). Types D, E, F in w…
A Preliminary Analysis of Geographical Variations in the Male Japanese Crania
Based on 476 crania of modern Japanese males, the geographical variations were analysed using several statistical techniques. The factors which explain large part of total variance were extracted by a principal component analysis. Factors concerning cranial length, facial depth, cranial and facial breadths, and height of the brain case seem to be most significant for analysing geographical variations. The shape of the brain case shows an apparent…
An Analysis of Errors in Craniometry
Twenty-six measurement items taken three times on 35 crania by 10 observers independently were analysed for the influence of careless mistakes and measurement errors. The median number of careless mistakes per trial was 7.5. Nested analysis of variance showed that 8 measurement items had greater than 10% total error variance (Table 1). The influence of careless mistakes and inter-observer error on population comparison was examined by cluster ana…
Somatometric data of Chinese
Somatometric measurements of North Chinese soldiers were taken by the senior author (H. S.) in North China in 1941. Basic statistics of the measurements and indices are presented
Secular changes in the somatometric data of 13 year-old boys
昭和51年から61年にわたって東京在住の中学2年生男子の生体計測を行い,このデータにどのような時代変化がみられるかを検討し,以下の結果を得た。(1)高身長化傾向は認められず,一部の日本人集団では高身長化が止まっている可能性が考えられる。(2)胴長には年度とともに短くなる傾向があった。(3)胸囲,胸郭幅,寛上最小囲などに,年度とともに平均値だけでなく分散も大きくなる傾向があった。これは肥満児の増加傾向と関係する。(4)本資料では全国平均に比べて肥満傾向児が多い
An analysis of measurement errors in mandibulometry with special reference to their influence on the results of inter-population relationship analysis
Thirty-three mandibles were measured 3 times by each of 8 observers. Measurement errors in 10 mandibular measurement items were analyzed by nested analysis of variance, and the measurement items were classified into reliable and unreliable groups. To evaluate the loss of information caused by the exclusion of unreliable variables, a factor analysis was performed. The influence of the measurement errors on the results of an analysis of interpopula…
Sex difference in somatometry viewed from a comparison of similarly tall men and women
The sex difference in body size and proportion was examined by comparing males and females of the same range of stature (170-179cm). Under the condition that there was no sex difference in stature, weight and Rohrer index, it was found that males were larger in sizes of the upper part of the trunk and upper limb girth, while females were larger in sizes of the pelvic part, length and girth of the lower limb, and subcutaneous fat thickness. No sex…
An analysis of variations in Japanese foot shapes
足部形状の個人差を明らかにするため,男女各152名について計測された右足の生体計測項目21項目の主成分分析を行なった。この結果抽出された形の因子を代表するような示数を考案し,これを用いてクラスター分析を行い,足型の分類を試みた。この結果,男女とも1)足軸の位置,2)ボール部の足軸に対する傾き,3)ボール部の幅,4)甲の高さ,の4つの形の因子が抽出された。クラスター分析の結果,男女とも4人以上から成るクラスターが7つできた。人数が最も多いクラスターを標準型とすると,標準型に入るのは男子で42%,女子では35%である。また,女子は男子よりも個人差が大きいようであり,男子では足の幅が広いタイプ(31%)が,女子では甲の高いタイプ(37%)がかなり多い。現代日本人の足部形状の個人差は,履物による足の変形の影響をふくんだものなので,履物の影響を受けない状態ではどのような個人差があるのかを明らかにするためには,靴を履かない集団の調査が必要である
An analysis of variations in foot contours based on direction angles
靴型設計の基礎となるデータを提供するため、各部位の寸法と形状を非接触で計測できる足型計測機を用いて得られた、足型外郭投影図の爪先部と中•後足部、およびインステップ断面図の輪郭形状を解析した。輪郭形状は20または30の等長ベクトルに分割し、基準線に対するこれらのベクトルの成す角度列で記述した。このように数値で表現した形状の変異を主成分分析し、寸法データとの関連を検討して以下の結果を得た:1)各部位について4つ程度の総合特性値が抽出できる。2)輪郭形状の変異の多くは、寸法でみた変異と相関が低い。3)各部位における変異は互いに独立性が高い。またこれらの足型変異の特徴を靴型設計にどのように応用すべきかについて考察した
An Application of Direct Linear Transformation Method to Three Dimensional Anthropometry Using Slide Film Image
Direct linear transformation (DLT) method was applied to the three dimensional anthropometry using slide film image, and the limitation of estimation accuracy was examined by comparing values obtained through the computation based on DLT procedures and manual measurement. The standard errors of estimated three dimensional coordinates were around 4mm in 1, 000mm×1, 000 mm×2, 000mm of calibration area. Also, the acceptable estimation errors of anth…
Allometry of the Foot and the Shoe Last
足の大きさに伴うプロポーションの変化を明らかにし,靴型のサイズ展開における靴型各部の変化量が適正であるか否かを評価するために,日本人成人男子528名,女子500名の右足の測定データのアロメトリー分析および市販靴24種の靴型形状との比較を行なった。足長の変化に伴い,幅径,高径,周長項目は一般に劣成長を,長径項目は等成長を示すため,足長が大きいほど足は相対的に細身となる。また,足長が一定の場合,足囲の変化に伴って外果端高以外の高径項目および女子の足幅が等成長を示し,幅径と周長項目は劣成長を示す。踵部の幅はボール部の幅ほど急速に増加しないため,足囲が大きいほど足が相対的に前広がりになる。サイズ展開における靴型の変化は,大きさの変化に伴うこのような足の形状変化と一致しない部分が多い。さらに,足と靴との適合性を向上させるうえでの問題点を,足の寸法•形状の時代変化およびサイズ展開技術の観点から検討した
Secular Change: Confounding Factor or Causative Factor of Inter-population Differences in Modern Japanese Crania
Basic statistics on cranial measurements from 15 modern Japanese populations were compiled by the Commission of Anthropological Investigation of Modern Japanese Crania. These data were analyzed in order to evaluate the magnitude of inter-population differences and the influence of secular change on the interpopulation differences. Cranial measurements taken for four populations from the late Edo period were used to estimate the inter-population d…
Secular Change and Socioeconomic Difference in Height in Japan
The purpose of this review is to evaluate the anthropometric data taken by the author and her colleagues in the early 1990s, in which the subjects comprise both students and members of the general population who were born mostly in and after 1965. Secular changes and socioeconomic differences in height and some other major measurement items at age 20 in Japan are examined, using statistical reports from nationwide research conducted between 1892 …
Foot Dimensions and Foot Shape: Differences Due to Growth,Generation and Ethnic Origin
Foot dimensions, indices, and variables relating to shape characteristics of foot outlines taken for Japanese, Australian aborigines, Indonesians and French were analyzed and compared with existing data to identify the differences due to growth, generation and ethnic background. The following findings were obtained: 1) There has been rapid increases in foot length for Japanese born after ca. 1950. 2) Japanese born after ca. 1960 had a smaller foo…
D Foot Shape and Shoe Heel Height
In order to clarify quantitatively the changesin foot shape caused by wearing heeled shoes, the three-dimensional shape of the right foot was measured for 39 female subjects under the following three conditions: 1) standing on a horizontal plane, 2) standing on a base with a surface simulating a shoe with a heel height of 4cm, and 3) standing on a base with a surface simulating a shoe with a heel height of 8cm. The shapes of the foot measured und…
Brachycephalization in Japan has ceased
Somatometric data are presented which show that the rapid brachycephalization in Japan has recently ceased. The causes of brachycephalization are investigated in relation to the secular change in height. Increases in head breadth have been the main cause of brachycephalization, and its pattern of secular change is very similar to that in height. Associations between head breadth, height, and year of birth were examined by partial correlation coef…
Secular changes in the Japanese head form viewed from somatometric data
The purpose of the present study was to assess evidence of secular changes in cephalic measurements and to clarify the causes of brachycephalization. Somatometric data of the head and face were investigated for secular changes by comparing data measured by the same observer for 2 groups of subjects differing in age by 45 to 50 years, and by examining trends of the last 100 years. Relationships between measurement, birth year, age at measurement, …
Causes of the Measurement Errors in Body Dimensions Derived from 3D Body Scanners: Differences in Measurement Posture
近年,人体寸法計測を形状スキャナで行なうことが増えたが,その計測誤差について体系だった検討は行われていない。形状スキャナにより得られた人体寸法計測値の誤差は,計測機によるものと計測法によるものとに分けられる。このうち計測法による誤差をもたらす要因には,(1)計測点の決定,(2)被験者の姿勢,(3)接触式と非接触式による体表面形状の差,(5)形状スキャン時の人体の動揺,(6)正立位とは異なる姿勢での計測,が考えられる。本研究ではこのうち最後の要因の影響を明らかにするため,1名の計測者が40名の被験者を,正立位および上下肢の外転角度を変えた6条件下で計測し,得られた寸法値を比較した。この結果,以下のことが明らかになった:1)下肢の外転はわずかでも腸骨稜より下方の腰と大腿の寸法に影響を与えるが,左右の足軸間距離が25 cm以下ならば,骨盤より上方の高さ項目への影響は計測者間誤差の範囲内である,2)上肢が外転すると肩峰が上内側に移動し,肩峰点を定義にふくむすべての寸法が,大きな影響を受ける,3)…
Inter-generation Difference in the Japanese Facial Flatness
日本人の顔面平坦度が20世紀において変化したかどうかを明らかにするため,生年が約80年異なる男性二群(1894年群,1974年群)の顔面石膏模型を比較した。石膏採取時の年齢は大差ないが(平均年齢29.5歳,26.1歳),1894年群はデスマスク(N = 52),1974年群は座位で採取したライフマスク(N = 56)である。石膏模型上に11の計測点を定義し,それらの3次元座標値をデジタイザで取得し,顔面平坦度にかかわる8項目および4示数を算出した。両群の差をt-検定で検定した。1894年群のうち11体については,頭骨についても10の計測点座標値を取得し,6項目および3示数を算出した。頭骨からの対応する項目との間に有意な相関が系統的に認められた石膏からの項目は,眼窩内側間幅(mf間幅),鼻根―眼窩内側深さ(セリオン―mf深さ),鼻根―眼窩内側扁平示数(セリオン―mf扁平示数)だけであった。鼻根から眼窩内側,眼窩外側,眼裂外側までの深さと扁平示数に有意な群間差が認められ,いずれにおいても19…
Inter-generation Differences in Cephalic Measurements: Father-son and Mother-daughter Comparisons
顔面サイズの世代差を調べるために,青年女性65名(平均年齢22.3歳)とその母親55名(平均年齢51.1歳),青年男性35名(平均年齢25.0歳)とその父親29名(平均年齢56.5歳)について6項目の頭顔部寸法を計測した。男女の下顎角幅と女性の頭長と申告身長に5%水準で有意な世代差が認められた。ステップワイズ判別分析の結果,世代の判別において最も重要な項目は下顎角幅であった。子供世代の方が下顎角幅が小さく,顔サイズが小さい。世代差の原因が骨あるいは軟部組織の時代変化,下顎骨の成長,軟部組織の加齢による増加のいずれによるかは,今回のデータからは不明である
Biological variables in height growth of Japanese twins: A comparison with those of singletons
The biological variables of twins differ significantly from those of singletons. It is important to recognize that singleton reference values do not correctly reflect the growth of twins
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