Robert Bud
Biographic Data
| ID | 969494 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert Bud |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert |
| FAMILY NAME | Bud |
| SIGNATURE | BUD R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Science Museum |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4221-7246 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 59 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 57 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 59 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Applied Science: Knowledge, Modernity, and Britain's Public Realm
For almost two centuries, the category of 'applied science' was widely taken to be both real and important. Then, its use faded. How could an entire category of science appear and disappear? By taking a longue durée approach to British attitudes across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Robert Bud explores the scientific and cultural trends that led to such a dramatic rise and fall. He traces the prospects and consequences that gave the term…
Selling visions: Kantianism, cameralism and applied science realized through encyclopaediae in Germany and beyond
This paper explores the introduction of the term ‘applied sciences’ into English from German at the beginning of the nineteenth century. First used for, and in, The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, a project of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the term served to describe the space between pure knowledge and practice, for a community to whom change in commerce and agriculture required elite management as well as encouragement. Addressed to those of ‘clerkly a…
Public technology: Nuclear energy in Europe
The concept of ‘public science’ has been fruitfully used to indicate the intricate interrelatedness of science and society. In studies of knowledge and its publics, however, technology has been routinely subsumed under science and the distinctive nature of technical knowledge neglected. We are aiming in this article at conceptualizing the public nature of technologies. First, we start with surveying the literature on public science. Second, we sc…
The unstable collection
Being Modern: Cultural Impact Science
The spark gap is mightier than the pen: The Promotion of an Ideology of Science in the Early 1930s
Materialist ideologies multiplied in Britain during the 1920s. H G Wells promoted a strongly atheist programme grounded in expert scientific leadership of society. To that vision, this article contrasts scientific humanism. The article suggests that this project of Julian Huxley was pioneered through the short-lived magazine The Realist before 1930 and then much more successfully through the medium of radio. Although such Marxists as J.D. Bernal …
Representing scale: What should be special about the heritage of mass science
Angela N. H. Creager, Life Atomic: A History of Radioisotopes in Science and Medicine
More science has been conducted and more scientists engaged since the Second World War than in the whole preceding history of science. Notoriously, until recently, this importance of the last 70 years was not represented in historiography. Change is, however, in the air. That the author of this book has been the President of the History of Science Society is a significant demonstration of a welcome change of focus. Rich research on the outcomes o…
Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond, by Jon Agar
In the wake of the Great War, the ‘chemists’ War’, a scandal was denounced. The great Cambridge Modern History, which had appeared just before 1914, had included almost no reference to science. The recent hostilities had so highlighted the contemporary importance of science that, to many, its past could no longer be ignored. The claims of such critics as Oxford’s Charles Singer, in his 1929 ‘Scientific Humanism’ published in the launch issue of T…
Applied science’ in nineteenth-century Britain: Public discourse and the creation of meaning, 1817–1876
‘Applied science’ has long been a competitor with the concept of technology for the space between theory and praxis. This paper explores how the concept emerged in mid-nineteenth-century Britain through public sphere discussions in a cycle of rhetoric that linked the press, the development of new educational institutions and the interpretation of industrial change. The recounting and reprinting of heroic narratives of achievement served to cement…
The beer experience: Nineteenth century relations between science and praxis
Framed in the Public Sphere: Tools for the Conceptual History of “Applied Science” — A Review Paper
INTRODUCTIONSince mid-nineteenth century people have talked and written about applied Whether in calls for a new kind of education, counter-claims for pure or advertising achievements of industry, use of expression has been a process through which many people have interpreted their worlds, and indeed nature of modernity. Together with such counterparts as rule of law and progress, applied has functioned as what has been called a key word, key or …
Embodied Odysseys: Relics of stories about journeys through past, present, and future
Life, DNA and the model
This paper argues that the 1953 double-helix solution to the problem of DNA structure was understood, at the time, as a blow within a fiercely fought dispute over the material nature of life. The paper examines the debates, between those for whom life was a purely material phenomenon and religious people for whom it had a spiritual significance, that were waged from the aftermath of the First World War to the 1960s. It looks at the developing arg…
Duncan Wilson. Tissue Culture in Science and Society: The Public Life of a Biological Technique in Twentieth Century Britain
This is a widely significant and ambitious volume notwithstanding its small size and seemingly esoteric subject matter. In just over 120 pages, Duncan Wilson explores the ways a recognized professional scientific specialty has become a part of the public discourse since the early twentieth century. The book joins a small but important literature that deals with the space shared between laboratory scientists with their disciplinary concerns and th…
Applied Science: A Phrase in Search of a Meaning
The term "applied science," as it came to be popularly used in the 1870s, was a hybrid of three earlier concepts. The phrase "applied science" itself had been coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1817, translating the German Kantian term "angewandte Wissenschaft." It was popularized through the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, which was structured on principles inherited from Coleridge and edited by men with sympathetic views. Their concept of empiri…
Innovators, deep fermentation and antibiotics: Promoting applied science before and after the Second World War
The historiography of penicillin has tended to overlook the importance of developing and disseminating know-how in fermentation technology. A focus on this directs attention to work before the war of a network in the US and Europe concerned with the production of organic acids, particularly gluconic and citric acids. At the heart of this network was the German-Czech Konrad Bernhauer. Other members of the network were a group of chemists at the US…
From applied microbiology to biotechnology: Science, medicine and industrial renewal
In the late 1970s politicians and civil servants were acutely aware of the chronic decline of the manufacturing sector as a source of employment in Britain. At a time of fear of mass unemployment, sources of new work were urgently sought. Biotechnology had been promoted by visionaries since the early twentieth century. With oil prices soaring, its potential to produce substitutes for petroleum derivatives seemed newly attractive. At the beginning…
Collaboration in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Changing Relationships in Britain and France, 1935–1965 (review)
Reviewed by: Collaboration in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Changing Relationships in Britain and France, 1935–1965 Robert Bud (bio) Collaboration in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Changing Relationships in Britain and France, 1935–1965. By Viviane Quirke. New York: Routledge, 2008. Pp x+365. $95. The consumption of sophisticated research-based pharmaceuticals has been a striking characteristic of medical practice in the years since World War II, wi…
Upheaval in the moral economy of science? Patenting, teamwork and the World War II experience of penicillin
The development of penicillin can be seen as marking a decisive break with prewar biomedical research but not as launching the new world of ‘Mode 2’ science. The patenting of vitamin D enrichment by Steenbock in the 1920s and the administration of these patents by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) had deepened resistance in the UK, and in some US institutions, to the patenting of life science innovations. The initially negative reac…
Interferon: The Science and Selling of a Miracle Drug (review)
Reviewed by: Interferon: The Science and Selling of a Miracle Drug Robert Bud (bio) Interferon: The Science and Selling of a Miracle Drug. By Toine Pieters . London: Routledge, 2005. Pp. 240. £80. Interferon is not just another valuable drug. In the 1970s, it was the wonder drug that was to be to the age of genetics what penicillin had been to the era of the antibiotic. Yet in the early 1980s its apparently limited success in the treatment of can…
Pharmacopolitics: Drug Regulation in the United States and Germany (review)
Reviewed by: Pharmacopolitics: Drug Regulation in the United States and Germany Robert Bud (bio) Pharmacopolitics: Drug Regulation in the United States and Germany. By Arthur A. Daemmrich. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. Pp. xiii+203. $34.95. Arthur Daemmrich's book is first and foremost a workmanlike comparison of drug-regulation regimes during the half-century after World War II. Its focus is on the working of regulatory …
Antibiotics, Big Business, and Consumers: The Context of Government Investigations into the Postwar American Drug Industry
This paper explores a regulatory campaign to promote access to antibiotics in the United States during the 1950s, and explains it as a reaction to prewar deprivation. It tracks a decade-long attempt to prevent the drug industry from replicating a perceived pattern of big business behavior blamed for underconsumption. The Depression-era Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC) had explained low consumption by artificially high prices associate…
Biotechnology and Culture: Bodies, Anxieties, Ethics (review)
Biotechnology is a flexible category. The word's elision of biology and technology is so powerful and the evocation of potential so strong that rather than a word to be defined it may more appropriately be thought of as terrain to be fought over. The parties to the argument are heterogenous: governments promoting new industry and venture capitalists capitalizing on pharmaceuticals, large companies concerned with discovery processes and research l…
Knowing Machines
Strategy in American Cancer Research After World War II: A Case Study
This is a study in the history of the large scale science that emerged after the Second World War. The paper examines the Influence of industrial research practices on the work of two important American cancer research laboratories - the Sloan-Kettering Institute and The Institute for Cancer Research - during the period 1945-50. It is shown that even before the war the application of Industrial organization to cancer research was debated. Then it…
The emergence of research laboratories in the dyestuffs industry, 1870–1900
The focus of this paper is the emergence of the research laboratory as an organizational entity within the company structure of industrial firms. The thesis defended is that, after some groundwork by British and French firms, the managements of several of the larger German dye companies set up their own research organizations between the years 1877 and 1883. The analysis of the emergence of the industrial research laboratory in the dyestuffs indu…
Applied Science: A Phrase in Search of a Meaning
The term "applied science," as it came to be popularly used in the 1870s, was a hybrid of three earlier concepts. The phrase "applied science" itself had been coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1817, translating the German Kantian term "angewandte Wissenschaft." It was popularized through the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, which was structured on principles inherited from Coleridge and edited by men with sympathetic views. Their concept of empiri…
Biotechnology in the Twentieth Century
Why has the term `biotechnology' been so ambiguous, while hopes for the subject have been so high? Exploring biotechnology's historic role as a `boundary object' between engineering and biology offers an explanation. The word is shown to have been interpreted in a variety of ways since the beginning of the century. Here the translations and negotiations over its identity are uncovered, showing that the words Biotechnik and Biotechnologie were poi…
Penicillin and the new Elizabethans
Generally, the mass media in Britain, as elsewhere, treat the history of science as arcane knowledge. A few iconic tales do none the less come to permeate public consciousness. How do these come to be selected from the myriad of possible narratives? One of the most enduring and well known of stories is the discovery of penicillin, which stretched from Alexander Fleming's observation in 1928 to the award of the Nobel prize to Fleming, Howard Flore…
History of science and the Science Museum
Whereas the academic discipline of the history of science has made enormous strides in half a century, ironically, recognition from without has often been disappointing. Private success has not been matched by public status. The work of the Science Museum in London as one of the few widely accessible windows into the discipline is therefore worth remarking upon here, and more detailed investigations are even now under way. The foundation of the B…
Innovators, deep fermentation and antibiotics: Promoting applied science before and after the Second World War
The historiography of penicillin has tended to overlook the importance of developing and disseminating know-how in fermentation technology. A focus on this directs attention to work before the war of a network in the US and Europe concerned with the production of organic acids, particularly gluconic and citric acids. At the heart of this network was the German-Czech Konrad Bernhauer. Other members of the network were a group of chemists at the US…
The British chemical industry and the indigo trade
Even before the success of William Perkin's mauve at the end of the 1850s, there were attempts to synthesize artificial dyes that were identical with those found in nature. Alizarin, the dye derived from the madder root, was the first to be investigated, and it was Perkin who was to file for a patent in June 1869 just one day before the German chemists Heinrich Caro, Carl Graebe and Carl Liebermann. Rivalry between the parties soon turned to nego…
Technology in decline: A search for useful concepts
Until late in the nineteenth century, madder was the most popular natural red dye. Holland was the largest and best-known supplier. As early as the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the province of Zeeland and adjoining parts of the provinces of South Holland and Brabant developed into important producers. In the course of the seventeenth century these areas even succeeded in acquiring a monopoly position. Early in the nineteenth century, howev…
The technology—science interaction: Walter Reppe and cyclooctatetraene chemistry
This is another paper about science and her powerful companion (technology), to use A. W. Hofmann's colourful phrase. Whereas most papers on the interaction of science and technology deal with the transfer of knowledge from academic science to industrial technology, this paper is about the contribution of an industrial researcher to academic chemistry. The boost Reppe's research gave to the study of aromaticity parallels the impact of the early s…
Strategy in American Cancer Research After World War II: A Case Study
This is a study in the history of the large scale science that emerged after the Second World War. The paper examines the Influence of industrial research practices on the work of two important American cancer research laboratories - the Sloan-Kettering Institute and The Institute for Cancer Research - during the period 1945-50. It is shown that even before the war the application of Industrial organization to cancer research was debated. Then it…
The Cancer Mission: Social Contexts of Biomedical Research . Kenneth E. Studer , Daryl E. Chubin
Evolution of the Gas Industry
Pioneer Plastic: The Making and Selling of Celluloid
The Case of the Disappearing Caveat: A Critique of Irvine and Martin's Methodology
The work of Irvine and Martin (IM) has provided a wealth of statistical data to be taken into account by future policy makers and historians. Those analysts will interpret the data in terms of the significance of what has been counted. This need for careful interpretation was sensitively recognized by IM in the methodological introduction to their paper on progress in radio astronomy (which I will refer to as RA).1 Even then they were to underest…
Science versus Practice: Chemistry in Victorian Britain
Science versus Practice: Chemistry in Victorian Britain
Science versus Practice: Chemistry in Victorian Britain
Lancastrian Chemist: The Early Years of Sir Edward Frankland . Colin A. Russell
Chemistry in America, 1876-1976: Historical Indicators
On the Social Production of Visual Difference: The Myth and the Machine: Seeing Science Through Museum Eyes
A curator explores the process of construction of a major new Chemical Industry Gallery at London's Science Museum. The Museum is found to have acted as a broker bringing together diverse interests no one of which had an overwhelming significance. The paper follows the negotiations involved in selecting objects, text and physical environment and the translation of goals during the process. An exhibit is seen as a combination of mythic form and ma…
Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R & D, 1902-1980 . David A. Hounshell , John Kenly Smith, Jr
The Seamless Web
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Archives of the British Chemical Industry, 1750-1914: A Handlist . Peter J. T. Morris, Colin A. Russell
Biotechnology in the Twentieth Century
Why has the term `biotechnology' been so ambiguous, while hopes for the subject have been so high? Exploring biotechnology's historic role as a `boundary object' between engineering and biology offers an explanation. The word is shown to have been interpreted in a variety of ways since the beginning of the century. Here the translations and negotiations over its identity are uncovered, showing that the words Biotechnik and Biotechnologie were poi…
Why monopoly failed: The rise and fall of Société La Fuchsine
Historians are invariably wiser after the event. Their approaches to the subject of this paper, the Société La Fuchsine, make no exceptions to this rule. That company was formed in December 1863 with the participation of the Crédit Lyonnais bank to exploit the patent monopoly on the synthetic dyestuff known as fuchsine, and its derivatives, of the Lyons firm of Renard frères et Franc. No one could have foreseen that before the close of the decade…
The British chemical industry and the indigo trade
Even before the success of William Perkin's mauve at the end of the 1850s, there were attempts to synthesize artificial dyes that were identical with those found in nature. Alizarin, the dye derived from the madder root, was the first to be investigated, and it was Perkin who was to file for a patent in June 1869 just one day before the German chemists Heinrich Caro, Carl Graebe and Carl Liebermann. Rivalry between the parties soon turned to nego…
Technology in decline: A search for useful concepts
Until late in the nineteenth century, madder was the most popular natural red dye. Holland was the largest and best-known supplier. As early as the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the province of Zeeland and adjoining parts of the provinces of South Holland and Brabant developed into important producers. In the course of the seventeenth century these areas even succeeded in acquiring a monopoly position. Early in the nineteenth century, howev…
The zymotechnic roots of biotechnology
Louis Pasteur plays a role in the creation myth of biotechnology which resembles the heroic position of his great antagonist Liebig in the story of agricultural chemistry. His intellectual development, expressed in a great book, supposedly underlay a revolution in practice. Similarly, biotechnology is conventionally traced back to Pasteur, through whose influence, it has been assumed, ancient crafts were transformed into an applicable science of …
The technology—science interaction: Walter Reppe and cyclooctatetraene chemistry
This is another paper about science and her powerful companion (technology), to use A. W. Hofmann's colourful phrase. Whereas most papers on the interaction of science and technology deal with the transfer of knowledge from academic science to industrial technology, this paper is about the contribution of an industrial researcher to academic chemistry. The boost Reppe's research gave to the study of aromaticity parallels the impact of the early s…
The emergence of research laboratories in the dyestuffs industry, 1870–1900
The focus of this paper is the emergence of the research laboratory as an organizational entity within the company structure of industrial firms. The thesis defended is that, after some groundwork by British and French firms, the managements of several of the larger German dye companies set up their own research organizations between the years 1877 and 1883. The analysis of the emergence of the industrial research laboratory in the dyestuffs indu…
Organic Chemistry and High Technology, 1850–1950
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From process to plant: Innovation in the early artificial dye industry
The rise of the synthetic dye industry was based on exciting discoveries of nineteenth-century chemists. They prepared in their laboratories, from components of coal tar, coloured substances with potentially promising dyeing properties. However, this was only part of the story
A History of the International Chemical Industry . Fred Aftalion, Otto Theodor Benfey
Invisible Connections: Instruments, Institutions, and Science
Sociology (31 works) · Political science (30 works) · Epistemology (26 works) · Philosophy (26 works) · History (20 works) · Law (20 works) · Computer Science (16 works) · Philosophy (15 works) · History of Science and Natural History (13 works) · Art (12 works)