David Neumark
Biographic Data
| ID | 980571 |
|---|---|
| NAME | David Neumark |
| GIVEN NAMES | David |
| FAMILY NAME | Neumark |
| SIGNATURE | NEUMARK D |
| AFFILIATIONS | National Bureau of Economic Research |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7681-1884 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 83 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 468 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 83 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1908 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
JUE insight: City size, monopsony, and the employment effects of minimum wages
We assess how minimum wage effects on restaurant employment in the U.S. vary with market size and monopsony power. Using city-level data, we construct monopsony proxies based on labor flows and concentration. Minimum wages bind less in larger cities, consistent with the urban wage premium, and omitting this relationship overstates how labor market power reduces adverse employment effects of minimum wages. Nonetheless, accounting for size, lower l…
Do Higher Tipped Minimum Wages Reduce Race, Ethnic, or Gender Earnings Gaps for Restaurant Workers
One of the arguments increasingly made to support large minimum wage increases is that they decrease wage or earnings gaps for minorities or women. The argument is often made with particular reference to higher tipped minimum wages for restaurant workers, because of discrimination in tipping that is immune to equal pay policy requirements. Of course, even if higher tipped minimum wages reduce hourly pay differences between groups, increases in ti…
Is There Intersectional Labor Market Discrimination
We test for intersectional labor market discrimination across five dimensions: gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and disability. Specifically, we test for “amplifying intersectionality”—negative interactions between the effects of marginalized identities that make wage penalties greater than additive. We make three contributions. First, we resolve contradictory findings on intersectional discrimination in existing research. Second, we …
Firm Responses to Hiring and Investment Subsidies: Regression Discontinuity Evidence from the California Competes Tax Credit
We examine firm responses to state hiring and investment subsidies. We leverage institutional features of the California Competes Tax Credit (CCTC), a large-scale business incentive program that incorporates best practices from prior job creation policies. The CCTC award selection procedure combines formula-based and discretionary components. Leveraging applicant score eligibility cutoffs in a regression discontinuity design and taking advantage …
Help Really Wanted? The Impact of Age Stereotypes in Job Ads on Applications from Older Workers
Introduction to special issue of Journal of Urban Economics: Race, Social Justice, and Cities
JUE Insight: The Impacts of Opportunity Zones on Zone Residents
Does Ageist Language in Job Ads Predict Age Discrimination in Hiring
We study the relationships between ageist stereotypes - as reflected in the language used in job ads - and age discrimination in hiring, exploiting the text of job ads and differences in callbacks to older and younger job applicants from a resume (correspondence study) field experiment (Neumark, Burn, and Button, 2019). Our analysis uses computational linguistics and machine learning methods to examine, in a field-experiment setting, ageist stere…
Effects of recent minimum wage policies in California and nationwide: Results from a pre‐specified analysis plan
We analyze the impacts of recent city minimum wage increases in California and nationwide, following a pre‐analysis plan (PAP) registered prior to the release of data covering two years of minimum wage increases. For California cities, we find a hint of negative employment effects. Nationally, we find some evidence of disemployment effects for teens, but not young adults or high school dropouts. City‐specific analyses provide limited evidence of …
Myth or measurement: What does the new minimum wage research say about minimum wages and job loss in the United States
The disagreement among studies on the employment effects of minimum wages in the United States is well known. Less well known, and more puzzling, is the absence of agreement on what the research literature says—that is, how economists summarize the body of evidence on the employment effects of minimum wages. Summaries range from “it is now well established that higher minimum wages do not reduce employment,” to “the evidence is very mixed with ef…
The employment and redistributive effects of reducing or eliminating minimum wage tip credits
Recent policy debate on minimum wages has focused not only on raising the minimum wage, but on eliminating the tip credit for restaurant workers. We use data on past variation in tip credits—or minimum wages for restaurant workers—to provide evidence on the potential impacts of eliminating (or reducing) the tip credit. Our evidence points to higher tipped minimum wages (smaller tip credits) reducing jobs among tipped restaurant workers, without p…
I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For’: Evidence of Directed Search from a Field Experiment
We explore the impact of wage offers on job applications, testing implications of the directed search model and trying to distinguish it from random search. We use a field experiment conducted on a Chinese job board, with real jobs for which we randomly vary the wage offers across three ranges. We find that higher wage offers raise application rates overall, which is consistent with directed search, but can also arise with random search. We also …
Do Workers Value Flexible Jobs? A Field Experiment
We explore workers’ valuation of job flexibility using a field experiment conducted on a Chinese job board. Our experimental job ads differ randomly in offering jobs that are flexible regarding when (time flexibility) or where (place flexibility) one works and in offering different salaries. Application rates are higher for flexible jobs conditional on the salary offered, providing evidence that workers value job flexibility. Moreover, under some…
Social capital determinants and labor market networks
We explore the links between determinants of social capital and labor market networks at the neighborhood level. We harness rich data taken from multiple sources, including matched employer–employee data with which we measure the strength of labor market networks, data on neighborhood homogeneity that has previously been tied to social capital, and new data—not previously used in the study of social capital—on the number and location of nonprofit…
Do minimum wages reduce employment in developing countries? A survey and exploration of conflicting evidence
Place‐based Policies: Can We Do Better Than Enterprise Zones
What Places Should We Target, and How
Relative Sizes of Age Cohorts and Labor Force Participation of Older Workers
We study the effects of the size of older cohorts on labor force participation and wages of older workers in the United States. We use panel data on states, treating the age structure of the population as endogenous, owing to migration. When older cohorts (50–59 or 60–69) are large relative to a young cohort (aged 16–24), the evidence fits the relative supply hypothesis. However, when older cohorts are large relative to 25- to 49-year-olds, the e…
Labor market networks and recovery from mass layoffs: Evidence from the Great Recession period
Do Field Experiments on Labor and Housing Markets Overstate Discrimination? A Re-examination of the Evidence
Since 2000, more than 80 field experiments across 23 countries consider the traditional dimensions of discrimination in labor and housing markets-such as discrimination based on race. These studies nearly always find evidence of discrimination against minorities. The estimates of discrimination in these studies can be biased, however, if there is differential variation in the unobservable determinants of productivity or in the quality of majority…
Experimental Research on Labor Market Discrimination
Understanding whether labor market discrimination explains inferior labor market outcomes for many groups has drawn the attention of labor economists for decades— at least since the publication of Gary Becker’s The Economics of Discrimination in 1957. The decades of research on discrimination in labor markets began with a regression-based “decomposition” approach, asking whether raw wage or earnings differences between groups—which might constitu…
Is It Harder for Older Workers to Find Jobs? New and Improved Evidence from a Field Experiment
We design and implement a large-scale resume correspondence study to address limitations of existing field experiments testing for age discrimination that may bias their results. One limitation that may bias results is giving older and younger applicants similar experience to make them "otherwise comparable." A second limitation is that greater unobserved differences in human capital investment of older applicants may bias the results against fin…
Reply to “Credible Research Designs for Minimum Wage Studies
The authors make three points in this reply to the article by Allegretto, Dube, Reich, and Zipperer (ADRZ 2017). First, ADRZ shed no new light on the sensitivity of estimated minimum wage employment effects to the treatment of trends in state-level panel data, and they make some arguments in this context that are misleading or simply wrong. Second, the key issue ADRZ emphasize—using “close controls” to account for shocks that are correlated with …
The Employment Effects of State Hiring Credits
State and federal policymakers grappling with the aftermath of the Great Recession sought ways to spur job creation, in many cases adopting hiring credits to encourage employers to create new jobs. Virtually no evidence is available, however, on the effects of these kinds of counter-recessionary hiring credits, with the only evidence coming from much earlier studies of the federal New Jobs Tax Credit in the 1970s. This article provides evidence o…
Work Continuation while Treated for Breast Cancer: The Role of Workplace Accommodations
Given the short- and long-term disabilities associated with breast cancer and its treatment, the authors investigate the influence of workplace accommodations on the employment and hours worked of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Accommodations that allow women to work fewer hours or that ease the burden of work could also generate health benefits by reducing workplace demands and allowing women more time to tend to treatment needs and r…
Employment Effects of Minimum and Subminimum Wages: Panel Data on State Minimum Wage Laws
Using panel data on state minimum wage laws and economic conditions for the years 1973-89, the authors reevaluate existing evidence on the effects of a minimum wage on employment. Their estimates indicate that a 10% increase in the minimum wage causes a decline of 1-2% in employment among teenagers and a decline of 1.5-2% in employment for young adults, similar to the ranges suggested by earlier time-series studies. The authors also find evidence…
Do enterprise zones create jobs? Evidence from California’s enterprise zone program
We use new establishment-level data and geographic mapping methods to improve upon evaluations of the effectiveness of state enterprise zones, focusing on California's program. Because zone boundaries do not follow census tracts or zip codes, we created digitized maps of original zone boundaries and later expansions. We combine these maps with geocoded observations on most businesses located in California. The evidence indicates that enterprise z…
Do "High-Performance" Work Practices Improve Establishment-Level Outcomes
Studies of how different work practices affect organizational performance have suffered from methodological problems. Especially intractable has been the difficulty of establishing whether observed links are causal or merely reflect pre-existing differences among firms. This analysis uses a national probability sample of establishments, measures of work practices and performance that are comparable across organizations, and, most important, a uni…
Spatial mismatch or racial mismatch
Is It Harder for Older Workers to Find Jobs? New and Improved Evidence from a Field Experiment
We design and implement a large-scale resume correspondence study to address limitations of existing field experiments testing for age discrimination that may bias their results. One limitation that may bias results is giving older and younger applicants similar experience to make them "otherwise comparable." A second limitation is that greater unobserved differences in human capital investment of older applicants may bias the results against fin…
The effects of Wal-Mart on local labor markets
What Does Affirmative Action Do
The authors use data from a survey of employers to investigate how Affirmative Action in recruiting and hiring influences hiring practices, personnel policies, and ultimately employment outcomes. They find that Affirmative Action increases the number of recruitment and screening practices used by employers, raises employers' willingness to hire stigmatized applicants, increases the number of minority or female applicants as well as employees, and…
Affirmative action: What do we know
An Erratum for this article has been published in Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,26(1), 215
The effects of the minimum wage in Brazil on the distribution of family incomes: 1996–2001
Fertility timing, wages, and human capital
Revisiting the Minimum Wage-Employment Debate: Throwing Out the Baby with the Bathwater
The authors revisit the long-running minimum wage-employment debate to assess new studies claiming that estimates produced by the panel data approach commonly used in recent minimum wage research are flawed by that approach's failure to account for spatial heterogeneity. The new studies use research designs intended to control for this heterogeneity and conclude that minimum wages in the United States have not reduced employment. The authors expl…
Immigration and product diversity
We study the effects of immigration on the diversity of consumption choices. Data from California in the 1990s indicate that immigration is associated with fewer stand-alone retail stores and a greater number of large and in particular big-box retailers—evidence that likely contradicts a diversity-enhancing effect of immigration. In contrast, focusing on the restaurant sector for which we can better identify the types of products consumed by cust…
Minimum Wages, Labor Market Institutions, and Youth Employment: A Cross-National Analysis
The authors estimate the employment effects of changes in national minimum wages using a pooled cross-section time-series data set comprising 17 OECD countries for the period 1975–2000. The average effects they find are consistent with the view that minimum wages cause employment losses among youths. However, the evidence also shows considerable variation across countries. In particular, disemployment effects of minimum wages appear to be smaller…
Order from Chaos? The Effects of Early Labor Market Experiences on Adult Labor Market Outcomes
This paper examines the consequences of initial periods of "churning" or "mobility" in the labor market, to help assess whether faster transitions to stable employment relationships-as envisioned by advocates of school-to-work programs-would be likely to lead to better adult labor market outcomes. An analysis of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data for the years 1979-92 yields modest evidence, at best, linking early job market stability to …
Do labor market networks have an important spatial dimension
Union Effects on Nonunion Wages: Evidence from Panel Data on Industries and Cities
The authors test for threat and crowding effects of unions on non-union wages at the industry and city levels, using panel data on the percent organized and nonunion industry and city wage differentials constructed from Current Population Surveys over the period 1973-89. At the industry level, increases in the percent organized were associated with decreases in the nonunion industry wage differential, suggesting that crowding effects were the pre…
Do some enterprise zones create jobs
We study how the employment effects of enterprise zones vary with their location, implementation, and administration, based on evidence from California. We use new establishment‐level data and geographic mapping methods, coupled with a survey of enterprise zone administrators. Overall, the evidence indicates that enterprise zones do not increase employment. However, the evidence also suggests that the enterprise zone program has a more favorable …
Employment Effects of Minimum and Subminimum Wages: Reply to Card, Katz, and Krueger
In In addition, we find that subrninimum wages moderate these disemployment effects
The Economic Effects of Living Wage Laws: A Provisional Review
Nearly 100 cities and local governments in the United States passed living wage laws since the mid-1990s. The central goal of living wages is to reduce poverty, yet they may fail to do so because of disemployment effects. We summarize and critique the existing research on the effects of living wages on wages, employment, and family income, emphasizing common findings, points of disagreement, and important questions for future research. The eviden…
Age Discrimination Laws and Labor Market Efficiency
In Lazear's model of long‐term incentive contracts, age discrimina‐tion laws barring age‐ based involuntary terminations preclude such contracts, reducing efficiency. Alternatively, such laws may serve as precommitment devices for these contracts, without pre‐venting firms from offering strong financial incentives to induce retirement at specific ages. In this case, age discrimination laws may encourage Lazear contracts, hence increasing efficien…
Did Age Discrimination Protections Help Older Workers Weather the Great Recession
We examine whether stronger age discrimination laws at the state level moderated the impact of the Great Recession on older workers. We use a difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences strategy to compare older and younger workers, in states with stronger and weaker laws, before, during, and after the Great Recession. We find very little evidence that stronger age discrimination protections helped older workers weather the Great Recession, relative …
Lump-sum Payments and Profit-sharing Plans in the Union Sector of the United States Economy
Journal Article Lump-sum Payments and Profit-sharing Plans in the Union Sector of the United States Economy Get access Linda A. Bell, Linda A. Bell Haverford College, Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Neumark David Neumark University of Pennsylvania and NBER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 103, Issue 418, 1 May 1993, Pag…
Do minimum wages reduce employment in developing countries? A survey and exploration of conflicting evidence
The Employment Effects of State Hiring Credits
State and federal policymakers grappling with the aftermath of the Great Recession sought ways to spur job creation, in many cases adopting hiring credits to encourage employers to create new jobs. Virtually no evidence is available, however, on the effects of these kinds of counter-recessionary hiring credits, with the only evidence coming from much earlier studies of the federal New Jobs Tax Credit in the 1970s. This article provides evidence o…
Do Field Experiments on Labor and Housing Markets Overstate Discrimination? A Re-examination of the Evidence
Since 2000, more than 80 field experiments across 23 countries consider the traditional dimensions of discrimination in labor and housing markets-such as discrimination based on race. These studies nearly always find evidence of discrimination against minorities. The estimates of discrimination in these studies can be biased, however, if there is differential variation in the unobservable determinants of productivity or in the quality of majority…
Geschichte der Judischen Philosophie des Mittelalters, nach Problemen Dargestellt
Survey of Recent Biblical Literature
Hebrew Union College Annual
Employers' Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination
Discrimination in employment; Wages
Does Marriage Really Make Men More Productive
Productivity; Wages
Can We Improve Upon Preliminary Estimates of Payroll Employment Growth
We explore the feasibility of improving upon the preliminary estimates of payroll employment growth from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics by predicting subsequent revisions to these estimates, using the preliminary estimates themselves and other information available concurrently. Results of statistical tests suggest that the preliminary estimates can be improved upon; that is, they are not "efficient forecasts" of the revised estimates. The i…
Marriage, Motherhood, and Wages
We explore several problems in drawing causal inferences from cross-sectional relationships between marriage, motherhood, and wages. We find that heterogeneity leads to biased estimates of the "direct" effects of marriage and motherhood on wages (i.e., effects net of experience and tenure); first-difference estimates reveal no direct effect of marriage or motherhood on women's wages. We also find statistical evidence that experience and tenure na…
Interpreting demographic effects in duration analyses of first birth intervals
Employment Effects of Minimum and Subminimum Wages: Panel Data on State Minimum Wage Laws
Using panel data on state minimum wage laws and economic conditions for the years 1973-89, the authors reevaluate existing evidence on the effects of a minimum wage on employment. Their estimates indicate that a 10% increase in the minimum wage causes a decline of 1-2% in employment among teenagers and a decline of 1.5-2% in employment for young adults, similar to the ranges suggested by earlier time-series studies. The authors also find evidence…
Fertility timing, wages, and human capital
Lump-sum Payments and Profit-sharing Plans in the Union Sector of the United States Economy
Journal Article Lump-sum Payments and Profit-sharing Plans in the Union Sector of the United States Economy Get access Linda A. Bell, Linda A. Bell Haverford College, Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Neumark David Neumark University of Pennsylvania and NBER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 103, Issue 418, 1 May 1993, Pag…
Occupational impairment and disability among applicants for Social Security disability benefits in Pennsylvania
OBJECTIVE. The study goal was to assess the extent of workplace-related disease and injury among Social Security Disability Insurance applicants. METHODS. A convenience sample of 240 consecutive applicants to the Pennsylvania Bureau of Disability Determination was studied to assess the prevalence of work-related disorders. An applicant had a work-related condition if there was a clear statement of a workplace illness or injury associated with the…
Employment Effects of Minimum and Subminimum Wages: Reply to Card, Katz, and Krueger
In In addition, we find that subrninimum wages moderate these disemployment effects
Minimum Wage Effects on Employment and School Enrollment
We argue in this article that the focus on employment effects in recent studies of minimum wages ignores an important interaction between schooling, employment, and the minimum wage. To study these linkages, we estimate a conditional logit model of employment and enrollment outcomes for teenagers using state–year observations for the period 1977 to 1989. The results show a negative influence of minimum wages on school enrollment and a positive ef…
Are OLS Estimates of the Return to Schooling Biased Downward? Another Look
We examine evidence on omitted-ability bias in estimates of the economic return to schooling, using proxies for unobserved ability. We consider measurement error in these ability proxies and the potential endogeneity of both experience and schooling, and examine wages at labor market entry and later. Including ability proxies reduces the estimate of the return to schooling, and instrumenting for these proxies reduces the estimated return still fu…
Do Hostile Takeovers Reduce Extramarginal Wage Payments
Hostile takeovers may reduce the prevalence of long-term employment contracts if they facilitate the opportunistic expropriation of extramarginal wage payments. Our tests of two versions of the expropriation hypothesis improve on existing research by using firm- and establishment-level data from an employer salary survey, and by performing both ex ante and ex post tests. First, we study the relationship between proxies for extramarginal wage paym…
Are Rising Earnings Profiles a Forced-Saving Mechanism
Journal Article Are Rising Earnings Profiles a Forced-Saving Mechanism? Get access David Neumark David Neumark Michigan State University and NBER *I am grateful to Richard Johnson and Sadiq Currimbhoy for outstanding research assistance, to Josh Angrist, McKinley Blackburn, Frank Diebold, Richard Johnson, Daniel Radner, David Ribar, anonymous referees, and seminar participants at Hebrew University and Ben Gurion University for helpful comments, a…
Union Effects on Nonunion Wages: Evidence from Panel Data on Industries and Cities
The authors test for threat and crowding effects of unions on non-union wages at the industry and city levels, using panel data on the percent organized and nonunion industry and city wage differentials constructed from Current Population Surveys over the period 1973-89. At the industry level, increases in the percent organized were associated with decreases in the nonunion industry wage differential, suggesting that crowding effects were the pre…
Sex Discrimination in Restaurant Hiring: An Audit Study
In an audit study of sex discrimination in hiring, comparably matched pairs of men and women applied for jobs as waiters and waitresses at restaurants in Philadelphia. In high-price restaurants (where earnings are higher), job applications from women had an estimated probability of receiving a job offer that was lower by about 0.4, and an estimated probability of receiving an interview that was lower by about 0.35. Both estimated differentials ar…
Wage Declines among Older Men
We examine the evidence on whether real wages decline with age among older men. While the general human capital model of wage growth over the life cycle predicts that wages will fall as workers approach the end of their career, alternative models of wage growth do not predict these wage declines. We find that in longitudinal estimates of age-wage profiles wage declines only set in for workers in their 60s. Furthermore, these longitudinal declines…
Relative income concerns and the rise in married women's employment
We ask whether women's decisions to be in the workforce may be affected by the decisions of other women in ways not captured by standard models. We develop a model that augments the simple neoclassical framework by introducing relative income concerns into women's (or families') utility functions. In this model, the entry of some women into paid employment can spur the entry of other women, independently of wage and income effects. We show that r…
Order from Chaos? The Effects of Early Labor Market Experiences on Adult Labor Market Outcomes
This paper examines the consequences of initial periods of "churning" or "mobility" in the labor market, to help assess whether faster transitions to stable employment relationships-as envisioned by advocates of school-to-work programs-would be likely to lead to better adult labor market outcomes. An analysis of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data for the years 1979-92 yields modest evidence, at best, linking early job market stability to …
Wages, Productivity, and Worker Characteristics: Evidence from Plant‐Level Production Functions and Wage Equations
We use a unique new data set that combines data on individual workers and their employers to estimate marginal productivity differentials among different types of workers. We then compare these to estimated relative wages, leading to new evidence on productivity‐based and nonproductivity‐based explanations of the determination of wages. Among our findings are (1) the higher pay of prime‐aged workers (aged 35–54) and older workers (aged 55+) is re…
Age Discrimination Laws and Labor Market Efficiency
In Lazear's model of long‐term incentive contracts, age discrimina‐tion laws barring age‐ based involuntary terminations preclude such contracts, reducing efficiency. Alternatively, such laws may serve as precommitment devices for these contracts, without pre‐venting firms from offering strong financial incentives to induce retirement at specific ages. In this case, age discrimination laws may encourage Lazear contracts, hence increasing efficien…
Assessing Affirmative Action
Economic research provides extensive evidence regarding discrimination against women and minorities, and some evidence on the redistributive effects of affirmative action. However, it provides much less evidence on affirmative action's impact on efficiency or performance, perhaps the key economic issue in the debate over affirmative action. This review covers all of these issues, but focuses on the efficiency/performance question, drawing on econ…
Economics (71 works) · Labour economics (52 works) · Labor market dynamics and wage inequality (43 works) · Demographic economics (37 works) · Political science (27 works) · Wage (24 works) · Business (21 works) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (17 works) · Sociology (17 works) · Economic growth (16 works)